6-8
1. Stay in the loop by mentally flying the aircraft even when the AP or other pilot is flying the aircraft.
2. When you have been distracted, ensure that you always check the FMAs and your flight instruments to get back in the loop as soon as possible.
3. Monitor the flight instruments just as you would when you are manually flying the aircraft.
4. Be diligent in monitoring all flightpath changes – pilot actions, system modes, aircraft responses.
5. Always make monitoring of the PF a priority task when flightpath changes are being made.
6. Always check the FMA after a change has been selected on the AP mode control panel.
7. Maintain an awareness of the autoflight systems and modes selected by the crew or automatically initiated by the flight management computer (mode awareness) to effectively monitor flightpath.
8. Maintain an awareness of the capabilities available in engaged autoflight modes to avoid mode confusion.
9. Effectively monitor systems and selected modes to determine that the aircraft is on the desired flightpath.
Appendix A A-1 APPENDIX A. RELATED GUIDIANCE AND INFORMATION A.1 Related FAA Guidance (current editions).
• Information for Operators (InFO) 08029, Approach and Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR): Recommended Flight Crew Training.
• InFO 08049, Preventing Wrong Runway Takeoffs.
• Safety Alert for Operators (SAFO) 07003, Confirming the Takeoff Runway.
• SAFO 12003, SOP for Title 14 CFR Part 135 Certificate Holders and Part 91K Program Managers.
• SAFO 13002, Manual Flight Operations.
• SAFO 15011, Roles and Responsibilities for Pilot Flying (PF) and Pilot Monitoring (PM).
• AC 91-73, Parts 91 and 135 Single Pilot, Flight School Procedures During Taxi Operations.
• AC 91-79, Mitigating the Risks of a Runway Overrun Upon Landing.
• AC 120-35, Flightcrew Member Line Operational Simulations: Line-Oriented Flight Training, Special Purpose Operational Training, Line Operational Evaluation.
• AC 120-48, Communication and Coordination Between Flight Crewmembers and Flight Attendants.
• AC 120-51, Crew Resource Management Training.
• AC 120-54, Advanced Qualification Program.
• AC 120-64, Operational Use and Modification of Electronic Checklists.
• AC 120-74, Parts 91, 121, 125, and 135 Flightcrew Procedures During Taxi Operations.
• AC 120-92, Safety Management Systems for Aviation Safety Providers.
• AC 121-32, Dispatch Resource Management Training.
• FAA-H- 8083-2, Risk Management Handbook.
• FAA Human Performance Considerations in the Use and Design of Aircraft Checklists, January 1995 [FAA 1995].
• FAA Order 8900.1, Flight Standards Information Management System (FSIMS).
Appendix A A-2 A.2 Related Reading Material.
• Barshi, I.; Degani, A., Loukopoulos, L.; Mauro, R.: (2016). Designing Flight Deck Procedures Report to the Federal Aviation Administration, September 7, 2016.
• Burian, B. K. (October 2006). Design guidance for emergency and non-normal checklists in aviation. In the Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting, San Francisco.
• Flight Safety Foundation. (August-December, 2000). FSF ALAR briefing note: 1.1 - Operating philosophy. Retrieved from FSF website:
http://flightsafety.org/files/alar_bn1-1-ops_philosophy.pdf.
• Flight Safety Foundation Approach-and-Landing Accident Reduction Tool Kit, 2000.
• Flight Safety Foundation. (2009). FSF ALAR briefing note 1.2 - Automation (Issue Brief No. 1.2). Alexandria, VA: Author.
• Flight Safety Foundation. (2009). FSF approach and landing accident reduction toolkit briefing note: 1.1 - Operating philosophy (Issue Brief No. 1.1). Alexandria, VA: Author.
• Flight Safety Foundation (2014). A Practical Guide to Improving Flight Path Monitoring. Final Report of the Active Pilot Monitoring Working Group, November 2014.
• Degani, A., & Wiener, E. (1993). Cockpit checklists: Concepts, design, and use.
Human Factors, 35(2), 28-43.
• Degani, A., & Wiener, E. (1998). Design and operational aspects of flight-deck procedures. Proceedings of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada.
• Degani, A., & Wiener, E. (1990). Human factors of flight-deck checklists: The normal checklist (NASA Contractor Report 177549). Retrieved from SKYbrary:
http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/1568.pdf.
• Degani, A., & Wiener, E. L. (1994). On the design of flight-deck procedures (NASA Contractor Report 177642). Retrieved from NASA website:
http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/m/profile/adegani/Flight-Deck_Procedures.pdf.
• Degani, A., & Wiener, E. L. (1994). Philosophies, policies, procedures, and practices:
The four ‘P’s of flight deck operations. In N. Johnston, N. McDonald, & R. Fuller (Eds.), Aviation Psychology in Practice (pp. 44-67).
• Dismukes, R. K., & Berman, B. A. (2010). Checklists and monitoring in the cockpit:
Why crucial defenses sometimes fail (NASA Technical Memorandum Report No.
2010-216396). Moffett Field, CA.
• Commercial Aviation Safety Team (2007). “Wrong Runway Departure,” August 2007.
Appendix A A-3
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration, & Federal Aviation Administration.
(2000). NASA/FAA Operating documents project: Developing operating documents:
A manual of guidelines -- E-Version. Retrieved from NASA website: http://humanfactors.arc.nasa.gov/opdoc-workshopIV/Opdocfinal.pdf.
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration, & Federal Aviation Administration.
(September, 2015). ASRS Callback: A checklist (Issue 428).
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration, & Federal Aviation Administration.
(March, 2014). ASRS Callback: Checklist checkup (Issue 410). Retrieved from:
http://asrs.arc.nasa.gov/publications/callback/cb_410.html.
• UK Civil Aviation Authority (2006). CAP 676: Guidance on the design, presentation and use of emergency and abnormal checklists. Retrieved from http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP676.pdf.
• UK Civil Aviation Authority (2013). Monitoring Matters - Guidance on the Development of Pilot Monitoring Skills: CAA Paper 2013/02. Paper produced by the UK CAA Loss of Control Action Group.
• Veillette, P. R. (May, 2006). A non-error resistant checklist. Business & Commercial Aviation. Retrieved from: http://aviationweek.com/awin/non-error-resistant-checklist.
• Veillette, P. R. (January, 2012). Give e-checklists an A+. Business & Commercial Aviation. Retrieved from FAA website:
http://lessonslearned.faa.gov/Northwest255/E_Checklists.pdf.
• Veillette, P. R. (August, 2008). The benefits of proper checklist design. Business & Commercial Aviation. Retrieved from: http://aviationweek.com/awin/benefits-properchecklist-design.
• Veillette, P. R. (August, 2007). The problem of checklist errors. Business & Commercial Aviation. Retrieved from: http://aviationweek.com/awin/problemchecklist-errors.
• Veillette, P. R. (May, 2006). The what and whys of good procedures. Business & Commercial Aviation. Retrieved from: http://aviationweek.com/awin/what-and-whygood-procedures.
• Veillette, P. R. (May, 2006). The who, what, when of your SOPs. Business & Commercial Aviation. Retrieved from: http://aviationweek.com/awin/who-whatwhen-your-sops.
Advisory Circular Feedback Form If you find an error in this AC, have recommendations for improving it, or have suggestions for new items/subjects to be added, you may let us know by contacting the Air Transportation Division (AFS-200) at 9-AWA-AVS-AFS-200-Air-Transportation-Division@faa.gov or the Flight Standards Directives Management Officer at 9-AWA-AFS-140-Directives@faa.gov.
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