e U.S. Department of TfanspMatiorr Fedeml Aviath Advisory Circular .
AdmitWrath Subjectf SPORT PARACHUTE JUMPING D&: 'l/2/91 AC No: 10502c Initiated by: AFs-34()/820 Chqp:
1 l PURPOSE l -em-- This advisory circular (AC) provides suggestions to, improve sport parachuting safety and disseminates inf-ormation to assist all parties associated with sport parachuting in complying with Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 105, Parachute Jumping. It also contains a list of aircraft which may be operated with one cabin door removed and includes procedures for obtaining Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) authorization _ for flight with the door removed.
2 CANCELLATION. ----- ii cancelled.
AC 10502B, Sport Parachute Jumping, dated August 21, 1989, (Note: --- Distribution of this AC (10502f3) was not made.) --- 3 l BACKGROUND. -----a-
increase-and% an-Fzzrecog&ed aeronautical activity. Even though parachutists (also called skydivers) are not certificated airmen, the FAA recommends that all beginning parachutists obtain formal training. Training should be conducted in accordance with the United States Parachute Association (USPA) training recommendations or by training programs from other similar organizations.
b Skydiving has certain inherent risks especially for students. In --------------I--II-- respokse-to-this risk, the skydiving community has developed prbcedures and practices to reduce the risk factors. A significant level of safety can be maintained by following these procedures and by properly preparing for each parachute jump. Developments in parachuting continue to contribute to the advancement of aviation technology and aviation safety.
c. In the revision process of this AC, the FAA solicited comments from ----ye --- the parachute industry and users. The USPA should be contacted for state-ofthe-art information which relates to parachute jumping that is not specifically mentioned in this AC (see paragraph 5~).
FAA Form 1320-X (4-82) Supersedes WA Form 132Ck2 .
AC 105-X l/2/91 4 . SAFETY SUGGESTIONS.
a. Medical. ---s All prospective skydivers are urged to receive a physical examination prior to their first jump. The physician should be informed of
- the purpose of the examination.
b Initial Training. The FAA encourages beginning parachutists to seek instruct& from a parachuting instructor recognized by the USPA. Initial . training sets the foundation for the skydiver’s continued education and advancement.
c. Current sport parachute student t‘raininq proqrams’include the --- ----- following programs, details ofwhich can be obtained from the USPA (see paragraph 5~).
(1) The static line
(2) The accelerated
(3) Tandem jumping, system l progression method.
free fal-1 progression method.
which uses a dual harness-and dual pack parachute d . FAR, technical standard orders (TSOl, and AC’s on sport parachuting -------e-----ewith which-all skydivers and jump pilots shouldbefa?liar:
----
(1) FAR Part 659-Certification: Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers.
(2) FAR Part 910-General Operating and Flight Rules,
(3) FAR Part 1050-Parachute Jumping.
(4) FAR Part 1490-Parachute Lofts.
(5) TSO-C23c, Personnel Parachute Assemblies.
(6) AC 65-5 (latest edition), Parachute Rigger--Senior/Master-- Certification Guide.
(7) .AC 140-7 (latest edition), Federal Aviation Administration Certificated Maintenance Agencies Directory.
Note: -- See paragraph 5 for more detailed information.
e. Safety Devices and EquSpment. -- e--m-- - --
(1) Deployment Assist Device. FAR Section 105.43(b) requires all persons making apar~hu~-~~~~-witha static line attached to the aircraft and the main parachute to use an assist device to aid the pilot chute in performing its function or, if no pilot chute is used, to aid in the direct deployment of the main parachute canopy. - - - .
2 1 Par 4
l/2/91
(2) Automatic Activation Devices. -----------------------II--- A jumper may have a tendency to feel more at ease if equipped with an automatic activation device (AAD).
