AC 108-1 DATE 10/16/81
ADVISORY CIRCULAR
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration Washington, D.C.
FAR GUIDANCE MATERIAL Subjert: AIR CARRIER SECURITY PURPOSE. This circular provides information and quidance for implementation of new Federal Aviation Requlations (FAR) Part 108, Airplane Operator Security.
in this circular. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Civil Aviation Security Special Agents (FAA Security Inspectors) located throughout the United States (reference Appendix 1) are available to discuss the many issues that may arise regarding implementation and procedural details of security safequards.
2. CANCELLATION. AC 121-17, dated March 14, 1972, Subject: Aviation Security:
Certain Air Carriers and Commercial Operations - Security Programs and Other Requirements.
ACKGROUND. On November 1, 1979, the FAA published Notice of Proposed Rulemaking No. 79-17 (44 FR 63048), proposing to extend FAA security requlations applicable to scheduled passenger and public charter operations of U.S. certificate holders and foreign air carriers and U.S. intrastate operators to certain air taxi operators and small airplane operations conducted by U.S. and foreign operators.
It also proposed to simplify these requlations and consolidate them (for !.S. certificate holders) into a new part of the Federal Aviation Requlations (FAR Part 108) to facilitate public access to security requlations. At the sane time it was proposed to amend FAR Part 107 to reflect the different levels of securitv safeguards airport operators would be required to implement. The security requirements imposed on airport operators by amended FAR Part 107 are tailored to meet the differing levels of threat which exist for different sizes and tvres of airplane operations. FAR Part 108 and the amendments to FAR Parts 107 and 129 are
a. Since their inception in 1972, FAA security requlations have been designed to meet threats of hijacking and other crimes against the specific kinds of aircraft operations that have proven to be most attractive to the potential hijacker or saboteur. Usually, these operations have involved large transport type airplanes with scheduled departure times, and generallv have been conducted by certificate holders operating under Certificates of Public Convenience and Initiated by: ACS-100
10/16/81 AC 108-1 Necessity (CPCN) and other limited economic authority issued by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), as well as by certain intrastate operators. Operating rules for these operators are set out in FAR Part 121 (14 CFR 121) and, for this reason, FAA security regulations were initially placed in that part.
Security for scheduled operations subject to FAR Part 135 (14 CFR 135) was achieved through voluntary implementation of operations specifications and compliance with requirements similar to those in FAR Part 121.
Following passage of the Airline Derequlation Act (Derequlation Act of 1978), the numer of these operations increased. Further, since the passage of the Derequlation Act, the CAB liberalized its policies and granted broad authority to conduct scheduled operations with large aircraft. These CAR actions resulted in numerous certificate holders, referred to in the Derequlation Act as "muters," operating under FAR Part 135 with authority to conduct operations similar to those that. were previously conducted only by CPCN holders under FAR Part 121. While CPCN holders were discontinuing service at different terminals during the late 1970's, "commuter" air carriers were gaining these terminal and route authorizations.
result, many commuter air carriers began using aircraft in scheduled and public charter operations identical to those formerly used only by CPCN holders. These airplanes were being operated over routes formerly served by CPCN holders, and the operations were conducted without being subject to full FAA security requirements.
d. The Derequlation Act carried with it a mandate that there be no lessening of safety in situations where commuter air carriers provide substitute service on routes previously served by route certificate holders. Section 33(c) (3) of the Derequlation Act requires the FAA to impose requirements upon such commuter air carriers to assure that the level of safety provided to persons traveling on such commuter air carriers is, to the maximum feasible extent, equivalent to the level of safetv provided to persons traveling on certificate holders which provide service pursuant to certificates issued under Section 401 of this title."
e. Considering the economic burden that could be imposed on the small airport and airolane operators and the fact that the hijacking threat directed against commuters had not siqnificantly increased, FAR Part 108, as enacted, requires implementing a full security program only for scheduled and public charter operations with airplanes having a passenger seating configuration of more than 60 seats and for operations providing deplaned passengers access to a sterile area at the next landing when that access is not controlled by another airplane operator's security program.
f. For operations with airplanes having a passenger seating configuration of more than 30 but less than 61 seats, a full security program need not be routinely implemented. A full security program for these operations will have to be implemented only if the FAA notifies the airplane operator that a security threat exists with respect to a particular operation or set of operations. The final determination of whether such a threat exists will be made by FAA's Director of Civil Aviation Security.
