Aircraft Surveillance Systems And Applications
Advisory Circular
APPENDICES
A. Acronyms
B. Definitions/Glossary
C. Airworthiness and Operational regulations, and list of related/referenced documents
D. Aircraft Surveillance Applications (ASA) Systems
E. Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) Link System
F. Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B)
G. TCAS II/ASA Integration
H. Human Factors Considerations for the Display of Traffic Surveillance Information
I. Mode S Enhanced Surveillance Downlink Systems
J. Sample General Aviation FITS Transition Training Master Syllabus
K. Foreign Air Carriers and Foreign Operators of U.S.-Registered Aircraft Engaged in Common Carriage: Installation Approval and Authorization to Conduct Aircraft Surveillance Flight Operations Page 13
APPENDIX A.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Acronym Description A/C Aircraft AC Advisory Circular ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System ACL ASA Capability Level ACM Airborne Conflict Management ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast AFM Airplane Flight Manual AIP Aeronautical Information Publication AOM Airplane Operating Manual ASA Airborne Surveillance Applications ASIA Approach Spacing for Instrument Approaches ASP Actual Surveillance Performance ASSA Airport Surface Situational Awareness ASSAP Airborne Surveillance and Separation Assurance Processing ATC Air Traffic Control ATM Air Traffic Management ATS Air Traffic Services A/V Aircraft/Vehicles CD Conflict Detection CDTI Cockpit Display of Traffic Information CNS Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance DAP/E-DAP Downlinking of Aircraft Parameters EHS Enhanced Surveillance ELS Elementary Surveillance ES Extended Squitter EVAcq Enhanced Visual Acquisition FAA Federal Aviation Administration FIS-B Flight Information Services - Broadcast FITS FAA-Industry Training Standards FMS Flight Management System FAROA Final Approach and Runway Occupancy Awareness FCOM Flight Crew Operating Manual GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICSPA Independent Closely Spaced Parallel Approaches IFR Instrument Flight Rules IGA International General Aviation IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions JAA Joint Aviation Authorities LOA Letter Of Authorization MASPS Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards MEL Minimum Equipment Lists MFD Multi Function Display MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List MOPS Minimum Operational Performance Standards
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NAC Navigation Accuracy Category (for position) NAS National Airspace System NIC Navigation Integrity Category OHA Operational Hazard Assessment LAAS Local Area Augmentation System PAI Principal Avionics Inspector PMI Principal Maintenance Inspector POH Pilot Operating Handbook POI Principal Operations Inspector PT Pilot in Training RA Resolution Advisory RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring RCP Required Communication Performance RF Radio Frequency RSP Required Surveillance Performance SIL Surveillance Integrity Level SRM Single Pilot Resource Management SSA System Safety Assessment SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar STC Supplemental Type Certificate STP Surveillance Transmit Processing TA Traffic Advisory TAS Traffic Advisory System TCAS Traffic Alert Collision Avoidance System TCL Transmit Quality Level TIS-B Traffic Information System - Broadcast TSO Technical Standard Order TSP Total System Performance UAT Universal Access Transceiver VFR Visual Flight Rules WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System Page 2
APPENDIX B.
Definitions / Glossary
The following definitions may be specific to this AC and may differ with those definitions contained in other references.
1. Alert. A visual, aural, or tactile stimulus presented to the flight crew to attract attention or to convey information regarding system status, system condition, or both.
a. Applicant. Refers to but is not limited to:
• Aircraft manufacturers, businesses or any other entity applying for installation approval under 14 CFR parts 23, 25, 27 and 29:
• Repair stations conducting alterations under 14 CFR part 43:
• Air carriers operating under 14 CFR parts 91, 121, 125 or 135:
• Organizations conducting training approved in accordance with 14 CFR part 121 and 135
(e.g., training centers or aircraft manufacturers):
• Operators under 14 CFR part 125:
• Non-U.S. air carriers conducting operations in U.S. airspace under 14 CFR part 129.
3. Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B). ADS-B is a function on an aircraft or vehicle that periodically broadcasts its state vector (horizontal and vertical position, horizontal and vertical velocity) and other information. ADS-B is expected to play an increasing role in the NAS as its capabilities evolve, and is expected to be a key element in improving use of airspace, reducing ceiling and visibility restrictions, improving airport surface surveillance, and enhancing safety features like Airborne Conflict Management (ACM). The ADS-B architecture may utilize a combination of enabling data links to achieve the appropriate intended function. These links include the 1090 MHz Extended Squitter (ES) and the UAT).
4. Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI). A CDTI is a generic display that provides a flightcrew with traffic surveillance information about other aircraft, surface vehicles, and obstacles including their identification, position, and other message set parameters. CDTIs generally also include an “own-ship” position indicator and may depict a moving map as an underlay. Traffic information displayed on a CDTI may be obtained from one or several sources including ADS-B, TIS-B, Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS), and Traffic Collision Alerting Devices. CDTI’s may be portable, tethered (to the aircraft’s electrical, database, and or datalink systems), panel-mounted, head-worn, or head-up, depending upon the specific implementation.
5. Design assurance for aircraft systems. This term describes the means for ensuring that the implementations provided by the various aircraft systems (including its hosted software) satisfy the requirements for the aircraft system and what’s required for it to achieve its intended functions. Design requirements may change based on airplane type or intended function (e.g., Visual Flight Rules Vs. Instrument Flight Rules certification basis).
6. Free Flight. A safe and efficient flight capability in which operators have the freedom to select a flight trajectory and speed of their own choosing. Air traffic restrictions would be imposed only to ensure separation, to preclude exceeding the destination airport’s capacity, to prevent unauthorized flight through special-use airspace or to ensure safety of flight. Restrictions would be limited in extent and duration only to correct a known problem. Any activity that
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removes current restrictions to airspace use represents a move toward Free Flight. Specific operating rules enabling Free Flight may be called (in the future) Electronic Flight Rules.
7. Ground and flight tests. Define the objectives and acceptance criteria for flight and ground tests. The flight and ground tests should include tests to validate the airborne system and applications in the context of the safety and interoperability requirements and to check for adverse effects on other aircraft systems and functions.
8. In-Trail Climb/In-Trail Descent (ITC/ITD). The ITC/ITD procedure enables an aircraft to climb/descend though the altitude of another aircraft ahead when positive lead aircraft identification and separation distance can be established using ACAS/TCAS or ADS-B
9. Station-keeping. A flight maneuver whereby a trailing aircraft positions itself relative to a leading aircraft in terms of range and or bearing.
10. Surveillance. Defined as the detection, tracking, characterization, and observation of aircraft, other vehicles, weather and airspace status information and phenomena for the purposes of conducting flight operations in a safe and efficient manner. The primary purpose of traffic surveillance (as distinct from all surveillance functionality) is to control the flow of aircraft, provide situational awareness for pilots and controllers, and to separate aircraft.
11. Traffic Information Services-Broadcast (TIS-B). TIS-B provides ground-based surveillance data (potentially from multiple sources) via uplink to appropriately equipped ADS-B aircraft. Among other functions, these systems provide enhanced situational awareness information for the flightcrew, e.g., knowledge of proximate aircraft as an aid to visual acquisition.
11. Universal Access Transceiver (UAT). The UAT is a wide band, multi-purpose data link intended to operate globally on a single channel. The UAT data link supports multiple broadcast services including ADS-B, FIS-B, and TIS-B.
13. Validation of requirements. This term describes the means for validating the requirements for an aircraft’s surveillance system and its hosted applications. In this context, safety and interoperability requirements include the entire operational environment including the ground infrastructure.
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APPENDIX C.
Airworthiness and Operational Regulations, Related References and Documents
1. FAA Airworthiness and Operations Regulations. 14 CFR parts 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 43, 91, 121, and 135.
2. FAA Advisory Circulars. Copies may be obtained from:
Department of Transportation Subsequent Distribution Office, SVC-121.23 Ardmore East Business Center 3341 Q 75th Ave.
Landover, MD 20785.