However, experience shows that such devices may not be completely reliable and ------------------rrr-----rr---------- ----------a ----- ------------1 should be-used only as a backup to proper training and prodecures. -----------------c -------e--e e-w- -- ---------- ----------L----L Skydivers .
who use an AAD on their reserve/auxiliary parachute should ensure that the installation of such a device has been approved by the parachute manufacturer or the FAA (see paragraph 8). The FAA does not approve AAD's. They do approve ttie installation which is submitted with the manufacturer's TSO paperwork. The manufacturer's instructions for installation should be followed. The installation of an AAD to a TSO or military specification (MIL- SPEC)-approved parachute constitutes a major alteration to that parachute. A - jumper who uses any type of AAD should be aware of its level of reliability and become fully proficient with the device. A prejump check should be made. .
for proper setting, arming, and operational reliability to ensure proper functioning of the AAD. When the situation requires use of the reserve parachute, the jumper should always manually pull the reserve/auxiliary ripcord even when using an AAD.
(3) Water Safety Equipment.' ------c-w- -- -- ---- Some type of flotation gear should be worn whenever the intended exit point, opening point or landing point of a skydiver is within 1 mile of an open body of water.
(4) Oxygen Equipment. ---- -- ---- Jumpers should use supplemental breathing oxygen when the jump aircraft is at altitudes above 10,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) .for more than 30 minutes. Oxygen must be used continuously at all times above 15,000 feet MSL. Above 25,000 MSL, pressure demand oxygen systems should be used. High altitude jumps should be made only after first becoming familiar with the problems and hazards created by low temperatures, lack of oxygen I and the various types of oxygen equipment. High altitude jumps should not be attempted under any circumstances without an adequate supply of breathing oxygen (welding and medical oxygen is unsafe and should not be used).
f jumpers.
Weather. -I---I- Strong or gusty winds can be dangerous especially to student In addition, skydivers and pilots should ensure that there is adequate ceiling and visibility (see paragraph 14i).
9 Advanced Parachutinq. Many of the safety suggestions presented in this ;\C ~&>%~~,dpFT6arily for the student parachutist. All student jumps should be made in a controlled training environment. Individual experience and judgement dictate what additional training should be obtained before undertaking more advanced parachuting activities. Acquire proper experience and training before using unfaniiliar or high-performance parachute equipment.
5 . INFORMATION ON REGULATIONS AND ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS. ---- -----c--B- -------------------
a. FAR, This paragraph describes the FAR parts which are of interest to skydiverand jump aircraft pilots. They may be purchased from the Superintenden -; of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402-9325. AC 00-44 (latest edition), Status of Federal Aviation Regulations, contains ordering instructions, ‘prices, and stock Par 4 s . 3
AC 10502C l/2/91 numbers. This AC is based on FAR requirements in effect on the date of this AC Since the FAR may be amended at any time, skydivers and pilots should ke;p up with changes in the FAR and always comply with current requirements.
(1) FAR Part 65-oCertification: Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers. Subpart F concerns parachute riggers, their eligibility requirements, privileges, and performance standards.
(2) FAR Part 91 --General Operating and Flight Rules. - FAR Section 91.307, Parachutes and Parachuting, prohibits a pilot of a civil aircraft from allowing an emergency parachute to be carried aboard that aircraft unless it is an approved type.
(3) FAR Part 105-BParachute Jumping. This part is especially important to parachutists and to the pilots who fly them since it contains the rules on intentional parachute jumping.
b TSO-C23c sets forth the minimum performance and safety requirements ----- for parachutes. TSO-C2& may be obtained by writing to the FAA, Aircraft Certification Service, Aircraft Engineering Division (AIR-loo), 800 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, D.C. 20591.
c. The USPA has developed basic safety standards and additional --- information for skydiving activities. These standards and information are for training, checking equipment, and conducting.a*wide variety of sport parachuting activities. While not officially approved ------- -- the FAA,these -m-- by e---- ---- standards are widely used for ----- q uidance by individualsarid parachute centers. -v-------- --------I They may be obtained fromthe United States Parachute Association, 1440 Duke Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, telephone (703) 836-3495.
6 l PARACHUTE RULES. ---- FAR Section 1.1 defines a parachute as a device used or intended to be used to retard the fall of a body or object through the air.