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g. While the frequency and extent of these threats cannot be predicted, this contingency should seldom be invoked. If it is, it will probably not involve all airplane operations or all points served by a single operator, nor would all precautions have to be taken in every contingency.
h. Antihijack security training is required for all crewmembers of FAA certificate holders operating under FAR Parts 121 or 135. In addition, throughout FAR Part 108 and chanues to FAR Part 107 and FAR Section 129.25, the term "airplane" instead of "aircraft" is used since threatened operations have historically only involved airplanes and seldom have involved other aircraft such as helicopters.
DEFINITIONS. Terms used in FAR Part 108 are defined for use in this circular as follows:
a. "Certificate holder" means a person holding an FAA operatina certificate when that person engages in scheduled passenger or public charter passenger operations or both.
b. "Passenger seating confiquration" means the total number of seats for which the aircraft is type certificated or otherwise shown in formal documentation on file with FAA that can be made available for passenger use aboard a flight and includes that seat in certain airplanes which may be used by a representative of the Administrator to conduct flight checks but is available for revenue purposes on other occasions.
"Private charter" means any charter for which the charterer engages the total capacity of an airplane for the carriage of:
(1) Passengers in civil or military air movements conducted under contract with the Government of the United States or the Government of a foreign country; or
(2) Passengers invited by the charterer, the cost of which is borne entirely by the charterer and not directly or indirectly by the individual passengers.
d. "Public charter" means any charter that is not a "private charter."
e. "Scheduled passenger operations" means holding out to the public of air transportation service for passengers from identified air terminals at a set time announced by timetable or schedule published in a newspaper, magazine, or other advertising medium.
f. "Sterile area" means an area to which access is controlled by the inspection of persons and property in accordance with an approved security program or a security program used in accordance with FAR Section 129.25.
5. APPLICABILITY. The requirements contained in FAR Part 108 are applicable to all operators of airplanes who hold FAA Air Carrier Operating Certificates or FAA Par 3
10/16/81 AC 10₴-1 Operating Certificates when they engage in scheduled or public charter passenger operations under specified conditions. Helicopters and all-card operations are specifically excluded from security requirements as are all operations conducted in airplanes with a passenger seating contiguration or i through in seats where the operator does not desire passenger access to a sterile area upon deplanement.
Should a helicopter or other non-airplane operator desire to operate pursuant to an FAA approved security program to permit deplanement of passengers into a sterile area or for other reasons, such an operator may petition FAA for approval of an Amendment to its Operations Specifications to include appropriate security procedures. Such operators should refer to FAA Advisory Circular AC 135-4A, dated April 15, 1976.
6. SECURITY PROGRAM - ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION. Three distinct types of scheduled or public charter operations generate the requirement ior certificate holders to adopt and carry out a security program under FAR Part 108. Those operations are as follows:
a. Operations with an airplane having a passenger seating confiquration of more than 60 seats.
b. Operations that provide deplaned passengers access, that is not otherwise controlled by a certificate holder using an approved security program or a foreiqn air carrier using a security program required by FAR Section 129.25, to a sterile area. This situation is discussed below in paragraph 11.
c. Fach operation with an airplane having a passenger seating confiquration of more than 30 but less than 61 seats. However, unless FAA notifies the certificate holder of a security threat, the only portions of the proqram that must be implemented are those that deal with law enforcement availability to respond to an incident. Threat notification procedures and circumstances are discussed in.
paragraph 14 and law enforcement requirements are discussed in paragraph 12.
d. Beyond those situations where a certificate holder is required to adont and carry out a security program, the requlations provide for an aimlane operator to voluntarily apply to FAA for approval of a security program for operations other than those detailed in a., b., or c. above. Such a need could he perceived by the perator to meet passenger expectations, company policies or for any other reason.
once approved by FAA, such a "voluntary" proqram becomes enforceable and the requlation requires that the erator carry out the program provisions. A failure to carry out the proqram is a requlatory violation that could result in civil penalty action against the operator. Further, any operator not governed by the requlation can seek advice and assistance from FAA security offices where it wishes to implement some or all of the security procedures endorsed by FAA. Implementation of such procedures without FAA proqram approval is possible for such an operator without placing itself in a "requlated" status.
