CHAPTER 5. DEFINITIONS
500. DEFINITIONS.
AC Advisory Circular AD Airworthiness Directive CRE Code of Federal Regulations CIE International Commission on Illumination MF Electromotive Force PAA Federal Aviation Administration FAR Federal Aviation Regulation HID High-Intensity discharge (type of illumination) IES Illumination Engineering Society Kelvin MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheets NFPA - National Fire Protection Association NDI - Nondestructive Inspection NDT - Nondestructive Testing SB - Service Bulletin SSID - Supplementary Structural Inspection Document UL - Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.
ACTIVE: Referring to the negative direction of electrode potential (opposite of noble).
ANEROBIC: An absence of oxygen in the uncombined state.
ANGSTROM (A): Unit of length usually reserved for the expression ot wavelength. One angstrom equals 10 centimeter (cm). Under the standard system of units, the angstrom will be replaced by the nanometer (nm) (1.0 A = 0.10 nm). The angstrom is the standard unit for measuring wavelength of light.
ANODE: An electrode at which oxidation of the anode surface or some component of the solution is occurring (opposite of cathode) .
BRIGHTNESS: The strength of sensation which results from viewing surfaces or spaces from which light comes to the eye. This sensation is determined in part by luminance (which can be measured) and in part by conditions of observation, such as the state of adaptation of the eye.
BuLB: A source oi electrically powered light. This term is used to distinquish between an assembled unit consisting of a light source in a housing called a "lamp" and the internal source. See LAMP.
CANDELA (cd): The metric unit of luminous intensity. One candela is one lumen per steradian (formally candle).
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AC 43 - 204 8/14/97 CATHODE: The electrode of an electrolytic cell at which reduction occurs (opposite of anode).
CELL: An electrochemical system consisting of a cathode and anode immersed in an electrolyte. The anode and cathode may be separate metals or dissimilar areas on the same metal.
CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE (CCD): A microchip imaging sensor containing thousands of light-sensitive elements (pixels) arranged in a pattern of rows and columns. The CCD converts light from an image to electrons which, after processing, can be displayed as a picture on a video monitor.
CIE: International Commission on Illumination CLEAN: Free of contaminants.
CONCENTRATION CELL: A cell in which potential differences at the anode and cathode are the result of differences in chemistry (concentration of reactants or products) of the environment adjacent to the electrode.
CONTAMINANTS: Any material or material residue which interferes with the visual inspection process.
CORROSION: An electrochemical deterioration of a material, usually a metal, because of a reaction with its environment. (See AC 43-4A) .
CORROSION FATIGUE: A yielding of a metal resulting from the combined action of corrosion and fatigue (cyclic stressing).
CRAZING: Network of minute cracks appearing in the surface of a material.
CREVICE CORROSION: A localized corrosive attack resulting from the formation of a concentration cell in a crevice between two metal surfaces of a metal and nonmetal surface.
DEFECT: A discontinuity or group of discontinuities which do not meet specified acceptance criteria. One can have a defect within acceptable limits.
DEPOSIT: A foreign substance, which comes from the environment, adhering to a surface of a material.
DIRECT GLARE: Glare resulting from high luminances or insufficiently shielded light sources in the field of view. It is usually associated with bright areas, such as luminaires, ceilings and windows which are outside the visual task or region being viewed.
Chap 5 Page 168 Par 500
DISBOND: Areas where adhesive bonding no longer meets designed strength requirements.
DISCONTINUITY: An interruption in the normal physical structure or configuration of a part such as a crack, lap joint disbond, seam, inclusion, area of corrosion, or porosity. See DEFECT.
DUST-PROOF LUMINAIRE: A luminaire so constructed or protected that dust will not interfere with its successful operation.
DUST-TIGHT LUMINAIRE: A luminaire so constructed that dust will not enter the enclosing case.
ELECTRODE: An electrical conductor in contact with an electrolyte which serves as an electron acceptor or donor (see anode and cathode as specific examples).
ELECTROLYTE: A chemical substance or mixture, usually liquid, containing ions which migrate in an electric field.
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE SERIES: A list of elements according to their standard electrode potentials with the value for hydrogen arbitrarily taken as 0.0 volt (also called Emf series).
EMBRITTLEMENT: A loss of load carrying capacity of a metal or alloy.
ENCLOSED AND GASKETED: See vapor-tight.
ENVIRONMENT: A description of the surroundings or conditions (physical, chemical, mechanical) in which a material exists.
