Appendix C Figure C-2. Primary Field-of-View C.75 Primary Flight Information:
The information whose presentation is required by §§ 25.1303(b) and 25.1333(b), and arranged by § 25.1321(b).
C.76 Primary Flight Instrument:
Any display or instrument that serves as the flightcrew’s primary reference of a specific parameter of primary flight information. For example, a centrally located attitude director indicator is a primary flight instrument because it is the flightcrew’s primary reference for pitch, bank, and command steering information.
C.77 Prompt:
A method of cueing the flightcrew that some input or action is required.
C.78 Required Engine Indications:
The information whose presentation is required by § 25.1305.
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Appendix C C.79 Reversionary:
The automatic or flightcrew initiated (manual) relocation of display formats or windows following a display failure.
C.80 Shading:
Shading is defined as—
• A coding method for separating information, change in state, give emphasis, and depth information; and
• A blending method between graphic elements (map displays, synthetic vision system).
C.81 Soft Control:
Display element used to manipulate, select, or de-select information (for example, menus and soft keys).
C.82 Standby Display:
A backup display that is used if a primary display malfunctions.
C.83 Status Information:
Information about the current condition of an airplane system and its surroundings.
C.84 Symbol:
A symbol is a geometric form or alpha-numeric information used to represent the state of a parameter on a display. The symbol may be further defined by its location and motion on a display.
C.85 Synthetic Vision:
A computer generated image of the external topography from the perspective of the flight deck. The image is derived from aircraft attitude, high-precision navigation solution, and terrain database terrain, obstacles, and relevant cultural features.
C.86 Synthetic Vision System:
An electronic means to display a synthetic vision image of the external scene topography to the flightcrew.
C.87 Texturing:
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Appendix C A graphic, pictorial effect used to give a displayed object or graphic a specific “look” (metallic, grassy, cloudy, etc.). Texture is used—
• As a coding method for separating information, change in state, give emphasis, and depth information;
• As a blending method between graphic elements (map displays, synthetic vision system); and
• To enhance similarity between a synthetic image and the real world image.
C.88 Time Sharing:
Showing different information in the same display area at different times.
C.89 Transparency:
A means of seeing a background information element through a foreground information element. Transparency can alter the color perception of both the “front” element and the “back” element.
C.90 Viewing Angle:
The angle between the normal line of sight (looking straight ahead) and the line from the eye to the object being viewed. The angle can be horizontal, vertical, or a composite of those two angles.
C.91 Viewing Envelope:
Total volume of space where the minimum optical performance of the display is met (for example, luminance, contrast, or chromaticity). For a direct view display, it is the solid angle with respect to the normal of the display image and, for a head-up display, a three-dimensional volume (eyebox).
C.92 Window:
A rectangular physical area of the display surface. A window consists of one or more layers (see ARINC Standard 661). (See figure C-1 above.)
C.93 Windowing:
The technique to create windows. Segmenting a single display area into two or more independent display areas or inserting a new display area onto an existing display.
C-13
Appendix D APPENDIX D. ACRONYMS Acronym Meaning 14 CFR Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations AC Advisory Circular AFM Airplane Flight Manual ARAC Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee ARP Aerospace Recommended Practices AS Aerospace Standard CCD Cursor Control Device CFR Code of Federal Regulations CRT Cathode Ray Tube CS-AWO EASA Certification Specifications for All Weather Operations DEP Design Eye Position EASA European Aviation Safety Agency EFVS Enhanced Flight Vision System ERP Eye Reference Position EUROCAE European Organization for Civil Aviation Electronics EVS Enhanced Vision System FAA Federal Aviation Administration FADEC Full Authority Digital Engine Controls FD Flight Director FHA Functional Hazard Assessment FMS Flight Management System FOV Field of View D-1
Appendix D Acronym Meaning FPA Flight Path Angle FPV Flight Path Vector GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GUI Graphical User Interface HDD Head-Down Display HMD Head-Mounted Display HUD Head-Up Display ILS Instrument Landing System ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization JAA Joint Aviation Authorities LCD Liquid Crystal Display MSG-3 Maintenance Steering Group 3 PF Pilot Flying PNF Pilot Not Flying RA Resolution Advisory RNAV Area Navigation SAE SAE International (formerly Society of Automotive Engineers) SVS Synthetic Vision System TAWS Terrain Awareness and Warning System TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System TSO Technical Standard Order VFR Visual Flight Rules VNAV Vertical Navigation VOR Very High Frequency Omnirange Stations D-2
Appendix E APPENDIX E. RELATED REGULATIONS AND DOCUMENTS E.1 General.