7. SECURITY PROGRAM - FORM, CONTENT AND AVAILABILITY.
FAR Part 108 states that a security program required by the raqulation, as detailed in paragraph 6.a., b., or c. shall provide for the safety of persons and Par 5
property traveling in air transportation and intrastate air transportation against acts of criminal violence and air piracy, be in writing and siqned by the certificate holder or any person delegated authority in this matter, be approved by' the Administrator, and include the procedures and a description of the facilities and equipment used to comply with the requlatory requirements regarding screening functions, airplane and facilities control functions, law enforcement officer availability, use of X-ray systems, and bomb and air piracy threat response. Fach of these requlatory areas is discussed below in a separate paragraph. The requlation further requires that the certificate holder maintain at least one copy of the approved security proqram at its principal business office, maintain a complete copy or the pertinent portions of its approved security program or appropriate implementing instructions at each airport where security screening is being conducted, and make these documents available for inspection upon request of any Civil Aviation Security Special Agent. Further, the operator is required to restrict the availability of information contained in the security program to those with an onerational need-to-know, and to refer requests for such information by other persons to the Director of Civil Aviation Security of the FAA.
An Air Carrier Standard Security Program meeting the requirements of FAR Part 108 is available for use by all certificate holders. This program, jointly developed by FAA and industry, has proven very effective in lessening the certificate holder's administrative burden. The FAA encourages adoption of the Standard Security Program to ensure uniform implementation of security procedures, and will be pleased to work with operators to explain in detail the substance of that program and the body of interpretive information that has accrued since its inception in 1976. Section XV of the Standard Security Program (SSP) has been reserved to list and identify exceptional security procedures used by a certificate holder. Fxamples of the use of Section XV include a listing of those airports where the certificate holder furnishes law enforcement support for the screening process and description of the procedures used to screen checked hagaade that is delivered to the passenger aboard the airplane after landing or upon deplanement on the air operations area for carriage into a sterile area. These situations, together with any other procedures not covered by the standard sections of the SS?, SCREENING OF PASSENGERS AND PROPERTY. Certificate holders required to conduct screening include those engaging in scheduled or public charter passenger operations with airplanes having a passenger seating confiquration of more than 60 seats and those operations with airplanes having a passenger seating confiquration of 1 through 60 seats where the deplaned passengers will have uncontrolled access to a sterile area. Sterile area access is discussed in paragraph 10.
Additionally, 31 through 60 seat airplane operations may be required to screen if FAA declares that a threat exists sufficient to require such protection. This aspect is discussed below in paraqraph 13. Certificate holders required to screen or otherwise electing to screen may choose to utilize the screening facilities of another certificate holder operating under an FAA approved securitv program or, ot course, may establish a separate screening system. In either case, the certificate holder is responsible for assuring that the screening system and procedures meet : ar ¡ 5
FAA requirements. Certificate holders performing screening for the purpose of providing sterile area access to their passenqers have several alternatives available. Assuming they are able to secure agreement from the concerned parties, they may elect to screen at the enplanement airport or may screen or have another certificate holder screen at the deplanement airport. Such certificate holders are not required to screen if their access to the sterile area is controlled throuqh surveillance and escort procedures. Details concerniną actual screenina procedures are included in the Air Carrier Standard Security Proqram and are not subiect to discussion in this circular.
9. CARRIAGE OF WEAPONS. Certificate holders should carefully review Advisory Circular AC 108-2, Carriage of Weapons and Escorted Persons. That circular discusses many aspects of carriage of weapons aboard aircraft and procedures to be followed by the individual and the certificate holder. certificate holders should be particularlv mindful of the applicability of the several subsections of FAR Part 108 dealing with the carriage of weapons as follows:
Certificate holders required to screen must assure that no person has a firearm or other dangerous or deadly weapon accessible while aboard unless that person meets the procedural requixements of the requlation. FAA and all appropriate Federal agencies have exchanged letters wherein each Federal agency has identified those employees required to travel armed and the reasons for such requirements. State and local agencies are required to follow different procedures pursuant to FAR Part 108 that assure the need for firearm carriage.
h. Certificate holders not required to screen have no responsibility redarding the carriage of firearms aboard under FAR Part 108. The individual, however, is prevented from carrying a firearm unless authorized hy the certificate holder. This provision in FAR Part 108 is identical to the provision in FAR Section 135.119.
