Subject: W POWERPLANT GUIDE FOR CERTIFICATION OF PART 23
AIRPLANES AND AIRSHIPS
Date: 2/23/04 Initiated By: ACE-100 AC No.: 23-16A Change:
1. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS ADVISORY CIRCULAR?
a. This advisory circular (AC) provides information and guidance about acceptable means, but not the only means of compliance with Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 23, subpart E, applicable to the powerplant installation in normal, utility, acrobatic, and commuter category airplanes. This AC consolidates existing policy documents, and certain AC’s that cover specific paragraphs of the regulations, into a single document. Material in this AC is neither mandatory nor regulatory in nature and does not constitute a regulation.
b. The guidance in this AC has been reviewed for suitability as an acceptable means, but not the only means, of compliance with the Airship Design Criteria (ADC), document FAA-P-8110-
2. This document notes when guidance is considered applicable to the ADC requirements and cross-references the applicable ADC paragraph with the 14 CFR part 23, subpart E paragraph.
Applicability of this guidance to airship projects that do not use the ADC, or that are not noted as applicable, must be determined by the certifying office.
c. Wherever there is no written policy or guidance material applicable to a specific paragraph, the phrase, “No specific policy is available as of December 31, 2002,” is used. AC’s and policy memos approved after this date may be included as reference material only.
2. WHAT IS INCORPORATED IN THIS AC AND, THEREFORE, SUPERSEDED?
The following AC’s and policy statements have been incorporated into this revision in whole or in part and are superseded:
a. AC 23-16, Powerplant Guide for Certification of Part 23 Airplanes, dated September 21, 1999.
b. Policy concerning Unusable Fuel Tests and Prolonged Sideslip Maneuvers (23.959), dated November 17, 1999.
c. PS-ACE111-2000-23.901(d)(2), Notice of Compliance with the Engine Ingestion Requirements Applicable to Turbine Powered, 14 CFR Part 23, Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes, issued December 14, 2000, published in the Federal Register January 5, 2001.
d. PS-ACE111-2001-23.1093(b), Compliance with Induction System Icing Protection for Part 23 Airplanes, issued October 23, 2001, published in the Federal Register November 7, 2001.
e. PS-ACE111-2000-23.1155-01, In-Flight Operation of Propellers at Pitch Settings Below the Flight Regime for 14 CFR Part 23/CAR 3 Airplanes, issued December 22, 2000, published in the Federal Register January 12, 2001.
f. Policy Guidance for Extrapolation of Propulsion Data for Showing Compliance with 14 CFR Part 23, § 23.45(d) Thrust Lapse Rate and § 23.939 Powerplant Operability Requirements, dated December 1, 1998, applying to § 23.939 only.
g. Policy on Fuel Tank Outlet Strainer (§ 23.977), dated April 9, 1996.
h. Policy on Confirmation of Definition of Maximum Weight in § 23.1001, dated June 24, 1999.
i. Policy on Certification of Small, Single-Engine Piston or Turbopropeller Airplanes used for Special Purpose Agricultural Operations, dated December 1, 1997, pages 4 and 5, referring to §§ 23.954, 23.1043, 23.1093, 23.1141(e), and 23.1163(a)(1).
3. WHAT IS THE BACKGROUND FOR THIS AC AND WHAT TIME PERIOD DOES THIS AC COVER?
The AC is current through Amendment 23-55, effective February 22, 2002. Policy released before December 31, 2002 is included in this AC. This material spans nearly 38 years of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) aviation history.
4. HOW SHOULD THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS AC BE APPLIED?
a. The guidance provided in this document is directed to airplane manufacturers, modifiers, foreign regulatory authorities, and Federal Aviation Administration small airplane type certification engineers, and their designees.
b. This material is neither mandatory nor regulatory in nature and does not constitute a regulation. It describes acceptable means, but not the only means, for showing compliance with the applicable regulations. The Federal Aviation Administration will consider other methods of showing compliance that an applicant may elect to present.
While these guidelines are not mandatory, they are drawn from extensive FAA and ii
industry experience in determining compliance with the relevant regulations. If circumstances convince us that following this AC would not result in compliance with the applicable regulations, we will not be bound by the terms of this AC, and we may require more substantiation or design changes as a basis for finding compliance.
c. This material does not change, create any, authorize changes in, or allow deviations from, regulatory requirements.
d. If the implementing office becomes aware of reasons that an applicant's proposal that meets this guidance should not be approved, the office must coordinate its response with the office that issued the guidance.