E.1.1 The following related documents are provided for information purposes and are not necessarily directly referenced in this AC.
E.1.2 The regulations and standards listed below are applicable to particular systems or functions that may have implications on the display system characteristics even though they do not explicitly state display requirements. It is not an exhaustive list, and the references should be reviewed to ensure currency of issue status, and to check for any others that may be applicable.
E.2 Regulations.
Table E-1 of this appendix lists the regulations that should be considered when certifying an electronic display system. You can download these regulations from the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR) on the Internet. Or you can order a paper copy by writing to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA, 15250-7954; calling (202) 512-1800; or faxing a request to (202) 512-2250.
Table E-1. Regulations 14 CFR Title § 25.143 Controllability and Maneuverability—General § 25.207 Stall warning § 25.562 Emergency landing dynamic conditions § 25.672 Stability augmentation and automatic and power-operated systems § 25.677 Trim systems § 25.679 Control system gust locks § 25.699 Lift and drag device indicator § 25.703 Takeoff warning system § 25.729 Retracting mechanism § 25.771 Pilot compartment E-1
Appendix E 14 CFR Title § 25.773 Pilot compartment view § 25.777 Cockpit controls § 25.779 Motion and effect of cockpit controls § 25.783 Fuselage doors § 25.785 Seats, berths, safety belts, and harnesses § 25.812 Emergency lighting § 25.841 Pressurized cabins § 25.854 Lavatory fire protection § 25.857 Cargo compartment classification § 25.858 Cargo or baggage compartment smoke or fire detection systems § 25.859 Combustion heater fire protection § 25.863 Flammable fluid fire protection § 25.901 Powerplant—Installation § 25.903 Engines § 25.904 Automatic takeoff thrust control system (ATTCS) § 25.1001 Fuel jettisoning system § 25.1019 Oil strainer or filter § 25.1141 Powerplant controls: general § 25.1165 Engine ignition systems § 25.1199 Extinguishing agent containers § 25.1203 Fire detector system § 25.1301 Equipment—Function and installation § 25.1302 Installed systems and equipment for use by the flightcrew § 25.1303 Flight and navigation instruments E-2
Appendix E 14 CFR Title § 25.1305 § 25.1309 § 25.1316 § 25.1321 § 25.1322 § 25.1323 § 25.1326 § 25.1327 § 25.1329 § 25.1331 § 25.1333 § 25.1337 § 25.1351 § 25.1353 § 25.1355 § 25.1357 § 25.1381 § 25.1383 § 25.1419 § 25.1431 § 25.1435 § 25.1441 § 25.1447 § 25.1457 Powerplant instruments Equipment, systems, and installations Electrical and electronic system lightning protection Arrangement and visibility Flightcrew alerting Airspeed indicating system Pitot heat indication systems Magnetic direction indicator Flight guidance system Instruments using a power supply Instrument systems Powerplant instruments Electrical Systems and Equipment—General Electrical equipment and installations Distribution system Circuit protective devices Instrument lights Landing lights Ice protection Electronic equipment Hydraulic systems Oxygen equipment and supply Equipment standards for oxygen dispensing units Cockpit voice recorders E-3
Appendix E 14 CFR Title § 25.1459 Flight data recorders § 25.1501 Operating Limitations and Information—General § 25.1523 Minimum flight crew § 25.1529 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness § 25.1541 Markings and Placards—General § 25.1543 Instrument markings: general § 25.1545 Airspeed limitation information § 25.1547 Magnetic direction indicator § 25.1549 Powerplant and auxiliary power unit instruments § 25.1551 Oil quantity indication § 25.1553 Fuel quantity indicator § 25.1555 Control markings § 25.1563 Airspeed placard § 25.1581 Airplane Flight Manual—General § 25.1583 Operating limitations § 25.1585 Operating procedures § 33.71 Lubrication system § 91.205 Powered civil aircraft with standard category U.S. airworthiness certificates: Instrument and equipment requirements § 91.219 Altitude alerting system or device: Turbojet-powered civil airplanes § 91.221 Traffic alert and collision avoidance system equipment and use § 91.223 Terrain awareness and warning system Part 91, appendix A, Required Instruments and Equipment section 2 E-4