Certificate holders, without regard to screening, may not knowinalv allow carriade of loaded firearms in checked baggage. Individuals are also prohibited from such carriage by FAR Part 108 and FAR Section 902(1) of the FAACt..
A. Certificate holders without regard to screening, may not knowingly allow carriage of an unloaded firearm in checked bagqaqe nor may individuals carry an unloaded firearm in checked bagqage unless the procedures detailed in FAR Part 108 are followed. Those procedures require that the baggage containing the unloaded firearm be carried in an area that is inaccessible to passengers. On some smaller airplanes the checked bagqaqe compartment is located in the passenger compartment and is separated fron the passenger seating area by an unlocked door or a mesh net.
If the baggage containing the unloaded firearm is loaded first in such a compartment and is as far away from the passengers as feasible, such an arrangement will generally be viewed as acceptable. FAA will consult with the certificate holder regarding each specific situation.
e. Again, reference to AC 108-2 will he particularly helpful for certificate holders.
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10. SECURITY OF AIRPLANES AND FACILITIFS. All certificate holders required to conduct screening are also required to carry out a number of security procedures desiqned to assure the safety of their airplanes and facilities. Such procedures include prohibiting unauthorized access to the airolane, ensuring that haqgade carried in the airplane is checked in by a responsible agent and that identification is obtained from unknown shippers; ensuring that cargo and checked baggage are handled in a manner that prohibits unauthorized access; and conducting a security inspection of the airplane before placing it in service and after it has been left unattended. Detailed procedures reqarding the above control functions are listed in the Air Carrier Standard Security Program and are not subject to discussion herein.
ACCESS TO STERILF ARFAS. Operators of airplanes of any seating confiduration may not discharge scheduled or public charter passengers into a sterile area unless: (1) the passengers and their accessible items are properly screened by the airplane operator; or (2) their access is controlled throuqh surveillance and escort procedures or through the screening procedures of another operator.
a. Thus, passengers may have access to a sterile area where the discharginq operator has made a prior agreement with another FAA certificate holder or foreiqn air carrier, or in some cases the airport operator, having responsibility for the sterile area either for escort of the deplaning passengers into, throuqh, and out of the sterile area or for the screening of those passengers before entry. If a carrier chooses to implement an escort procedure, such escort should be on a ratio of one carrier representative per ten passengers and must be coordinated in advance with the air carrier having responsibility for security of the sterile area through which escort is planned. without these arrangements, operators not otherwise required by FAR Part 108 to screen their passengers who wish to deplane their passengers into a sterile area must adopt and implement all the provisions of an appropriate security program with respect to that passenger operation. This requires: (1) 100 percent screening of all passengers and their accessible items the airolane be protected; and (3) procedures be used to prevent or deter the introduction of explosives and
b. This process has previously been followed by a number of commuter/air taxi operators operating under FAR Part 135. These operators, because of their desire to allow their passengers to have direct and uncontrolled access to a sterile area, have voluntarily elected to amend their operations specifications to adhere to security requirements. With implementation of FAR Part 108, operators desiring that their passengers have direct uncontrolled access to sterile areas must follow the security program procedures in FAR Section 108.25.
C. The commuter or air taxi operator may elect to screen all passengers at the last airport of departure prior to deplanement into the sterile area or at several airports prior to deplanement. The certificate holders' election will determine which airport(s) are required to furnish law enforcement officers to support the screening process. In situations where small numbers of passengers are Par 10 7
* 108-1 10/16/₴1 boarded at several prior aimorts, the operator mav find it economical to deplane the previously boarded passengers and perform screening at the last aimort of departure hefore deplanement into the sterile area. This would preclude the cost associated with a number of individual screening operations. However, if the operator elects to deplane unscreened passengers for subsequent screening, the cabin of the aircraft should he searched prior to reboarding. If the certificate holder should elect to screen at several airports prior to deplanement into a sterile area, it must follow all of the provisions of its security proqram for each screening operation.