For the purposes of this AC, a parachute assembly normally, but not . exclusively, consists of the following major components: a canopy, a deployment device, a pilot chute and/or drogue, risers, a stowage container, a harness(es), and an actuation device (ripcord). There are, of course, some lesser parts associated with these main components such as connector links, bridles, and hardware. The term pack (such as backpack or chestpack), when used in this AC, refers to the parachute assembly, less the harness. In the case where the harness and parachute are TSO-approved as an integrated component, the term pack refers to the complete parachute assembly, less the main canopy and risers. This distinction is essential for a clear understanding relating to the use, packing, repairing, and alteration of parachutes.
a. Parachute Equipment. FAR Section 105,43 requires a parachutist making an intenTionali-= to wear a single harness dual pack parachute having at least one main parachute and one approved auxiliary/reserve parachute. The --- main pack n.eed not be an approved-type, --- but the auxiliary/reserve pack and the harness are required-to be an FAA-approved type. The FAA issues a TSO which specifies the minimum performance standard for materials, parts, processes, or .
4 . Par -5
l/2/91 AC 105-X appliances used on civil aircraft. (See .FN? Part 43, Appendix A(4).) The following are examples of approved parachutes as explained in FAR Section 105.43(d). - --e-I
(1) Parachutes manufactured under a type certificate (an early method ~~-CICI---II---IIIIII----------- ------4-w------ of approval). .
.
(2) Parachutes manufactured under TSO-C23. --------~--II----------------------- This TSO, the most recent version of which is TSO-C23c, prescribes the minimum performance and quality assurance standards for a parachute which is carried aboard civil aircraft or by skydivers for emergency use. The manufacturer must meet these standards before labeling its parachute or components as complying with the TSO..
(3) Military parachutes (other than high .altitude, high speed, or --m--e - -0-m-v-- ejection kinds) are identified by a Naval Air Facility (kAF), Army Air Field (AAF), or Air Force-Navy (AFN) drawing number, an AAF order number, or any other military designation or specification number. These parachutes are often referred to as demilitarized or military surplus parachutes.
7 PARACHUTE PACKING. FAR Section 105.43 requires that a certificated and appropriateiy-rated-parachute rigger pack the reserve/auxiliary parachute, The main parachute may be packed by: (1) any certificated parachute rigger;
or (2) anyone under the supervision of a certificated parachute rigger.
However, only those who have been thoroughly checked out by a certificated parachute rigger or USPA-rated instructor, should attempt to pack for themselves. The FAA requires each parachute to be packed as follows:
a. A certificated ----m------e parachute r&ger or the person making the jume must ---em----- ---e------ have packed the main parachute within 120 days b%%-the-da?6;? its use.
b A certificated and awroeriately packed the<E?iGFi/r&%& parachuted rated --e--w- parachute ---o----- riqger must have --
(1) Within 120 days before the date of use, if its canopy, shroud, and harness are composed exclusively of nylon, rayon, or other similar synthetic fiber or material that is substantially resistant to damage from mold, mildew, or other rotting agents propagated in a moist environment; or
(2) Within 60 days before the date of use, if the assembly is composed in any amount of silk, pongee, or any other natural fiber or material not specified above.
8 PARACHUTE ALTERATIONS.
FAA-~pproved-confT~~~T&.
Parachute alterations are changes to the Examples include installation of reenforcement tape or fittings, alteration of the harness such as changing the size, removal of a manufacturer-installed part, or the installation of an AAD on an auxiliary/reserve parachute system in which the manufacturer does not authorize such installation.
a. An alteration to an approved parachute -----m--e ------I used for intentional ---*I-- -tern --- Par 6 5
AC 105-2C l/2/91 jumping must be done in accordance with approved manuals and specifications and only by those with specific authorization to perform that alteration.
Specific approval is not needed for the method of altering a main parachute.
A person seeking authorization to alter an approved parachute system should proceed as follows:
(1) A person qualified to alter a parachute (as listed below) should contact his/her local FAA Flight dtandards District Office (FSDO) inspector to discuss the proposed alteration. The applicant should be prepared to show the inspector the nature of the alteration by using a sample assembly, sketch or drawing, and be prepared to discuss the nature of the tests that will be needed to show the altered parachute meets all applicable requirements.
(2) The inspector will review the proposal with the applicant, and a plan of action will be agreed upon,
(3) T'he applicant will then prepare an application, in letter form, addressed to the local FSDO. All pertinent data should be attached. The data should include:
( ) i A clear description of the alteration.