EVALUATION: The review of discontinuities to determine if they meet specified acceptance criteria.
EXFOLIATION: A thick, layered growth of loose corrosion products often separating from the metal surface.
EXPLOSION-PROOF LUMINAIRE: A luminaire which is completely enclosed and capable of withstanding an explosion of a specific gas or vapor that may occur within it and preventing the ignition of flashes or explosion of the gas or vapor within. It must operate a specific gas or vapor surrounding the enclosure by sparks, nuch an exteal tampered cherray.
at such an external temperature that a surrounding flammable at- FAYING SURFACE: Interface between two adhesive surfaces.
FIELD OF VIEW: The angle in degrees that the entering light subtends at the exit pupil of the optical system. Also known as ANGLE OF FIELD.
Chap 5 Par 500 Page 169
FILIFORM CORROSION: A form of attack that occurs under films on metals and which appears as randomly distributed hairlines (also called Underfilm Corrosion).
FLAW: An imperfection in an item or material. Small flaws can be harmless. See DISCONTINUITY.
FOOTCANDLE: The unit of illuminance when the foot is taken as the unit of length.
square foot in area on which there is a uniformly distributed flux of one lumen or the illuminance produced on a surface all points of which are at a distance of one foot from a directionally uniform point source of one candela.
FRETTING CORROSION: A form of deterioration caused by repetitive friction between two sliding surfaces and accelerated by a common corrosive action.
GALVANIC CELL: A corrosion cell consisting of two dissimilar metals in contact or in a narrower context consisting of adjacent anodic and cathodic sites. The former definition is on a macroscale, the later on a micro-scale.
GALVANIC CORROSION: A type of corrosion associated with the current resulting from the coupling of dissimilar electrodes in an electrolyte.
GALVANIC SERIES: A listing of metals arranged according to their relative corrosion potentials in a specific environment (such as sea water) .
GENERAL CORROSION: A type of corrosion attack uniformly distributed over a metal surface (sometimes called uniform etch corrosion).
GRAIN BOUNDARY: A narrow zone in a metal corresponding to the transition from one crystallographic orientation to another, thus separating one grain from another. The atoms in each grain are arranged in an orderly pattern.
HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE: An area adjacent to a weld where heat has caused microstructural changes which affect the corrosion behavior of the metal.
HID: High Intensity Discharge (Type of illumination) HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT: A reduction of the load carrying capability by entrance of hydrogen into the metal (e.g., during pickling or cathodic polarization).
HYDROGEN-STRESS CORROSION: A premature failure of a metal resulting from the combined action of tensile stresses and the penetration of hydrogen into the metal.
Chap 5 Page 170 Par 500
IES: Illumination Engineering Society ILLUMINANCE: The density of the luminous flux incident on a surface; it is the quotient of the luminous flux divided by the area of the surface when the latter is uniformly illuminated. Typical units are footcandles and lumens.
ILLUMINATE: To provide, cover, or fill with light.
LUMINANCE: The luminous flux from a point divided by the area upon which it falls. See IES Handbook. (Formerly PHOTOMETRIC BRIGHTNESS.)
LUMINANCE RATIO: The ratio of the luminances of any two areas in the visual field.
MARINE ENVIRONMENT: An environment immediately adjacent to the sea coast affected by prevailing winds, fog, and other factors.
METAL: In the context of this advisory circular, a metal, metallic alloy, or material or combinations of those which exhibit metal-like properties (are electrical conductors) and are subject to corrosive attack.
NANOMETER: A unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter, Or 10 meter. The nanometer has replaced the angstrom unit as a measurement of short wavelength, electromagnetic radiation.
NEWTON (N): The unit of force equal to 0.2232 lb.
NFPA: National Fire Protection Association NOBLE: Refers to the positive direction of electrode potential, thus resembling the noble metals (such as gold).
NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION: Inspection to detect internal or concealed defects in materials using techniques that do not damage or destroy the items being inspected.
OBJECTIVE LENS: The optical lens nearest the object being viewed that receives the light from the object.
PASSIVE: A condition in which the behavior of a metal is more noble (less active) than its position in the Electromotive Force Series would predict. A surface film protects the underlying metal from corrosion (opposite of active).
PASSIVITY: A phenomenon by which an active metal becomes passive.
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PITTING: A very localized type of corrosion attack resulting in deep penetration at only a few sites (opposite of general corrosion).
