actual airplane performance on the runway may be used in lien of the deceleration load-speedtime schedule. An acceleration load-speed-time schedule, wherein the dynamometer flywheel is accelerated to the applicable conditions, is accept-
(b) Alternate Procedure for Reinforced-tread Tires. Qualification of a high-speed tire with a given ply rating and reinforced tread will automatically qualify a lesser ply rating reinforced tread tire of the same size and skid depth, provided :
1. The test conditions S1, RD, S2, I.
and T, are no less severe than those which are applicable to the lesser ply rating tire.
2. The ratio of the test loads, Ly to I is not less than that applicable to the lesser ply rating tire. Make any necessary adjustment in this ratio by increasing L..
(10) Optional Dynamometer Equipment. Dynamic tests may be conducted on any dynanometer test equipment which will provide the load, speed, time, and roll distance parameters of the tire.
c. Tubes. Punctured tubes may be repaired by the use of cemented or vulcanized patches.
(1) The procedure for making such repairs is substantially identical to that used in connection with repair of automobile tires:
(a) Keep the size of the patch to a minimum and avoid use of an excessive number of patches, particularly in one area, as the weight of the material may contribute to excessive wheel vibration due to the tube being out-of-balance.
(b) The use of vulcanized patches is recommended because they are considered more reliable.
(c) Reinstalled tires should be inflated, deflated, and again inflated to insure that the inner- Par 362 AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 1975 tube is not pinched. A pinched tube will chafe against the walls of the carcass and a thin spot will result in the rubber. In time, the tube wall will leak at this point. The pinching generally is due to the sticking of the tube to the carcass wall during the first inflation and the failure of the carcass to properly seat against the flange.
(d) The tube is then confined to a smaller space and wrinkling (pinching) of the tube results. Complete deflation followed by inflation allows the tube to properly accommodate itself to the carcass which should now seat itself tightly against the flanges.
*333. TIRE SUIPPAGE. To reduce the possibility of tire and tube failure due to slippage, and to provide a means of detecting tire slippage, tires should be marked and indexed with the wheel rim. Marking should be accomplished by painting a mark 1 inch in width and 2 inches in length across the tire sidewall and wheel rim. The paint used should be of a permanent type and contrasting color, such as white, red, or orange.
Preflight inspection should include a check of slippage marks for alignment. If the slippage mark is not in alignment, the aircraft should not be operated until a detailed inspection is made.
the reason determined, and if necessary the condition corrected.
334. TIRE MAINTENANCE. A program of tire maintenance can minimize tire failures and increase tire service life. Overinflation wears the center of the tread excessively, and reduces a tire's resistance to bruising, strains the tires beads, reduces traction and skid resistance. Underinflation increases deflection and may cause breakdown of the tire sidewalls. The manufacturer's recommendations should he followed to obtain maximum tire service life.
345.-349. RESERVED. * Chap 8
AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 .. Page 165 1975 Chapter 10. HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS Section 1. HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
392. GENERAL. Maintain, service, and adjust connection fittings: AN-818 nut and AN-819 airplane hydraulic systems in accordance with sleeve.
manufacturers' maintenance manuals and pergeneral principles of maintenance and repair tinent component maintenance manuals. Certain which apply are outlined below. Tube O.D. for tightening tube nuts Wrench torque rauge (inch pounds) Minimum bend radil * Dimension in inches. * measured at inalde of bend.