(ii) Drawings, sketches, or photographs if necessary.
(iii) Information such as thread size, stitch pattern, materials used, and location of altered components.
(iv) Some means of identifying the altered parachute (model and serial number).
(4) When satisfied, the inspector will indicate approval by date stamping, signing, and placing the FSDO identification stamp on the letter of application.
b 0 Alterations to Approved Parachutes may be Performed Only By: ---e-m--------- ----- -- -mm------- --
(1) A certificated and appropriately rated master parachute rigger.
(2) A certificated parachute loft with an appropriate rating.
(3) A parachute manufacturer.
(4) Any other manufacturer that the Administrator considers to be competent. .
9 REMOVAL OF PILOT CHUTE. A certificated senior or master parachute rigger m& removeihe-pT6~~~te from an auxiliary/reserve parachute. When this is done, the parachute must be plainly marked "PILOT CHUTE REMOVED. This parachute may be used for intentional jumping only.”
6 .'ar 8 .
a/2/91 AC 10502C
10. EXTRA EQUIPMENT. ---es--- ---e--- Attachment of an instrument panel, knife sheath, or other material to the exterior of the parachute assembly is not considered an alteration. If any extra equipment is attached to a harness, care should be taken not to impair the functional design of the system.
11 . ASSEMBLY OF MAJOR PARACHUTE COMPONENTS. --II-------II--------o--C-------I--L-- ,
a. The assembly or mating of approved parachute components from -w------w- ---m-w--- different manufacturers may be made by a certificated and appropriately rated parachute rigger or parachute loft in accordance with the parachute manufacturer's instructions and without further authorization by the manufacturer or the FAA. Specifically, when tiarious parachute components are interchanged, the parachute rigger should follow the canopy manufacturer’s instructions as well as the parachute container manufacturer% instructions.
However, the container manufacturer*s instructions take precedence when there is a conflict between the two.
.
b Assembled Parachute Components Must be Compatible. Each component the re~ul~~~~~~~~~~bi~-~.;t-f;nction-pFoperr~~~~~~~a~~~~~interfere with the of operation of the other components. For example:
(1) Do not install a high volume canopy into a low-volume parachute container since the proper functioning of the entire parachute assembly could be adversely affected.
(2) A TSO’d canopy may be assembled with a demilitarized harness, or vice versa, as long as the assembled components comply with the safety standard of the original design.
c. Any questions about the o_eeration of the assemb should be resolved by actual~~e~t~~b~-~~~~~~~~~~~~loft-to-makthe parachute is safe for emergency use.
d The parachute riqqer or the parachute loft who are assembling -0----------- cornpon;.ntsmanu-iactured-;nder-rS0--d23c will record, in the space,provided on the container, the data required by Aerospace Standard AS-8015B, paragraph 42.1. (Copies may be obtained from The Engineering Society for Advancing Mobility Land, Sea, Air and Space, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. )
e. The strength of the harness must always be equal to or greater than --m---m the maximum-force generated by the canopy during certification tests.
(1) In a case where the harness is certificated under TSO-C23b and the canopy under TSO-C23c, the maximum generated force.of the canopy must not exceed the certificated category force of the harness and container; i.e., Low-Speed Category (3,000 lbs.) and Standard Category (5,000 Tbs.). In this instance, no additional marking on the container is necessary. .
(2) In the case where the canopy is certificated under the TSO-C23b and the harness under TSO-C23c, the strength of the harness must be equal to or greater than the certificated category force of the canopy.
Pir 10 .
AC 105-2C l/2/91 f The user of a sintie harness, dualpack parachute system, which is a sport &semblyconsisting of a main and a&Uiary/reserve paracke, may perform simple assembly and disassembly operations necessary for transportation, handling, or storage between periods of-use if the parachute is designed to simplify such assembly and disassembly without the use of complex operations. .
12 REPAIRS.
repairs.