d. On many smaller airplanes where passengers have access to a sterile area upon deplanement, checked haggage is carried in a compartment in the nose of the aircraft or in a space adjacent to the passencer seating area and is returned to the passenger either aboard the airplane upon laming or on the air operations area upon deplanement prior to entry into the sterile area. Should the passenger desire o take this haggage into the sterile area, it must be screened for firearms, explosives, incendiary devices, and deadlv or dangerous weapons even though the baggage may have been transported aboard the aircraft as checked baggage. If the operator's security program provides procedures for screening checked haqgage for explosive devices it must follow sud procedures. screening for firearms mav he accomplished at the deplanement or enplanement airport and mav be accomplishen bv hand search or X-ray search. An alternative to such screening is for the certificate holder to arrange for the baqgage to he transported by its employees or by a gaining certificate holder's employees or others in the air operations area either for interline transfer to another certificate holder or return to the passenger after he or she exits the sterile area. Specific procedures to deal with this issue on a case by case basis will be incorporated into the certificate holder's security program in Section XV (Reference paragraph 6 of this circular for.
an explanation of Section XV). Most airport operators and large certificate holders have experience with the type of deplanement/screening/escort operations discussed above and are able to offer advice and quidance to the operator with new sterile area access requirements. Commuter certificate holders and others with such a need should contact certificate holders responsible for the appropriate sterile area(s) to discuss specific requirements.
12. LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS. When a certificate holder is required to implement a security screening system at an airport governed by FAR Part 107, the airport operator is required to provide law enforcement support for that screening. when a certificate holder conducts operations from an airport not governed by FAR Part 107 and is required to use a screening system through voluntary adontion of a security program or because the operation is a public charter, the certificate holder is required to provide law enforcement officers to support the screening system. An airport is governed by FAR Part 107 when it reqularly serves the scheduled passenger operations of a certificate holder (airlane operator) required to have a security program by FAR Section 108.5(a) (i.e., not a voluntary program made mandatory hy Section 108.5(b)).
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a. At U.S. airports reqularly serving scheduled passenger erations of certificate holders and foreign air carriers utilizing airplanes with more than 60 seats, the airport operator is required to adhere to the current provisions of FAR Part 107 including providing law enforcement officers to support screenina.
b. At those airports reqularly serving scheduled passenger erations utilizing 31- throuqh 60-passenger-seat airplanes and at whid the airplane operator is not required to screen, the airplane operator will normally onlv have to implement those portions of the proqram that call for (1) having procedures for contacting the law enforcement aqency identified by the airport operator and arranging for response to an incident when needed; and (2) advising appropriate employees, including crewmembers, of the procedures and how to use them.
C• The airport operator, under such circumstances, must assure that law enforcement officers are available and committed to respond to the airolane operator's request for assistance and include such information in its securitv program as detailed in the followina paragraph. Responsibility for establishing and implementing the actual arrangements and for obtaining assistance in the case of an incident rests with the airplane operator.
d. For these operations (31 thru 60 seat airplanes), the airport operator is required to submit to the FAA for approval a security program that identifies the law enforcement support available to respond upon request of the airplane operator, a description of the procedure to be used by the certificate holder to summon support, a description of the training the law enforcement officers have received, and a descriotion of the system for recording law enforcement actions taken in support of aviation security as called for by FAR Section 107.23.
e.. If an airplane operator using airplanes with less than 6l passenger seats must adopt and carry out a full security program with a screening svstem to gain access to a sterile area, the airport operator must provide law enforcement support.
during all required passenger screening operations. The airport operator is required to submit to the FAA for approval a security program identifying the law enforcement support, the training received by law enforcement officers, and a description of the svstem for recording law enforcement actions taken in support of aviation security. These law enforcement support requirements are the only security requirements imposed on the airport operator for operations with airplanes confiqured for less than 6l passenger seats where screening is performed under a required security proqram to gain access to a sterile area upon deplanement.
f.. There are only two situations in which the airplane operator must provide law enforcement support for screening.
seats from an airport not governed by FAR Part 107. Should the airport be governed by FAR Part 107 by virtue of other scheduled service by an operator required to have a program by FAR Part 108, then the airport operator must furnish the LeD to support the public charter departure.
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(2) The other situation where the airplane qperator must provide the IF arises at a non-FAR Part 107 airport where the airplane operator is not required to have a program, but to further companv policy or for other reasons voluntarily elects to have an approved program and to screen flights using airplanes of less than 31 seats. In this case, the aimort operator is not governed bv FAR Part 107 by virtue of such service and where it is not otherwise governed by FAR Part 107 because of other service, the airplane merator must furnish the If.
q. In both of the above situations law enforcement officers furnished by the airplane operator must meet the training and qualification standards enumerated in FAR Section 107.17.
h. Where the airplane operator with a voluntary program elects to screen and servicerenina.no the airport is governed by FAR Part 107 by virtue of other service, the airport operator must furnish the IF to support the voluntary 1-30 seat screening.