(Inches)
393. HYDRAULIC LINES AND FITTINGS. Carefully 1100-H14, Alum alloy Alum. alloy 1100-114, inspect all lines and fittings at regular intervals 5052-0 Steel 5052-0 Steel to insure airworthiness. Investigate any evidence of fuid loss or leaks. Check metal lines for 80-70 leaks, loose anchorages, scratches, kinks, or other 40-05 60-30 50-90 70-120 2132 damage, Inspect fittings and connections for 75-125 90-150 leakage, looseness, cracks, burrs, or other damage. 150-250 155-250 1¾G Replace or repair defective elements. 200-350 300-400 1¾ 300-500 430-575 210
a. Replacement of Metal Lines. When inspec 500-700 550-750 28 tion shows a line to be damaged or defective, 600-900 replace the entire line or if the damaged section 600-900 3¾ is localized, a repair section may be inserted. 5 7 In replacing lines, always use tubing of the same 8 7 size and material as the original line. Use the old tubing as a template in bending the new line, FIGURE 10.1.-Tube data.
unless it is too greatly damaged, in which case a template can be made from soft iron wire. In forming fares, cut the tube ends square, file Soft aluminum tubing (1100, 3003, or 5052) smooth, remove all burrs and sharp edges, and under ¼-inch outside dinmeter muy be bent by thoroughly clean. The tubing is then flared hand. For all other tubing usa an acceptable using the correct 37° aviation flare forming tool hand or power tube bending tool. Bend tubing for the size of tubing and type of fitting. A carefully to avoid excessive flattening, kinking, double flare is used on soft aluminum tubing or wrinkling. Minimum bend radii values are ⅛-inch outside diameter and under, and a single shown in figure 10.1. A small amount of flatten- flare on all other tubing. In making the connecing in bends is acceptable but do not exceed an tions, use hydraulic fluid as a lubricant and then amount such that the small diameter of the flat- tighten. Overtightening will damage the tube tened portion is less than 75 percent of the origi- or fitting, which may cause a failure; undernal outside diameter. When installing the tightening may cause leakage which could result replacement tubing. line it up correctly with the in a system failure.
mating part so that it is not forced into line by means of the coupling nuts. CAUTION Mistaken use of 45° automotive fare forming tools will
b. Tube Connections. Many tubing connections result In improper tubing flare shape and angle causing are made using fured tube ends, and standard misfit, stress and strain, and probable system fallure.
Chap 10 Par 392
Page 166 AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 1975 Any excessive If the of connection fittings.
fittings.
e. O-Ring Seals. A thorough understanding of O-ring seal applications is necessary to determine when replacement must be made. The simplest application is where the O-ring merely serves as a gasket when it is compressed within a recessed area by applying pressure with a packing nut or screw cap.
Leakage is not normally acceptable in this type of installation. In other installations the O- ring seals depend primarily upon their resiliency to accomplish their sealing action. When moving parts are involved, minor seepage may be normal and acceptable. A moist surface found on moving parts of hydraulic units is an indication the seal is being properly lubricated.
In pneumatic systems, seal lubrication is provided by the installation of a grease-impreg- Par 393 * U.S.. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975-631-513/928 3-1 Chap TO
CHANGE AC NO: 48.18-1A CHG 1 DATE: 5/12/75
NONENT DE TRANSO ADVISORY
TED STATES OF ARE CIRCULAR
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
ACCEPTABLE METHODS, TECHNIQUES, AND SUBJECT: PRACTICES-AIRCRAFT INSPECTION AND RE- PAIR
1. PURPOSE.
This change transmits new and revised material for Advisory Circular 43.13-1A.
2. PRINCIPAL CHANGES.
a. Correotions have been made to paragraph 818 and Figure 10.1.
b. Chapter 2, Section 3, has been revised to add Selective Plating in aircraft maintenance.
Chapter 4, Section 6 has been revised to add handling and care of aircraft recovered from water immersion.
c. A new Section 5, Cabin Interior Materiale Fire Protection Qualities, has been added to Chapter ?.
d. New information on tire slippage and maintenance has been added to Section 1 of Chapter 8.