Parachute repairs can be classed as major repairs or minor A major repair, as defined in FAR Section 1.1, is a repair **...that, if improperly done, might appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight charactevistics, or other qualities affecting airworthiness.” (Balance and powerplant operation do not apply to parachutes.) A minor repair, as defined in FAR Section l.1, 8t . ..means a repair other than a major repair." Major repairs to parachutes may be made by a master parachute rigger, an appropriately rated parachute loft, or a manufacturer. Examples of major repairs are. replacement of a canopy panel or suspension line, or sewing a large patch on a canopy. The parachute manufacturer’s instructions should be followed when completing repairs to any .portion of the parachute.
13 PLATING OF FITTINGS. Plating or replating of load-carrying parachute fi&s may causehydrogen embrittlement and subsequent failure under stress unless the plating is done properly. Chrome plated harness adjustment hardware may also have a smoother finish than the original and may permit slippage. The parachutist should be aware of these possible hazards.
14 l PILOT RESPONSIBILITIES. -P-F-- The pilot in command of a jump aircraft is solely responsible for certain requirements and jointly responsible for others. The following is a partial list of these requirements:
a. Pilot Certification and Experience Requirements. --------P e-p- The pilot in command is solely responsible for meeting the certification, proficiency, and experience requirements of FAR Part 61.
b Operational Requirements. The pilot in command is solely responsible for thi operationsfi&irements-of FAR Part 91 to include the special operating limitations and placards required for flight with the door open or removed.
c. Weig& and Balance Procedures. The pilot in command is solely responsible tosssur~~this/heraircraft is properly loaded and operated so that it stays within gross weight and center of gravity (CG) limitations.
Additional aircraft station position information (loading schedule) should be obtained by the pilot in command for future weight and balance computations.
In addition, pilots are solely responsible for reviewing these records and/or the flight manual to become familiar with an aircraft’s weight and balance procedures and flight characteristics.
d When Computing-WeQht and Balance.
the foilomktors.
The pilot in command must include E this?nfo%zn is not obtained, the pilot would experience considerable difficulty in determining the actual loaded aircraft CG * 8 Par 11
l/2/91 - AC 10502C
(1) The maximum allowable gross weight and the CG limitations. . ,
(2) The weight of all standard equipment which has been removed s (seats and door, etc). 1
(3) The new empty weight and CG location.
(4) The weight and CG location when the aircraft is fully loaded.
(5) The aircraft’s weight and CG locatrions for variations in the number of parachutists and fuel carried on each flight.
(6) The weight and location of jumpers during each phase of the flight in order to assure that the aircraft stays within CG limits. The pilot in command should keep in mind that the shifting weight distribution of skydivers as they gather at a cabin door in preparation for exit will require a determination of any adverse effects this will have on the aircraft's weight and balance, controllability, and stability.
e. Suitable placards should be .located in the aircraft to help the pilot m--v--- ---- inform skydivers of the maximum approved loading and weight distribution.
These placards should be located where they will be seen by anyone boarding the aircraft and clearly show the maximum approved seating capacity and the load distribution.. However, since many parachutists are not familiar with aircraft weight and balance procedures, it becomes the pilot in command’s responsibility to ensure that proper weight and balance is maintained throughbut all parachute jump operations. Anyone desiring additional information concerning approval data for any specific aircraft should contact the local FSDO (see related information in paragraph 23.b).
f Seatbelts and Approved Loading. FAR Section 91.14 permits persons aboard’an-aircra?tforthe purposed?-participating in sport parachuting activities to use the floor of the aircraft for a seat. Seatbelts must be provided for each person and their installation must be approved. The approved number of persons which can be carried is found on the aircraft’s type certificate data sheet, supplemental type certificate data sheet, Form 337 (field approval), or in the FAA-approved flight manual.
9 Parachute Landing-Zone. It is good practice for the pilot to ensure that the parachute!andTng ione is plainly visible from the aircraft before releasing parachutists.
h Altitude Reporting.
(ATC) in feetLove MSLT-- Report all altitudes to air traffic control .
i. Fliqht Visibility and Clearance from Clouds. --- The pilot and jumper are jointly responsible fo; complying with the flight visibility and cloud clearance requirements of FAR Section 105.29. Aircraft flight under visual flight rules (VFR) conditions and persons making parachute jumps require minimum clearance from clouds and minimum visibility depending upon the altitude at which the activity is taking place.