PHOTOMETRY: The measurement of quantities associated with light.
REFLECTANCE OF A SURFACE OR MEDIUM: The ratio of the reflected flux to the incident flux.
REFLECTED GLARE: Glare resulting from reflections of high luminances from polished or glossy surfaces in the field of view.
is usually associated with reflections from within a visual task or areas in close proximity to the region being viewed (see veiling reflections).
ROOM UTILIZATION FACTOR: The quotient of the luminous flux (lumens) received on the work-plane divided by that emitted by the luminaire.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY: A ratio (percentage) of the amount of moisture in the air compared to what it could hold if saturated at a given temperature.
RESIDUAL STRESS: A stress present in a metal that is free of external forces or temperature gradients, usually the result of fabrication processes, and can be tensile or compressive in na- RUSTING: A type of corrosion attack limited to ferrous materials which results in reddish-brown corrosion products.
SACRIFICIAL PROTECTION: A reduction or prevention of corrosion of metal by galvanically coupling it to a more anodic metal.
SCALING: • A formation at high temperature of thick corrosion product layers on a metal surface or the deposition of water insoluble constituents on a metal surface.
SEEDS: Small bubbles in glass introduced during the manufacturing process.
SMOKE, SMOKING: A haze of solid detritus (blackened aluminum compounds) caused by abrasion of a loose rivet and its surroundings.
STERADIAN (UNIT SOLID ANGLE): A solid angle subtending an area on the surface of a sphere equal to the square of the sphere radius.
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STRESS-CORROSION CRACKING: A premature failure of a metal as the result of the combined action of tensile stresses and a corrosive environment. The surface tensile stresses may be residual or applied.
TARNISH: A surface discoloration of a metal caused by the formation of a thin film of corrosion product.
THRESHOLD STRESS: A limiting stress at which stress-corrosion or hydrogen-stress cracking will develop in a metal in a given exposure period.
VAPOR-TIGHT LUMINAIRE: A luminaire designed and approved for installation in damp or wet locations. It is also classified as "enclosed and gasketed."
VEILING REFLECTIONS: Regular reflections superimposed upon diffuse reflections from an object that partially or totally obscure the details to the seen by reducing the contrast (sometimes called reflected glare).
VISUAL TASK: The process of observing an object either with the aided or unaided eye and making an informed assessment of its condition.
WATTS (W): Time rate of transferring energy. Power equal to one joule per second. The following table is a conversion of light values to units of power.
Light Source* cd/in< kcd/m<
5.16 8 Clear sky Candle flame (sperm) 6.45 10 60-W inside frosted bulb 77.4 120 60-W "white bulb" 19.35 30 Fluorescent lamp, cool white, T-12 bulb, 5.3 8.2 medium loading High-intensity, mercury-arc type H33, 2.5 968 1,500 atm Clear glass neon tube, 15 mm, 60 mA 1.03 1.6 Source; "Marks Standard Handbook For Mechanical Engineers," 9th edition, E.A. Avallone, I.
Baumeister III, McGraw H1l1.
501 - 599. RESERVED.
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Appendix A APPENDIX A. BEACHCRAFT, ATA CODE 57-10
SAMPLE INSPECTION PROCEDURE Wing Front Spar-Inspection of Upper and Lower Spar Caps.
Retyped with permission of Beachcraft A Raytheon Company.
AC 43-204 Appendix A 8/14/97 Service Instructions No. 0514-035, Rev. II
SAMPLE INSPECTION PROCEDURE BeechcraNE SERVICE INSTRUCTIONS All Models Except 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 76 and 77 No. XXXX-XXX, Rev. X ATA Code 57-10 Recurring Inspection Kit No. 35-4008-1 S Kit No. 58-4002-1 S Kit No. 100-4002-1 S Kit No. 100-4002-3 S Kit No. 100-4002-4 S SUBJECT: WING FRONT SPAR - INSPECTION OF UPPER AND LOWER SPAR CAPS
SYNOPSIS OF CHANGE: Added Super King Air 200 series to inspection. Added information announcing spar replacement kits.
EFFECTIVITY: BEECHCRAFT Debonair/Bonanza 35-33 series;
All Model 45 (T34A), B45 and D45 (T34B) airplanes:
Twin-Bonanza 50 series;
Baron 95-55 series:
Baron 56TC series:
Baron 58 senes;
Duke 60 series:
Queen Air 65 series;
Queen Air 70 series:
Queen Air 65-80 series:
Queen Air 65-88 series:
King Air 65-90 series;
Travel Air 95 series:
99 Airliner series;
King Air 100 series;
Super King Air 200 series;
that are 5 years old or older.