3. HOW TO GET THIS PUBLICATION.
Copies of this change to AC 13.13-1A may be obtained by ordering from:
Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 For up-to-date information on how to order, and the price of this publication, check with the closest FAA office or obtain the latest copy of Advisory Circular 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist and Status of the Federal Aviation Regulations. This checklist may be obtained without charge by requesting from:
Department of Transportation Publications Section, TAD 443.1 Washington, D.C. 20590 Initlated by: AFS-B30 PoP Sally R. P. SKULLY, Director Flight Standards Service Initiated by:
PAGE CONTROL CHART Remove Pages Dated Insert Pages Dated i thru iv 1972 1972 ii thru iv 1975 78 and 74 1972 73 thru 73-3 1975 1972 127 and 128 1972 1972 128 thru 128-3 1975 139 and 140 1972 1972 140 thru 140-1 • 1975 149 and 150 1972 1972 1975 165 and 166 1972 1975 166 1972
AC 43.13-1A Page I 1972
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. AIRCRAFT WOOD STRUCTURES Section 1. MATERIALS AND PRACTICES Paragraph Pape Materials Replacement of Drainholes and Skin Stiffeners
3. Control Surface Flutter Precautions
4. Gluing Precautions Б. Preparation of Wood Surfaces for Gluing ..
6. Glues
7. Mixing of Resin Glues
8. Spreading of Glue
9. Assembly Time in Gluing
10. Gluing Pressure
11. Scarf Joints
12. Splicing of Spars
13. Splicing of Box Spar Webs
14. Replacing Solid-Type Spars with Laminated Type
15. Spar Longitudinal Cracks and Local Damage
16. Elongated Holes in Spars
17. Rib Repairs
18. Plywood Skin Repair
19. Repaira to Single Curvature Plywood Skin 10
20. Repairs to Double Curvature Plywood Skin 10
21. Splayed Patch 10
22. Surface Patch 16
28. Scarf Patch
24. Plug Patches 17
25. Fabric Patch 28
26.-86. Reserved 28 Section 2. FINISHING WOOD STRUCTURES
87. General 24
88. Precautions to be Observed
89. Finiching of Interior Surfaces
40. Finishing of Exterior Surfaces
41. Finishing of End Grain Surfaces
42. Finishing with Fabric or Tape
43.-53. Reserved Chapter 2. AIRCRAFT METAL STRUCTURES Section 1. REFERENCES AND PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
64. References
55. Flutter and Vibration Precautions
56. Brazing
57.-67. Reserved Section 2. WELDING
68. General
69. Steel Parts Not to be Welded
70. Repair of Tubular Membera
Page I1 AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Paragraph Page
71. Repair by Welded Sleeve 35
72. Repalr by Bolted Sleeve 85
73. Welded-Patch Repair 35
74. Splicing Tubing by Inner Sleeve Method 36
75. Splicing Tubing by Outer Sleeve Method 38
76. Splicing Using Larger Diameter Replacement Tubes 89
77. Repalrs at Built-In Fuselage Fittings .. 40
78. Engine Mount Repairs 40
79. Landing Gear Repairs 40
80. Built-Up Tubular Wing or Tall Surface Spars 47
81. Wing and Tall Brace Struts 47
82. Repairs to Welded Parts 47
83. Stainless Steel Structure 47
84.-04. Reserved 18 Section 3. METAL REPAIR PROCEDURES
95. Riveted or Bolted Steel Truas-Type Structureg 49
96. Aluminum Alloy Structures
97. Selection of Aluminum for Replacement Parts
98. Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Parts
99. Riveting 51
100. Repnir Methods and Precautions for Aluminum Structure 54
101. Repairing Cracked Members 68
102. Steel and Aluminum Fittings 66
103. Castings 79 * 104. Selective Plating In Alrcraft Maintenance 73*
105.-114. Reserved 73-3 Section 4. REPAIR OF LAMINATE STRUCTURES
115. General 74
116.-126, Reserved 79 Chapter 3. FABRIC COVERING Section 1. PRACTICES AND PRECAUTIONS
127. Textile Materlals
128. Covering Practices
129. Preparation of the Structure for Covering
180. Fabric Seams -
131. Covering Methods
182. Reinforcing Tape