Par 14 . . 9
AC 10502C l/2/91
(1) For activities which are at or above 10,000 feet MSL, the required minimum distance from clouds is 1,000 feet under, 1,000 feet over, and 1 mile horizontally from clouds. Flight visibility must be at least 5 miles.
(2) For activities which are at more than 1,200 feet above the surface but less than 10,000 feet MSL, the required minimum distance from clouds is 500 feet under, 1,000 feet over, and 2,000 feet horizontally from clouds. Flight visibility must be at least 3 miles.
Note: -- No person may make a parachute jump into or through a cloud.
. 3 Radio Equipment -e- Requirements. FAR Section 105.14 prescribes the two-wa; radio communiG%sequipment requirements for aircraft used for parachute jumps in or into controlled airspace. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, radio communications should be established with the ATC facility or flight service station (FSS) at least 5 minutes before jumping activity begins for the purpose of receiving information on known air traffic inthe vicinity of the jump area. The FAA recommends that all jump aircraft be equipped with operable transponders displaying the appropriate code as assigned by ATC when operating in an area where radar service is provided. Transpondex will expedite and enhance the exchange of-traffic information. Jumping activity cannot begin until radio contact is established and appropriate traffic information is issued. Additionally, an uninterrupted watch should be mainta+ned on the appropriate frequency until 'jumping activity has ended.
When jumping activities are completed or discontinued, ATC should be informed as soon as possible.
k Authorization and Notification Requirements. Whether or not oral ----w-e author;zation~~~omAic~oraceFtificateof authorization is required for a parachute jump depends upon the type of airspace involved and the area where the parachutist intends to land. The same criteria will determine the type of prejump notification requirements. Appendix 1 is an easy reference table parachutists can use to determine what authorization or notification requirements are needed for various types of jumps. The FAA recommends that anyone establishing a permanent drop zone or a temporary jump site contact the air traffic facilities nearest the site as early as possible. ATC personnel are in the best position to provide information on arrival and departure routes, airspace classifications, and other airspace operations that may affect the efficient operation of a parachute landing zone.
15 JUMPS OVER OR INTO CONGESTED AREAS OR OPEN AIR ASSEMBLIES OF PERSONS.
FA; Si%% --o--------------.,------------------- ------
105.15 requires a certificate of authorization for these jumps (except for emergencies and certain Armed Forces' oDerations as provided in ion should ‘FAR Section io5.h). An application for -a certificke of author&at be submitted at least 4-working days before the intended jump. The application must be submitted in triplicate on FAA Form 7711-2, Cert Waiver or Authorization Application, to the FSDO responsible for the where the jump is to take place. Applying as early as possible will FAA in processing these certificates.
ificate of area aid the .
.
10 Par 14
l/2/91 AC IOS-2C
a. The determination of whether the FAA will issue FAA Form 7711-1, -----m--------w Certificate of Waiver or Authorization, and the special provisions will depend on the circumstances of each case. The two main considerations for issuing an --I----------------m-- ~~--~--,~-~~~- --- --- authorization will be the documented skill and experience of thelarachutist ---------------------L---L--------L-------------- ---v------e makil2g ----r---- ---- the jgrnp and the size of the ---- ---0--v--I--------- requirements are:
landis area. -0--- Examples of these .
(1) Parachutists who hold a USPA Class C or D license or a member of a Department of Defense (DOD)-sanctioned parachute demonstration team must select a landing area that will permit the jumper to land not closer than 50 feet from any spectator and will not involve passing over persons on the .
surface at an altitude of less than 250 feet.