NOTE Special emphasis should be placed on airplanes that have been operated 08 342390 Page 2
8/14/97 AC 43-204 Appendix A Service Instructions No. 0514-035, Rev. II and/or stored for extended periods (5 years or longer) in areas where geographical location and atmospheric conditions are highly conductive to corrosion.
REASON: To inspect the upper and lower spar caps for possible corrosion.
COMPLIANCE: Within the next 100 hours time in service and at each subsequent annual inspection thereafter.
APPROVAL: FAA Approved.
MANPOWER: The following information is for planning purposes only:
Estimated man-hours for inspection: 1 hour Suggested number of men: 1 man.
MATERIAL: If replacement of the wing main spar becomes necessary, spar installation kits are available for some models. For replacement spars on models not listed below and required installation parts not contained in the kits listed below, refer to the applicable BEECHCRAFT Parts Catalog. Kits and/or parts, if required, may be ordered through BEECHCRAFT Aero or Aviation Centers and International Distributors and Dealers. The value of the kits and/or parts, required for the incorporation of these Service Instructions on one airplane is to be advised. Prices, when issued. will be subject to change without notice.
Beech Aircraft Corporation expressly reserves the right to supersede, cancel and/or declare obsolete any kits or publications that may be referenced in these Service Instructions without prior notice.
NOTICE All BEECHCRAFT kits, unless otherwise designated, are approved for installation on BEECHCRAFT airplanes in original or BEECHCRAFT modified configurations only. BLECHCRAPT kits may not be compatible with airplanes modified by STC installation or modification other than BEECHCRAFT
MODEL PART NUMBER QUANTITY
DESCRIPTION All 35-33 through G33; all 35-4008-1 S 2 per airplane 35 through V35B; 36 and Kit, Spar Inst'l. (contains A36 parts and information to install new fwd. wing spars. Spars are not included. Order P/N 000- 110011-1(LH) or P/N 000- 11001102(RH) spar assemblies.) Note: All 35 series airplanes prior to D- 4866 must replace both the LH and RH spars simultaneously when installing fwd. wing spars!.
Appendix A Service Instructions No. 0514-035, Rev. I
MODEL PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION QUANTITY All 95-55 through E55, 58, 58-4002-1 S Kit, Spar Inst'l. (contains 2 per airplane 95 through E95, 56TC, 60 parts and information to and A60 install new fwd. wing spars. Spars are not included. Order P/N 000- 110011-3(LH) or P/N 000- 110011-4(RH) for 95 and 55 series airplanes; order P/N 000-110011-5(H) or P/N 000-110011-6(RH) for 58 series airplanes; order P/N 000-110011-7(LH) or P/N 000-110011-8(RH) for 56TC and 60 series airplanes.)
A80, 65-B80 thru LD-477; All 65, A65; 70; 65-80, 65- 100-4002-1 S Kit, (contains parts LH Spar Inst'! and 2 per airplane 65-88: 65-90. 65-A90, B90. information to install new through LW-87; 99, 99A, C90 through L-624; E90 A99A, B99 through U-153 that have not replaced the O.B. wing main spar per spar assemblies). P/N 000-110012-1(LH) or P/N fwd. wing spars. Spars are not included. 000-110012-2(RH) order Service Instructions No.
0986 or subsequent; 100 and A100 through B-193.
Same as 100-4002-1 S 100-4002-3 S Kit, LH Spar Inst'l. (same 1 per airplane as kit P/N 100-4002-1 S except P/N 000-110012-1 spar assy. is included.)
Same as 100-4002-1 S 100-4002-4 S Kit, LH Spar Inst'l. (same 1 per airplane as kit P/N 100-4002-1 S except P/N 000-110012-2 spar assy. is included.)
WARRANTY: None.
SPECIAL TOOLS: None.
WEIGHT AND BALANCE: None.
REFERENCES: The applicable Parts Catalog for all models on which spar installation kits do not include the spars or on which spar installation kits are not available.
PUBLICATIONS AFFECTED: It is recommended that a note be made in the applicable section of all s hip manual copies to ¿See Service Instructions No. 0514-035, Rev. II for spar inspection procedures."