133. Lacing
134. Stitch Spneing so bo to
185. Surface Tape (Finishing Tape) -
180. Special Fasteners
137.-147. Reserved 91 Section 2. DOPING
148. Application of Alreraft Dope, Epoxy, and Resina 149, Blushing and Use of Blush-Retarding Thinner
150. Number of Coats
151. Technique --
152. Rejuvenation of Rahrie
158. Common Dope Troubles 151-164. Reserved
AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 Page Ill 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Paragraph Page Section 3. REPAIRS TO FABRIC COVERING
165. General 95
166. Repair of Tears in Fabric 95
167. Sewed Patch Repalr --
168. Unsewed (Doped-On) Hepairs - 90
169. Repair by a Doped-In Panel 98
170.-180. Reserved 87 Section 4. FABRIC TESTING
181. Testing of Fabric Covering - 98
182.-192. Reserved 08 Chapter 4. CONTROL CABLES AND TERMINALS Section 1. INSPECTION AND REPAIR
193. General
104. Cable Specifcations
195. Replacement of Cables
196. Mechanically Fabricated Cable Assemblies
107. Hand Fabricated Cable Assemblles
108. Cable System Inspection 107
190. Cable Tension Adjustment 110
200. Corrosion and Rust Prevention 110
201.-211. Reserved 111 Sechion 2. SAFETY METHODS FOR TURNBUCKLES
212. General
218. Double Wrap Method
214. Single Wrap Method 114
215. Special Locking Devices 114
216.-220. Reserved 114 Chapter 5. AIRCRAFT HARDWARE Section 1. IDENTIFICATION AND USE OF AIRCRAFT HARDWARE Bolte 115 Screws 117 Taper Ping (AN-385 and AN-880) 118 Nuts 119 Washers - 120
282. Types of Rivets 121
233. Material Applications 121
284. Fasteners (Cowl and Falring) 122
235. Unconventional Attachments 122 Reserved 122 Chapter 6. CORROSION PROTECTION
247. Types of Corrosion -. 123
248. Corrosion Protection Measures for Basic Materials 124
249. Construction of Corrosion Resistant Structure 126
250. Corrosion Removal - 126
251. Corroslon Proofing of Landplanes and Seaplanes 127
252. Corrosion Proofing of Landplanes Converted to Seaplanes 127
258. Cleaners, Polishes, Brighteners 128 *255-284. Regerved 254. Handling and Care of Alrcraft Recovered from Water Immersion 128-3 128*
Page iv AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Chapter 7. IDENTIFICATION, TESTING, AND INSPECTION
OF MATERIALS Paragraph Page Section 1. IDENTIFICATION OF METALS
205. Identificatlon of Steel Stock - 129
266. Interchangeability of Steel Tubing 129
267. Identification of Aluminum --- 129
268.-278. Reserved 181 Section 2. TESTING OF METALS
279. Hardness Testing 182 Brinell Hardness Test 182
281. Rockwell Hardness Test 182 Vickers Hardness Test 182
283. Testing Aluminum 182
284.-294. Reserved 182 Section 3. NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
205. General 186
298. Inspection by Magnifying Glass After Welding 136
297. Magnetic Particle Inspection 186
298. X-Ray or Radiographic Inspection 187
209. Fluorescent Penetrant 138
300. Dye Penetrants 138
801. Ultrasonic Flaw Detection 139
802.-312. . Reserved 189 Section 4. IDENTIFICATION OF FABRICS AND PLASTICS
318. Identification of Fabric 140 *
314. Identification of Plastics 140
815.-320. Reserved 140 * Section 5. CABIN INTERIOR MATERIALS, FIRE PROTECTION QUALITIES
321. Requirements for Fire Protection 140-1 322,-325. Reserved 140-1* Chapter 8. AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT Section 1. LANDING GEAR EQUIPMENT
826. General 141
827. Inspection 141
328. Clenning and Lubricating 145
329. Emergency Systems 145
830. Speclal Inspections 145
331. Retraction Tests 145
332. Tires 145 * 333. Tire Slippage
334. Tire Maintenance
335.-343. Reserved 150 Section 2. LIFE PRESERVERS AND LIFERAFTS
844. General 151
345. Inspection Procedure for Life Preservers 151
346. Repair of Hife Preservers 151
397. Inspection Procedure for Liferafts. 151
