Appendix E AC Number Title Date AC 25.1329-1B, Change 1 Approval of Flight Guidance Systems October 16, 2012 AC 25.1523-1 Minimum Flightcrew February 2, 1993 AC 90-100A U.S. Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations March 1, 2007 AC 120-28D Criteria for Approval of Category III Weather Minima for Takeoff, Landing, and Rollout July 13, 1999 AC 120-29A Criteria for Approval of Category I and Category II Weather Minima for Approach August 12, 2002 AC 120-41 Criteria for Operational Approval of Airborne Wind Shear Alerting and Flight Guidance Systems November 7, 1983 AC 120-55C, Change 1 Air Carrier Operational Approval and Use of
TCAS II March 18, 2013 AC 120-64 Operational Use and Modification of Electronic Checklists April 24, 1996 AC 120-76B Guidelines for the Certification, Airworthiness, and Operational Use of Electronic Flight Bags June 1, 2012 E.4 Technical Standard Orders.
Table E-3 is a partial list of the FAA technical standard orders (TSOs) that may relate to electronic displays. You can find the latest version of these TSOs on the Internet at the FAA Regulatory and Guidance Library. It should be noted applicants might apply for a TSO that does not adequately address all of the functionality in the system. Applicants may also apply for multiple TSOs, since no single TSO applies to all functions.
Installers of equipment manufactured using the TSO process should ensure that the equipment was tested in an environment similar to the environment where the equipment will be installed.
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Appendix E Table E-3. TSOs That May Be Applicable to Electronic Displays TSO Number Title TSO-C2d Airspeed Instruments TSO-C3e Turn and Slip Instrument TSO-C4c Bank and Pitch Instruments TSO-C5f Direction Instrument, Non-Magnetic (Gyroscopically Stabilized) TSO-C6e Direction Instrument, Magnetic (Gyroscopically Stabilized) TSO-C7d Direction Instrument, Magnetic Non-Stabilized Type (Magnetic Compass) TSO-C8e Vertical Velocity Instruments (Rate-of-Climb) TSO-C10b Altimeter, Pressure Actuated, Sensitive Type TSO-C34e ILS Glide Slope Receiving Equipment Operating w ithin the Radio Frequency Range of 328.6-335.4 Megahertz (MHz) TSO-C35d Airborne Radio Marker Receiving E quipment TSO-C36e Airborne ILS Localizer Receiving Equipment Operating within the Radio Frequency Range of 108-112 Megahertz (MHz) TSO-C40c VOR Receiving Equipment Operating within the Radio Frequency Range of 108-117.95 Megahertz (MHz) TSO-C41d Airborne Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) Equipment TSO-C43c Temperature Instruments TSO-C44c Fuel Flowmeters TSO-C46a Maximum Allowable Airspeed Indicator Systems TSO-C47a Fuel, Oil, and Hydraulic Pressure Instruments TSO-C49b Electric Tachometer: Magnetic Drag (Indicator and Generator) TSO-C54 Stall Warning Instruments TSO-C55a Fuel and Oil Quantity Instruments E-9
Appendix E TSO Number Title TSO-C63d Airborne Weather Radar Equipment TSO-C66c Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Operating within the Radio Frequency Range of 960-1215 Megahertz TSO-C87a Airborne Low-Range Radio Altimeter TSO-C92c Airborne Ground Proximity Warning E quipment TSO-C93 Airborne Interim Standard Microwave Landing System Converter Equipment TSO-C95a Mach Meters TSO-C101 Over Speed Warning Instruments TSO-C104 Microwave Landing System (MLS) Airborne Receiving Equipment TSO-C105 Optional Display Equipment for Weather and Ground Mapping Radar Indicators TSO-C106 Air Data Computer TSO-C110a Airborne Passive Thunderstorm Detection Equipment TSO-C113a Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays TSO-C115c Flight Management System (FMS) Using Multi-Sensor Inputs TSO-C117a Airborne Windshear Warning and Escape Guidance Systems for Transport Airplanes TSO-C118 Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Airborne Equipment, TCAS I TSO-C119c Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Airborne Equipment, TCAS II with Optional Hybrid Surveillance TSO-C145c Airborne Navigation Sensors using the Global Positioning System Augmented by the Satellite Based Augmentation System TSO-C146c Stand-Alone Airborne Navigation Equipment Using the Global Positioning System Augmented By the Satellite Based Augmentation System E-10
Appendix E TSO Number Title TSO-C147 Traffic Advisory System (TAS) Airborne Equipment TSO-C151c Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) TSO-C153 Integrated Modular Avionics Hardware Elements TSO-C165 Electronic Map Display Equipment for Graphical Depiction of Aircraft Position TSO-C169a VHF Radio Communications Transceiver Equipment Operating within the Radio Frequency Range 117.975 to 137.000 Megahertz TSO-C198 Automatic Flight Guidance and Control System (AFGCS) Equipment E.