5. HOW IS THE INFORMATION IN THIS ADVISORY CIRCULAR ORGANIZED AND ARRANGED?
This advisory circular (AC) is organized and arranged by section of 14 CFR part 23, subpart E, in a hierarchical format. This arrangement provides generally applicable information about each section under each major header and continues with information specific to each paragraph under a given section. The outline below shows the format and explains each portion of the information contained under each section heading. The advisory material is given in a question and answer format with each of the questions in bold text followed by the answer in plain text. Except for the section header and the CAR 3 Cross-reference, the other portions will only be shown as applicable. In general, this AC provides policy for the most recent amendment of a given section.
Section Header – Bold text banner that includes section number, section title, and current amendment level
CAR 3 Cross-reference – The CAR 3 regulation the section was drawn from ADC Cross-reference – The Airship Design Criteria paragraph General Information – Advisory material that is generally applicable to the entire section Related Material – More sources of information generally applicable to the entire section
Paragraph – The number of the paragraph under the section ADC Cross-reference – The Airship Design Criteria paragraph Paragraph Specific Information – Advisory material that is specific to the paragraph Related Material – More sources of information specific to the paragraph
6. WHAT OTHER REGULATIONS AND PUBLICATIONS ARE RELATED TO THIS AC?
a. Regulations: Part 23 through Amendment 23-55. While this AC specifically addresses only those regulations in subpart E, the following additional regulations are commonly associated with the airplane powerplant and should be considered with the regulations in subpart E by the users identified in paragraph 4a above:
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Subpart B ⎯ Flight
§ 23.33 Propeller speed and pitch limits § 23.45 Perform ance § 23.55 Accelerate-stop distance § 23.75 Landing distance § 23.239 Spray characteristics
Subpart C ⎯ Structure
§ 23.307 Proof of structure § 23.361 Engine torque § 23.363 Side load on engine mount
Subpart D — Design and Construction
§ 23.611 Accessibility provisions § 23.771 Pilot compartment § 23.777 Cockpit controls § 23.779 Motion and effect of cockpit controls § 23.781 Cockpit control knob shape § 23.859 Combustion heater fire protection § 23.863 Flammable fluid fire protection § 23.865 Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure § 23.867 Electrical bonding and protection against lightning and static electricity
Subpart F ⎯ Equipment
§ 23.1305 Powerplant instruments § 23.1309 Equipment, systems, and installations § 23.1311 Electronic display instrument systems § 23.1321 Arrangement and visibility § 23.1322 Warning, caution, and advisory lights § 23.1337 Powerplant instruments installation § 23.1419 Ice protection § 23.1431 Electronic equipment § 23.1435 Hydraulic systems § 23.1437 Accessories for multiengine airplanes § 23.1461 Equipment containing high energy rotors
Subpart G ⎯ Operating Limitations and Information
§ 23.1501 General § 23.1521 Powerplant limitations iv
§ 23.1522 Auxiliary power unit limitations § 23.1527 Maximum operating altitude § 23.1529 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness § 23.1541 General § 23.1543 Instrument markings: General § 23.1549 Powerplant and auxiliary power unit instruments § 23.1551 Oil quantity indicator § 23.1553 Fuel quantity indicator § 23.1555 Control markings § 23.1557 Miscellaneous markings and placards § 23.1581 General § 23.1583 Operating limitations § 23.1585 Operating procedures
b. Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR): The rules of the JAR part 23 have been harmonized with those in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 23 to the extent the powerplant installation requirements are essentially the same. The numbering scheme is the same between JAR and 14 CFR part 23 so they are easily cross-referenced. With the coming of the European Aviation Safety Authority (EASA), the rules will be embodied as Certification Specifications (CS), which, in the beginning, are created directly from the JARs with the same numbering scheme.
c. FAA Orders, Advisory Circulars, and Technical Standard Orders: Copies of the current FAA Orders and Advisory Circulars listed below can be obtained at no charge from:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Subsequent Distribution Office DOT Warehouse, SVC-121.23 Ardmore East Business Center, 3341Q 75th Avenue Landover, MD 20785
Telephone 301-322-4779 or by faxing your request to 301-386-5394
These documents are available for viewing via the Internet by following the aircraft certification links from the FAA homepage (www.faa.gov).