AC 00-2, the Advisory Circular Checklist is available at:
http://www.faa.gov/aba/html_policies/ac00_2.html. The advisory circular checklist contains status and order information for the FAA advisory circulars.
a. AC 20-115B, Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics, Inc. Document RTCA/DO- 178B.
b. AC 20-129, Airworthiness Approval of Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Systems for Use in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) and Alaska.
c. AC 20-130A, Airworthiness Approval of Navigation or Flight Management Systems Integrating Multiple Navigation Sensors.
d. AC 20-131A, Airworthiness Approval of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS II) and Mode S Transponders.
e. AC 20-138A, Airworthiness Approval of Navigation or Flight Management Systems Integrating Multiple Navigation Sensors.
f. AC 20-151, Airworthiness Approval of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS II) Version 7.0 and Associated Mode S Transponders.
g. AC 21-40, Application Guide for Obtaining a Supplemental Type Certificate.
h. AC 23-1309-1C, Equipment, Systems, and Installations in Part 23 Airplanes.
i. AC 23.1311-1B, Installation of Electronic Displays in Part 23 Airplanes.
j. AC 25-11, Transport Category Airplane Electronic Display Systems.
k. AC 25-1309-1A, System Design and Analysis.
l. AC 27-1B, Certification of Normal Category Rotorcraft.
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m. AC 29-2C, Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft AC 25-1309-1A, System Design and Analysis.
n. AC 90-79, Recommended Practices and Procedures for the Use of Electronic Long-Range Navigation Equipment.
o. AC 90-94, Guidelines for Using GPS Equipment for IFR En Route and Terminal Operations and for Nonprecision Instrument Approaches.
p. AC 90-96, Approval of U.S. Operators and Aircraft to Operate Under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) in European Airspace Designated for Basic Area Navigation (BRNAV/RNP-5).
q. AC 91-49, General Aviation Procedures for Flight in North Atlantic Minimum Navigation Performance Specification Airspace.
r. AC 120-29, Criteria for Approving Category I and Category II Landing Minima for FAR 121 Operators.
s. AC 120-33, Operational Approval of Airborne Long-Range Navigation Systems for Flight Within the North Atlantic Minimum Navigation Performance Specification Airspace.
t. AC 120-55B, Air Carrier Operational Approval and Use of TCAS II.
u. AC 120-76A, Guidelines for the Certification, Airworthiness, and Operational Approval of Electronic Flight Bag Computing Device.
3. Technical Standard Orders. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Standard Orders (TSO). Copies may be obtained from:
Department of Transportation FAA Aircraft Certification Service Aircraft Engineering Division, AIR-130 800 Independence Avenue, SW.
Washington, D.C. 20591, or on the FAA’s Aircraft Certification web site at:
http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgTSO.nsf/MainFrame?OpenFra meSet
a. TSO-C112 Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System/Mode Select (ATCRBS/Mode S) Airborne Equipment.
b. TSO-C113, Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Display.
c. TSO-C115b, Airborne Area Navigation Equipment Using Multi-Sensor Inputs.
d. TSO C119(a, b, c), Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Airborne Equipment, TCAS II.
e. TSO-C129a, Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using the Global Positioning System (GPS).
f. TSO-C144, Airborne Global Positioning System Antenna.
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g. TSO-C145a, Airborne Navigation Sensors Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) Augmented by the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS).
h. TSO-C146a, Stand-Alone Airborne Navigation Equipment Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) Augmented by the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS).
i. TSO-C147, Traffic Advisory System (TAS) Airborne Equipment.
j. TSO-C151b Terrain Awareness and Warning System.
k. TSO-C153, Integrated Modular Avionics Hardware Elements.
l. TSO-C154, (or latest edition) Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Equipment Operating on the Frequency of 978 MHz.
m. TSO-C162, Local Area Augmentation System Positioning & Navigation Equipment.
n. TSO-C165, Electronic Map Display Equipment for Graphical Depiction of Aircraft Position.
o. TSO-C166, Extended Squitter Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) and Traffic Information Service - Broadcast (TIS-B) Equipment Operating on the Radio Frequency of 1090 Megahertz (MHz).
4. FAA Orders.
a. Order 8110-98, Addressing Human Factors/Pilot Interface issues of Complex, Integrated Avionics as Part of the Technical Standard Order (TSO) Process.
b. Order 8300.10, Airworthiness Inspector’s Handbook.
c. Order 8400.10, Air Transportation Operations Inspector’s Handbook.
d. Order 8400.12A, Required Navigation Performance 10 (RNP-10) Operational Approval.
e. Order 8700.1, General Aviation Operations Inspector’s Handbook.
f. FAA Report No. 010927-01, Design Analysis Report: ADS-B Operational Safety Assessment.
5. Industry Documents. RTCA, Inc. documents. Copies may be purchased from:
RTCA, Inc.