5 Other FAA Documents.
E.5.1 FAA Orders.
You can find the latest version of FAA Order 8110.49, Change 1, Software Approval Guidelines, dated September 28, 2011, at the FAA website.
E.5.2 FAA Policy Statements.
You can find the latest version of the following policies at the FAA Regulatory and Guidance Library:
E.5.2.1 Policy No. PS-ANM-03-111-18, Policy Statement on the Installation of Transport Category Airplane Flightdeck Liquid Crystal Displays, dated August 9, 2006.
E.5.2.2 Policy No. PS-ANM100-01-03A, Factors to Consider When Reviewing an Applicant’s Proposed Human Factors Methods of Compliance for Flight Deck Certification, dated February 7, 2003.
E.5.2.3 Policy No. PS-ANM100-00-113-1034, Use of ARAC (Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee) Recommended Rulemaking Not Yet Formally Adopted by the FAA, as a Basis for Equivalent Level of Safety or Exemption to Part 25, dated January 4, 2001.
E.5.3 FAA Reports.
You can find the latest version of the following FAA reports on the Internet:
E.5.3.1 FAA Report No. DOT/FAA/CT-03/05 HF-STD-001, Human Factors Design Standard (HFDS): For Acquisition of Commercial Off-the-Shelf Subsystems, Non-Developmental Items, and Developmental Systems, dated May 2003.
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Appendix E E.5.3.2 FAA Report No. DOT/FAA/AM-01/17, Human Factors Design Guidelines for Multifunction Displays, dated October 2001.
E.6 ARAC Recommendations.
You can find information about ARAC recommendations at FAA website:
E.6.1 For recommended revisions to existing § 25.1309, see ARAC Task 2 - System Design and Analysis Harmonization and Technology Update.
E.6.2 For recommended revisions to existing § 25.1333(b), see ARAC Task 2 - Cockpit Instrument System. Section 25.1333(b) is one part of the recommendations for this task.
E.7 JAA/EASA Documents.
You can find the EASA documents listed in table E-4 at the EASA website. You can find the JAA documents listed in table E-4 at on the Internet at the IHS Standard Store.
Table E-4. EASA/JAA Documents Number Title EASA AMC 20-4A Airworthiness Approval and Operational Criteria for the Use of Navigation Systems in European Airspace Designated for Basic RNAV Operations EASA AMC 20-5 Airworthiness Approval and Operational Criteria for the Use of the Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) EASA AMC 20-15 Certification Considerations for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System: ACAS II EASA CS AWO All Weather Operations JAA TGL 10 Rev 1 Airworthiness and Operational Approval for Precision RNAV Operations in Designated European Airspace JAA TGL 12 Certification Considerations for the Terrain Awareness Warning System: TAWS E.8 Industry Documents.
The following industry publications provide additional information, guidance, and standards for electronic flight deck display systems.
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Appendix E E.8.1 Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC) Documents.
You can purchase the following documents from the ARINC website:
E.8.1.1 ARINC Standard 661-5, Cockpit Display System Interfaces to User Systems, dated July 2013.
E.8.1.2 ARINC Standard 708A-3, Airborne Weather Radar with Forward Looking Windshield Detection Capability, dated November 1999.
E.8.2 European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) Documents.
You can purchase the EUROCAE documents listed in table E-5 by mail from EUROCAE, 102 rue Etienne Dolet, 92240 Malakoff, France; or the EUROCAE website.