348. Repair of Liferafts - 152
349.-359. Reserved 152
AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 Page iv-I 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Paragraph Page Section 3. MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
360. Parachutes 153
881. Safety Belts 158
862. Flares 154
363. Oxygen Systems 154
361.-874. Reserved 158
C 43.13-1A Page v 1972 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Chapter 9. WINDSHIELDS, ENCLOSURES, AND EXITS Section 1. PLASTIC WINDSHIELDS AND ENCLOSURES Paragraph Page
975. General 159
376. Replacement Panels 159
877. Installation Procedures 159
378. Repair of Plastics 160
879. Cleaning and Polishing Transparent Plastic 161
980. Emergency Exits 161
881.-891. Reserved 164 Chapter 10. HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS Section 1. HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
392. General 165
394. Hydraulic Components 393. Hydraulic Lines and Fittings 165 172
395.-405. Reserved 172 Chapter 11. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Section 1. CARE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
406. General 178
407. Inspection and Operation Checka . 178
408. Cleaning and Preservation 178
409. Adjustment 174
410. Insulation of Electrical Equipment . 174
411. Bus Bar Maintenance 174
412. Junction Boxes 174
418.-423, Reserved 174 Section 2. EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION
424. Electrical Load Limits 176
425. Generators 175
426. Acceptable Means of Controlling or Monitoring the Electrical Load 175
427. Inverters, Alternators, and Similar Aircraft Electrical Power Sources 176
428. Determination of Electrical Load - 178
429. Circuit Protection Devices 176
430. Switches 176
481.-441. Reserved 178 Section 3. ELECTRIC WIRE
442. General 179
448. Aircraft Electric Wire 180
444. Instructions for Use of Electric Wire Chart 181
445. Splices in Electric Wire 186
446. Open Wiring 186
447. Heat Precautions 187
448. Protection Against Chafing 187
449. Stripping Insulation 187
450. Terminals 188
451. Attachment of Terminals to Studs 188
452. Bonding Jumper Installations 188
458.-463. Reserved 198
Pope vi AC 43.13- TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Section 4. WIRE MARKING Paragraph Page
464. Wire Identification 194
465. Sleeve Selection for Identification 194
466. Identification of Wire Bundles and Harnesses 194 467-477. Reserved 195 Section 5. CONNECTORS
478. General Purpose Connectors 196
479. Types of Connectors 198
480. AN Connector Identification 196
481. Special Purpose Connector 198
482. Potting Compounds 198
483. Potting Connectors 199
484. Through Bolts 200
485. Terminal Strips 200
486.-496. Reserved 200 Section 6. CONDUITS
497. General 201
498. Size of Conduit 201
499. Conduit Fittings 201
500. Conduit Installation 201
501. Rigid Conduit 201
502. Flexible Conduit 201
508.-518. Reserved 202 Section 7. ROUTING, TYING, LACING, AND CLAMPING
614. General 208
515. Wire Bend Radii 208
516. Slack 208
517. Routing Wires 208
518. Clamping 205
619. Ties and Lacing 205
520.-580. Reserved 205 Section 8. STORAGE BATTERIES
581. General 210
582. Battery Overheat Failure 210
588. Battery Freezing 210
584. Temperature Correction 210
685. Checking Lead-Acid Batteries 210
586. Checking Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 211
587. Electrolyte Corrosion 211
588. Noxious Fumes 211
589. Installation Practices 211
540.-552. Reserved 212 Chapter 12. PROPELLERS, ROTORS, AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Section 1. INSPECTION OF PROPELLERS
568. Wood or Composition Propellers and Blades 218
554. Metal Propellers and Blades 214
555. Lubrication 214
556.-566. Reserved 214