FAA Order 8100.5A Aircraft Certification Service Mission, Responsibilities, Relationships, and Programs
FAA Order 8110.4B Type Certification
AC 20-29B Use of Aircraft Fuel Anti-icing Additives
AC 20-32B Carbon Monoxide (CO) Contamination in Aircraft⎯Detection and Prevention
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AC 20-43C Aircraft Fuel Control
AC 20-53A Protection of Aircraft Fuel Systems Against Fuel Vapor Ignition Due to Lightning
AC 20-66A Vibration and Fatigue Evaluation of Airplane Propellers
AC 20-73 Aircraft Ice Protection
AC 20-88A Guidelines on the Marking of Aircraft Powerplant Instruments (Displays)
AC 20-100 General Guidelines for Measuring Fire-Extinguishing Agent Concentrations in Powerplant Compartments
AC 20-107A Composite Aircraft Structure
AC 20-116 Marking Aircraft Fuel Filler Openings with Color Coded Decals
AC 20-119 Fuel Drain Valves
AC 20-122A Anti-misfueling Devices: Their Availability and Use
AC 20-124 Water Ingestion Testing for Turbine Powered Airplanes
AC 20-128A Design Considerations for Minimizing Hazards Caused by Uncontained Turbine Engine and Auxiliary Power Unit Rotor Failure
AC 20-135 Powerplant Installation and Propulsion System Component Fire Protection Test Methods, Standards, and Criteria
AC 20-136 Protection of Aircraft Electrical/Electronic Systems Against the Indirect Effects of Lightning
AC 20-144 Recommended Method for FAA approval of Aircraft Fire Extinguishing System Components
AC 20-18A Qualification Testing of Turbojet Engine Thrust Reversers
AC 21-37 Primary Category Aircraft
AC 21.17-3 Type Certification of Very Light Airplanes Under FAR
21.17(b)
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AC 23-2 Flammability Tests
AC 23-10 Auxiliary Fuel Systems for Reciprocating and Turbine Powered Part 23 Airplanes
AC 23-11A 14 CFR Part 23 Type Certification of an Airplane Originally Certificated to Joint Aviation Regulations – Very Light Airplane (JAR-VLA) Standards
AC 23-14 Type Certification Basis for Conversion from Reciprocating Engine to Turbine Engine-Powered Part 23 Airplanes
AC 23-15 Small Airplane Certification Compliance Program
AC 23.1309-1C Equipment, Systems, and Installations in Part 23 Airplanes
AC 23.1311-1A Installation of Electronic Displays in Part 23 Airplanes
AC 23.1419-2B Certification of Part 23 Airplanes for Flight in Icing Conditions
AC 23.1521-1B Type Certification of Automobile Gasoline in Part 23 Airplanes with Reciprocating Engines
AC 23.1521-2 with Type Certification of Oxygenates and Oxygenated Gasoline Change 1 Fuels in Part 23 Airplanes with Reciprocating Engines
AC 25.939-1 Evaluating Turbine Engine Operating Characteristics
AC 33-2B Aircraft Engine Type Certification Handbook
AC 33.28-1 Compliance Criteria for 14 CFR § 33.28 Aircraft Engines, Electrical and Electronic Engine Control Systems
AC 33.28-2 Guidance Material for 14 CFR § 33.28, Reciprocating Engine, Electrical and Electronic Engine Control Systems
AC 33.47-1 Detonation Testing in Reciprocating Aircraft Engines
AC 33.74/92-1A Turbine Engine Continued Rotation and Rotor Locking
AC 35.37-1A Composite Propeller Blade Fatigue Substantiation
TSO-C80 Flexible Fuel and Oil Cell Material
Copies of the current Advisory Circulars listed below may be purchased from:
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Superintendent of Documents P. O. Box 371954 Pittsburgh, PA 15250–7954
These documents are also available for viewing via the Internet by following the aircraft certification links from the FAA homepage (www.faa.gov).
AC 23-8B Flight Test Guide for Certification of Part 23 Airplanes
AC 23-17A Systems and Equipment Guide for Certification of Part 23 Airplanes
d. Policy Memoranda: Copies of the current Policy Memoranda listed below can be obtained at no charge from the Small Airplane Directorate Regulations and Policy Branch, 901 Locust St., Room 301, Kansas City, MO 64106. These documents are available for viewing via the Internet by following the aircraft certification links from the FAA homepage (www.faa.gov).
PS-ACE100-2002-004, Diesel Engine Installation PS-ACE100-2002-008, Propeller Testing Vd Versus VNE
e. Other Publications:
Copies of the Design Standards for Advanced Ultra-light Aeroplanes (DS10141) may be purchased from:
L.A.M.A.C. ~ Light Aircraft Manufacturers Association of Canada 880 St-Fereol Les Cèdres, Québec Canada J7T 1N3 Tel.: (450) 452-4772 or 1-888-977-1447 Fax: (450) 452-2694 A copy of Airship Design Criteria (FAA-P-8110-2) is available for viewing via the Internet by following the aircraft certification links to airships from the FAA homepage (www.faa.gov).