Table E-5. EUROCAE Documents Document Title Issued ED-12C Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification January 2012 ED-14G Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment March 2011 ED-75C MASPS: Required Navigation Performance for Area Navigation November 2013 ED-79A Guidelines for Development of Civil Aircraft and Systems December 2010 ED-80 Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware April 2000 ED-81 Certification of Aircraft Electrical/Electronic Systems for the Indirect Effects of Lightning May 1996 and amended August 1999 ED-84A Aircraft Lightning Environment and Related Test Waveforms July 2013 ED-90B Radio Frequency Susceptibility Test Procedures May 2010 ED-91 Aircraft Lightning Zoning July 1998 ED-96 Requirements Specification for an Avionics Computer Resource July 2000 E-13
Appendix E Document Title Issued ED-98B User Requirements for Terrain and Obstacle Data September 2012 ED-107A Guide to Certification of Aircraft in a High-Intensity Radiated Field (HIRF) Environment July 2010 ED-112A MOPS for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems September 2013 E.8.3 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Document.
You can purchase ICAO Doc 8400, Procedures for Air Navigation Services – ICAO Abbreviations and Codes, 8th Edition, 2010, from the ICAO website.
E.8.4 RTCA Documents.
You can purchase the following RTCA, Inc. (formerly the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics) documents listed in table E-6 by mail from RTCA Inc., 1150 18th Street NW., Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036; by faxing the Document Order Form to (202) 833-9434; or from the RTCA website.
Table E-6. RTCA Documents Document Title Issued DO-160A through Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Rev G on December 8, DO-160G Airborne Equipment1 2010 DO-178B and Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Rev B on December 1, DO-178C Equipment Certification 1992; Rev C on December 12, 2011 DO-220 and Minimum Operational Performance Standards September 21, 1993;
Change 1 (MOPS) for Airborne Weather Radar with Change 1 on June 23, Forward-Looking Windshear Detection Capability 1995 DO-236B and Minimum Aviation System Performance Rev B on October 28, DO-236C Standards: Required Navigation Performance for 2003; Rev C on Area Navigation June 9, 2013 DO-239 Minimum Operational Performance Standards for April 2, 1997 Traffic Information Service (TIS) Data Link Communications 1See AC 21-16G, which outlines guidance on environmental qualification. Typically, any revision of DO-160 after DO-160D Change 3 is satisfactory.
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Appendix E Document Title Issued DO-243 Guidance for Initial Implementation of Cockpit Display of Traffic Information February 19, 1998 DO-253C Minimum Operational Performance Standards for GPS Local Area Augmentation System Airborne Equipment December 16, 2008 DO-254 Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware April 19, 2000 DO-255 Requirements Specification for Avionics Computer Resource (ACR) June 20, 2000 DO-257A Minimum Operational Performance Standards for the Depiction of Navigational Information on Electronic Maps June 25, 2003 DO-259 Applications Descriptions for Initial Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) Applications September 13, 2000 DO-267A Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Flight Information Services–Broadcast (FIS-B) Data Link April 29, 2004 DO-268 Concept of Operations, Night Vision Imaging System for Civil Operators March 27, 2001 DO-275 Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Integrated Night Vision Imaging System Equipment October 12, 2001 DO-282B Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast December 2, 2009 DO-283A Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Required Navigation Performance for Area Navigation October 28, 2003 DO-286B Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Traffic Information Service–Broadcast (TIS-B) October 11, 2007 E-15
Appendix E Document Title Issued DO-289 and Change 1 Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Aircraft Surveillance Applications (ASA) December 9, 2003;
Change 1 on December 13, 2006 DO-296 Safety Requirements Standard for Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC) Datalink Messages October 19, 2004 DO-325 Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Automatic Flight Guidance and Control Systems and Equipment December 8, 2010 E.8.5 SAE International Documents.
You can purchase the following SAE International (formerly Society of Automotive Engineers) documents listed in table E-7 by mail from SAE Customer Service, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15096; by faxing your order information to
(724) 776-0790; or from the SAE website. Please note that the time of publication of this AC, the SAE documents have not been updated to reflect supercooled large drop analyses and testing but provide good reference material.
Note: In the event of conflicting information, this AC takes precedence as guidance for certification of transport category airplane installations.
Table E-7. SAE International Documents.