(2) Parachutists who hold a USPA Class D license or a member of a steerable DOD-sanctioned parachute demonstration team, who certify that they will use a square main and reserve canopy, should be permitted to exit over or land into a congested area. Landing area restrictions as indicated in subparagraph a(1) should apply. Parachutists with exhibition ratings, in addition to being allowed to exit over or land into congested areas, must not land closer than 15 feet from any spectator and will not pass over persons on the surface at an altitude of less than 50 feet.
b. The holder of the certificate of authorization is required to brief ------------------------II-------------~------ the pilot in command of the aircraft and the jumpers on the terms of the authorization.
c. The inspector might include a provision that requires the pilot in me---- ------- --.--m----- --m---ocommand to use a specific AK facility and radio frequency.
d If an amlicant is unable to present satisfactory evidence that ---- -w---------- he/she'has the experience, ----v---e- ----- skill, and knowledge required for USPA/DOD credentials, the FAA inspector may require a demonstration (not over a congested area) of comparable skill before issuing the authorization.
e. The key to determine if an authorization is or is not necessary is -0e-- -o-e--- -------------I-IIII---- -p-ethe word “into.” ---- The following examples may clarify the intent of FAR Section 105.15 and help to detergz $& an authorization is necessary.
(1) A jump will be at a town just east of a large lake. The jumper wishes to exit the aircraft over the lake and drift eastward to land in an open area. - Authorization is not reguired. --- cv-
(2) At the same town, the jumper wishes to change the landing site to a school playground in the eastern part of town. The playground is several acres in size, completely fenced in, but surrounded by residential dwellings.
Even though the landing target can be placed 500 to 600 feet from the fence, the jump is into a congested area. Authorization is required. -o-o---
(3) An exhibition jump is planned for a county fair. The fairgrounds are on the north edge of a town with clear, open land on three sides. The jumpers plan to exit their aircraft on one side of the fairground Par 15 11
AC 1052C l/2/91 and land on the opposite side. This is a drift-over jump. Authorization is w-m-0 not requi red.
(4) At the same fairgrounds, the target will be placed in the middle of a racetrack, enclosed by a wire mesh fence, arid located near the center of the fairgrounds. The target is more than 500 feet from the fence. This would be a jump into an open air assembly of persons. Authorization is required. ----- ---mm
(5) Jumps made into large areas, even though near or within a populated area or near an open air assembly of persons, do not require written FAA authorization. This provision applies to open areas large enough to enable the parachutist to exit the aircraft over the area and remain within --- the area during descent and lahding. Since at no time would a jumper be over a congested area, jumps of this nature would not impose a public hazard.
However, parachutists should ensure that the landing area is completely clear of assembled persons other than the ground crew and other show performers.
16 0 JUMPS OVER OR ONTO AIRPORTS. ---P--M FAR Section 105.17 requires prior approval of the airport management for jumps made over or onto an airport. However, a parachutist may drift over an airport without prior approval if the chute is fully open, he/she is at least 2,000 feet above the airport traffic pattern, and he/she avoids creating a hazard to air traffic orto Fe%Grand pFop&y on the surface.
17 JUMPS IN OR INTO CONTROL ZONES. -II-- FAR Section 105.19 requires written autho&~~iro~~hecontrol tower for jumps in or into a control zone with a functioning U.S.-operated control tower. Reasonable notice is desirable so that control tower personnel can coordinate the jumps with expected traffic conditions. The authorization and instructions issued by the tower for these jumps are based on VFR and known air traffic and do not relieve the skydiver or the pilot in command of the jump aircraft from compliance with all air traffic and general operating rules. When jumps in or into control zones include jumping over or onto an airport, FAR Section 105.1’7 must also be complied with as explained in paragraph 16.
18 . JUMPS IN OR INTO AIRPORT RADAR SERVICE AREAS. FAR Section 105.20 ----P-m p-------erequires an ATC authorization for jumps in or into an airport radar service area l Each request for an authorization issued under this section must be submitted to the ATC tower at the airport for which the airport radar service is designated.
79 JUMPS INTO OR WITHIN POSITIVE CONTROL AREAS AND TERMINAL CONTROL AREAS. ---c----~~--~~----- FAR Section 105.2lprohibits~person~f~~aking a parachute jump and prohibits any pilot in command of an aircraft from allowing 3 parachute jump to be made from that aircraft in or into a positive control area or terminal control area without, or in violation of, an authorization issued under this section. Further, each request for an authorization issued under this section must be submitted to the nearest ATC facility or FSS.
20 JUMPS IN OR INTO OTHER AIRSPACE. FAR Section 105.23 prescribes the ad;ancenotification ~@?~&~~?&- parachute jumps in controlled and 12 Par 15