Copies of the following Society of Automotive Engineers documents are available for purchase via the Internet by following the store link on the SAE homepage (www.sae.org).
SAE ARP 5904, Airborne Icing Tankers
SAE ARP 5905, Calibration and Acceptance of Icing Wind Tunnels
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7. WHAT ARE THE DEFINITIONS FOR THE COMMON TERMS USED IN THIS ADVISORY CIRCULAR?
This advisory circular uses the definitions listed below. Some of these terms are used throughout, and will only be defined here. Sometimes, the term definitions may be repeated in the relevant document section as an aid to the reader. More definitions and abbreviations are included in 14 CFR part 1, §§ 1.1 and 1.2, respectively.
Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)
The documentation detailing the operating limitations and instructions for an aircraft.
Airship Design Criteria (ADC)
The design criteria for airships in document number FAA-P-8110-2.
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) International
The ASTM is an international body of producers, consumers, and regulators that develops, maintains, and administers material standards.
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
A device, separate from the aircraft propulsion system, that produces power (i.e., electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic) for aircraft systems.
Cabin Pressurization Systems
The collection of components used to pressurize air for airframe services. These systems can have air supplied by any number of means (including turbochargers, engine bleed air, and ram air).
Certificate Management Aircraft Certification Office (CMACO)
The CMACO is the office responsible for aircraft certification. The term is usually shortened to ACO. These offices are located throughout the United States and are each responsible for projects in different States. A listing of these offices can be found by following the certification and design approvals links from the FAA homepage (www.faa.gov).
Civil Air Regulations (CAR)
The body of rules governing aviation before being recodified by final rule on September 28, 1964.
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CAR 3
Part 3 of the Civil Air Regulations as amended through March 25, 1964.
Electronic Engine Control (EEC)
An EEC engine functions electronically in either a supervisory (electronic adjustments to manual inputs) or full authority capacity (see FADEC definition below).
Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC)
A FADEC contains all the engine control functions and exercises full control over engine operations within the pilot selected operating parameters.
High Intensity Radiation Fields (HIRF)
HIRF is electromagnetic fields that emanate from electrical components and occur in nature that can induce current flows in aircraft systems.
Instructions for Continued Airworthiness (ICA)
The documentation detailing “how to” maintain the aircraft, engine, or propeller.
Intercooler
A device installed in the engine air induction system that lowers the intake air charge temperature. The intercooler can be approved either as part of the engine or the engine installation.
Maximum Continuous Power (MCP)
MCP is the maximum power setting the engine is certified to sustain.
Normal Ground Attitude
“Normal ground attitude” is defined as “the aircraft ground attitude that would normally be expected in service.” Therefore, consideration of nose wheel strut, main gear strut, variation of all landing gear tires, and the apron gradient is necessary. Use a minimum ground slope of 1 percent. An appropriate slope for seaplanes/amphibian airplanes would have to be determined from the worst-case static in-water attitude of the aircraft at the most adverse center of gravity location(s).
Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)
The RVP is a measure of the tendency of a liquid to form vapor.
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RPM
Revolutions per minute
Supercharger
A mechanically driven compressor used to provide and maintain a manifold pressure greater than sea level pressure to a critical altitude.
Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS)
The TCDS is attached to the Type Certificate and contains information about the certification basis, design and operating parameters, and limitations for the product.
Turbocharger
Any engine exhaust gas-driven compressor that is a component of a Turbonormalized Engine, Turbosupercharged Engine, or Cabin Pressurization System.
Turbonormalized Engine
Turbocharger used to maintain sea level manifold pressure to a critical altitude.
Turbopropeller
A propeller driven by a turbine engine.
Turbosupercharger
A turbocharger used to provide and maintain a manifold pressure greater than sea level pressure to a critical altitude. This term has been used interchangeably with the term turbocharger.
Turbosupercharged Engine
Turbocharger used to provide and maintain a manifold pressure greater than sea level pressure to a critical altitude.
Unusable fuel
The largest total quantity of fuel remaining in the fuel system when the first evidence of engine malfunction occurs because of fuel interruption. Engine malfunction normally occurs under the most adverse fuel feed conditions. Each intended operation and flight maneuver should be checked for each fuel tank.
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VD
Aircraft design diving speed.
VFE
The maximum airplane flap extended speed.
VNE
Aircraft never-exceed speed
VSO
The airplane stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration.
VY
Aircraft best rate-of-climb speed
James E. Jackson Acting Manager, Small Airplane Directorate Aircraft Certification Service xii