Further, it should he noted that where an operator of 1-30 seat airplanes who deplanes passengers into a sterile area is required to have a security program, the airport operator is required to furnish law enforcement officers to support the screening process.
13. USE OF X-RAY SYSTEMS. FAR Part 108 prescribes detailed procedures for the use of X-ray systems to assure the safety of X-ray operators and others working in close proximity to the devices. Certificate holders utilizina or plannina to utilize X-ray devices should review those requirements closely and discuss any questions resulting from that review with the appropriate FAA security office ROMB AND AIR PIRACY THREATS. FAR Part 108 establishes procedures for the certificate holder to follow upon reciot of a bomb threat or information that an act or suspected act of air piracy has been committed. lon receipt of a bomb threat against a specific aircraft, each certificate holder is renuired to attempt to determine whether or not any explosive or incendiary device is aboard the airplane involved by conducting a security inspection on the around before the next.
flight or, if the airplane is in flight, immediatelv after its next landing.
Further, if the airplane is being operated on the ground, the certificate holder is reuired to advise the pilot in command to immediately submit the airplane for an inspection or if. the airplane is in flight, advise the pilot in command of all pertinent information available so that necessary emergency action can be taken.
Immediately upon receiving information that an act or suspected act of air piracy has been committed, the certificate holder is required to notify the Administrator. This notice can be accomplished by contacting the nearest air traffic control facility or by advising the appropriate FAA Civil Aviation Security Office listed in Appendix 1. If the airplane is in airspace under other than United States jurisdiction, the certificate holder is also required to notify the appropriate authorities of the country in whose territory the airplane is located and, if the airplane is in flight, the appropriate authorities of the country in whose territory the airplane is to land. Notification to the appropriate air traffic controlling authority is sufficient action to meet this requirement.
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b. One other aspect of threat conditions covered by FAR Part 108 concerns the requirement that operators of 31-throuqh 60-seat airplanes must he prepared to implement the full security program for all or part of its operations at a particular 'station or systemwide upon notification by the FAA's Director of Civil Aviation security that a threat exists. such a threat would exist, tor example, where operations in this category have been subjected to hijacking and a specific threat has been made that more hijackings will be perpetrated. Such a threat might also exist where information has been received or developed concerning probable criminal acts against airplanes in this category without a prior hijacking. This type of information would be specific and FAA will not require implementation of contingency procedures routinely. FAA will consult with the affected certificate holders, the ".S. intelligence community and others, prior to "declaring" a threat condition sufficient to require implementation of contingency procedures. FAA will aive siqnificant weiqht to the views of impacted operators during such consultations. while specific contingency procedures are not subject to discussion herein, FAA anticipates that all such procedures would not need to be implemented for every threat. For instance, if the specific threat is that an explosive device will be thrown over a fence at a specific airplane, the operator might only implement those procedures dealing with airplane security and perimeter control.
In any event, since protection against a specific threat is in the certificate holder's own best interests, FAA will work closely with the affected operator to desim mutually acceptable, adequate contingency procedures to deal with any specific threat that develops.
15. PASSENGERS UNDER THE CONTROL OF ARMED LAW ENFORCEMENT ESCORTS. Certificate holders required to conduct screening who desire to transport prisoners or others under the control of armed escorts (normally law enforcement officers) must follow the procedures of FAR Part 108. No provisions in FAR Part 108 attach to the carriage of persons under voluntary protective escort or prisoners or others escorted by unarmed escorts. Certificate holders should closely review the escort procedures in FAR Part 108 and as detailed in Advisory Circular AC 108-2.
15. CREWMEMRER EMERGENCY TRAINING. FAR Part 108 refers to the approoriate requirements in FAR Parts 121 and 135 covering the certificate holders' responsibility to provide antihijack traininą for crewmembers. FAR Part 108 requires each "Certificate Holder" to provide such training.
17. FAR 107/108 FINAL RILF. SUMMARY. Enclosed as Appendix 2 is a qraphic summary of requirements embodied in FAR Part 108 and the changes to FAR Parts 107 and 129.
Richard F. Lally Far 16 11 (and 12)