1140 Connecticut Avenue, NW., Suite 1020 Washington, DC 20036.
Alternatively, copies may be purchased on-line at http://www.rtca.org/.
a. RTCA/DO-160D, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment.
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b. RTCA/DO-178B, Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification.
c. RTCA/DO-181C, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System/Mode Select (ATCRBS/Mode S) Airborne Equipment.
d. RTCA/DO-185A, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System II(TCAS II) Airborne Equipment.
e. RTCA/DO-197A, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for an Active Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System I (Active TCAS I).
f. RTCA/DO-200A, Standards for Processing Aeronautical Data.
g. RTCA/DO-201A, Standards for Aeronautical Information.
h. RTCA/DO-208, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using Global Positioning System (GPS).
i. RTCA/DO-212, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Automatic Dependant Surveillance (ADS) Equipment.
j. RTCA/DO-218B, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for the Mode S Airborne Data Link Processor.
k. RTCA/DO-229C, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne GPS/WAAS Equipment.
l. RTCA/DO-236B, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards: Required Navigation Performance for Area Navigation.
m. RTCA/DO-239, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Traffic Information Service (TIS) Data Link Communications.
n. RTCA/DO-242A, Minimum Aviation Performance Standards for Automatic Dependant Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B).
o. RTCA/DO-243, Guidance for Initial Implementation of Cockpit Display of Traffic Information
p. RTCA/DO-247, The Role of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in Supporting Airport Surface Operations.
q. RTCA/DO-249, Development and Implementation Planning Guide for Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Applications.
r. RTCA/DO-254, Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware.
s. RTCA/DO-257A Minimum Operational Performance Standards for the Depiction of Navigation Information on Electronic Maps. R
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t. TCA/DO-259, Applications Descriptions for Initial Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) Applications.
u. RTCA/DO-260A, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for 1090 MHz Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
v. RTCA/DO-263, Application of Airborne Conflict Management: Detection, Prevention, & Resolution.
w. RTCA/DO-264, Guidelines for Approval of the Provision and Use of Air Traffic Services Supported by Data Communications.
x. RTCA/DO-267A, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Flight Information Services Broadcast (FIS-B) Data Link.
y. RTCA/DO-272, User Requirements for Aerodrome Mapping Information.
z. RTCA/DO-276, User Requirements for Terrain and Obstacle Data.
aa. RTCA/DO-282A, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
bb. RTCA/DO-289, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Aircraft Surveillance Applications (ASA).
cc. RTCA/Paper 053-04 / SC186-221, Interim Guidance for UAT Avionics Operating with Safe Flight 21 ADS-B, TIS-B and FIS-B Ground Infrastructure; March 26, 2004.
6. Industry Documents. ARINC documents.
a. ARINC 718A, Mark 4 Air Traffic Control Transponder (ATCRBS/MODE S).
b. ARINC 735A-1, Mark 2 Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).
7. Industry Documents. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), Inc., documents are available from:
SAE 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, or from their website at www.sae.org/servlets/index.
a. SAE ARP4032, Human Engineering Considerations in the Application of Color to Electronic Aircraft Displays
b. SAE ARP4102/4, Flight Deck Alerting System.
c. SAE ARP4102/10A, Collision Avoidance System.
d. SAE ARP4153, Human Interface Criteria for Collision Avoidance Systems in Transport Aircraft.
e. SAE ARP5289, Electronic Aeronautical Symbols.
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f. SAE ARP5898, Human Interface Criteria for Flight Deck Surface Operations Displays.
g. SAE ARP5365, Human Interface Criteria for Cockpit Display of Traffic Information
8. General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA) Publication No. 10, Recommended Practices and Guidelines for Part 23 Cockpit/Flight Deck Design. This document is available from the GAMA website at www.gama.aero/home.php.
9. Eurocontrol/JAA/ICAO Documents.
a. ICAO Annex 10 Volume IV (3rd edition) amendment 77, 28 November 2002.
b. JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet (TGL) 13 Revision 1
c. JAA Notice of Proposed Amendment (NPA) 20-12A/ACJ20X11 Certification of Mode S Transponder Systems for Enhanced Surveillance
d. JAA Administrative and Guidance Material, Leaflet No. 18: Certification of Mode S Transponder system for Enhanced Surveillance, 1 August 2003
Note: All FAA guidance material (e.g., AC, TSO,) referenced in this AC should be superseded by later FAA approved versions.
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