Appendix E 14 CFR Title § 121.221 Fire precautions § 121.305 Flight and navigational equipment § 121.307 Engine instruments § 121.308 Lavatory fire protection § 121.313 Miscellaneous equipment § 121.323 Instruments and equipment for operations at night § 121.325 Instruments and equipment for operations under IFR or over-the-top § 121.344 Digital flight data recorders for transport category airplanes1 § 121.354 Terrain awareness and warning system § 121.356 Collision avoidance system § 121.357 Airborne weather radar equipment requirements § 121.358 Low-altitude windshear system equipment requirements § 135.149 Equipment requirements: General § 135.154 Terrain awareness and warning system § 135.159 Equipment requirements: Carrying passengers under VFR at night or under VFR over-the-top conditions § 135.163 Equipment requirements: Aircraft carrying passengers under IFR § 135.180 Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System Part 135, appendix A Additional Airworthiness Standards for 10 or More Passenger Airplanes 1Digital flight data recorders may be required to record electronic display status.
E-5
Appendix E E.3 Advisory Circulars.
The related ACs listed in table E-2 of this appendix are provided for information purposes and might not be referenced directly in this AC. Table E-2 identifies the latest version of each AC at the time of publication. If any AC is revised after publication of this AC, you should refer to the latest version for guidance. You can find the latest version of the following ACs at the FAA website.
Table E-2. Advisory Circulars AC Number Title Date AC 20-88A Guidelines on the Marking of Aircraft September 30, 1985 AC 20-115C Airborne Software Assurance July 19, 2013 AC 20-131A Airworthiness Approval of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS II) and Mode S Transponders March 29, 1993 AC 20-136B Aircraft Electrical and Electronic System Lightning Protection September 7, 2011 AC 20-138C Airworthiness Approval of Positioning and Navigation Systems May 8, 2012 AC 20-140B Guidelines for Design Approval of Aircraft Data Link Communication Systems Supporting Air Traffic Services (ATS) September 27, 2012 AC 20-149A Installation Guidance for Domestic Flight Information Services – Broadcast September 23, 2013 AC 20-151A Airworthiness Approval of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS II), Versions 7.0 & 7.1 and Associated Mode S Transponders September 25, 2009 AC 20-152 RTCA, Inc., Document RTCA/DO-254, Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware June 30, 2005 AC 20-155A Industry Documents to Support Aircraft Lightning Protection Certification July 16, 2013 E-6
Appendix E AC Number Title Date AC 20-167 Airworthiness Approval of Enhanced Vision System, Synthetic Vision System, Combined Vision System, and Enhanced Flight Vision System Equipment June 22, 2010 AC 20-170 Integrated Modular Avionics Development, Verification and Approval Using RTCA/DO-297 and Technical Standard Order- October 28, 2010 C153 AC 21-16G RTCA Document DO-160 versions D, E, F, and G Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment June 22, 2011 AC 25-7C Flight Test Guide for Certification of Transport Category Airplanes October 16, 2012 AC 25-12 Airworthiness Criteria for the Approval of Airborne Windshear Warning Systems in Transport Category Airplanes November 2, 1987 AC 25-17A Transport Airplane Cabin Interiors Crashworthiness Handbook May 18, 2009 AC 25-23 Airworthiness Criteria for the Installation Approval of a Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) for Part 25 Airplanes May 22, 2000 AC 25-24 Sustained Engine Imbalance August 2, 2000 AC 25.562-1B Dynamic Evaluation of Seat Restraint Systems and Occupant Protection on Transport Airplanes January 10, 2006 AC 25.703-1 Takeoff Configuration Warning Systems March 17, 1993 AC 25.773-1 Pilot Compartment View Design Considerations January 8, 1993 AC 25.1309-1A System Design and Analysis June 21, 1988 AC 25.1302-1 Installed Systems and Equipment for Use by the Flightcrew May 3, 2013 AC 25.1322-1 Flightcrew Alerting December 13, 2010 E-7