Document Title AIR818D Aircraft Instrument and Instrument System Standards: Wording, Terminology, Phraseology, and Environmental and Design Standards for AIR1093A Numeral, Letter and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument Displays ARD50017 Aeronautical Charting ARD50062 Human Factors Issues Associated with Terrain Separation Assurance Display Technology ARP426A Compass System Installations ARP571C Flight Deck Controls and Displays for Communication and Navigation Equipment for Transport Aircraft E-16
Appendix E Document Title ARP926B Fault/Failure Analysis Procedure ARP1161A Crew Station Lighting—Commercial Aircraft ARP1782B Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne Direct View CRT ARP1834A Fault/Failure Analysis for Digital Systems and Equipment ARP1874 Design Objectives for CRT Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircraft ARP4032A Human Engineering Considerations in the Application of Color to Electronic Aircraft Displays ARP4033 Pilot-System Integration ARP4101 Flight Deck Layout and Facilities ARP4102 Flight Deck Panels, Controls, and Displays ARP4102/7 Electronic Displays ARP4102/8A Flight Deck Head-Up Displays ARP4102/15A Electronic Data Management System (EDMS) ARP4103 Flight Deck Lighting for Commercial Transport Aircraft ARP4105C Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Terms for Use on the Flight Deck ARP4256A Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircraft ARP4260A Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne Electronic Flat Panel Displays ARP4754A Guidelines for Development of Civil Aircraft Systems ARP4761 Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems and Equipment ARP5056 Flight Crew Interface Considerations in the Flight Deck Design Process for Part 25 Aircraft ARP5287 Optical Measurement Procedures for Airborne Head Up Display (HUD) 10/07/14 AC 25-11B E-17
Appendix E Document Title ARP5288 Transport Category Airplane Head Up Display (HUD) Systems ARP5289A Electronic Aeronautical Symbols ARP5364 Human Factor Considerations in the Design of Multifunction Display Systems for Civil Aircraft ARP5365 Human Interface Criteria for Cockpit Display of Traffic Information ARP5412A Aircraft Lightning Environment and Related Test Waveforms ARP5413A Certification of Aircraft Electrical/Electronic Systems for the Indirect Effects of Lightning ARP5414A Aircraft Lightning Zoning ARP5415A User’s Manual for Certification of Aircraft Electrical/Electronic Systems for the Indirect Effects of Lighting AS425C Nomenclature and Abbreviations for Use on the Flight Deck AS439A Stall Warning Instrument (Turbine Powered Subsonic Aircraft) AS8034B Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays AS8055 Minimum Performance Standard f or Airborne Head Up Display (HUD) E.9 Other Documents.
You may purchase Colorimetry, 3rd edition, Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage, CIE publication 15:2004, from the CIE website.
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Appendix F APPENDIX F. HEAD-UP DISPLAYS (HUDS) F.1 Introduction.
F.1.1 Purpose.
This appendix provides additional guidance related to the unique aspects, characteristics, and functions of head-up displays (HUDs) for transport category airplanes. This appendix also addresses issues related to the design, analysis, and testing of HUDs. It addresses HUDs that are designed for a variety of different operational concepts and functions. This guidance applies to HUDs that are intended to be used as a supplemental display in which the HUD contains the minimum information immediately required for the operational task associated with the intended function. It also applies to HUDs that are intended to be used effectively as primary flight displays.
This appendix addresses both the installation of a single HUD, typically used by the left-side pilot, as well as special considerations related to dual HUDs, one for each pilot.
This appendix does not provide the guidance for display of vision system (e.g., enhanced flight vision systems (EFVS) and synthetic vision systems (SVS)) video on the HUD. The airworthiness requirements and means of compliance criteria for display of video on the HUD may be found in special conditions issued by the FAA and the current version of AC 20-167, Airworthiness Approval of Enhanced Vision System, Synthetic Vision System, Combined Vision System, and Enhanced Flight Vision System Equipment.
F.1.2 Definition of Head-Up Display.
A HUD is a display system that projects primary flight information (for example, attitude, air data, and guidance) on a transparent screen (combiner) in the pilot’s forward field-of-view (FOV), between the pilot and the windshield. This allows the pilot to simultaneously use the flight information while looking along the forward path out the windshield, without scanning the head-down displays (HDDs). The flight information symbols should be presented as a virtual image focused at optical infinity.
Attitude and flight path symbology needs to be conformal (that is, aligned and scaled) with the outside view.
F.1.3 Other Resources.
For guidance associated with specific operations using HUDs, such as low visibility approach and landing operations, see the relevant requirements and guidance material
(e.g., European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Certifications Specifications for All Weather Operations (CS-AWO), and AC 120-28D, Criteria for Approval of Category III Weather Minima for Takeoff, Landing, and Rollout). In addition, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 5288, Transport Category Airplane Head Up Display (HUD) Systems; SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) 8055, Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Head Up Display (HUD); and SAE ARP5287, Optical Measurement Procedures for Airborne Head Up Display; provide guidance for designing and evaluating HUDs.
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