Page I1 AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Paragraph Page
71. Repair by Welded Sleeve 35
72. Repalr by Bolted Sleeve 85
73. Welded-Patch Repair 35
74. Splicing Tubing by Inner Sleeve Method 36
75. Splicing Tubing by Outer Sleeve Method 38
76. Splicing Using Larger Diameter Replacement Tubes 89
77. Repalrs at Built-In Fuselage Fittings .. 40
78. Engine Mount Repairs 40
79. Landing Gear Repairs 40
80. Built-Up Tubular Wing or Tall Surface Spars 47
81. Wing and Tall Brace Struts 47
82. Repairs to Welded Parts 47
83. Stainless Steel Structure 47
84.-04. Reserved 18 Section 3. METAL REPAIR PROCEDURES
95. Riveted or Bolted Steel Truas-Type Structureg 49
96. Aluminum Alloy Structures
97. Selection of Aluminum for Replacement Parts
98. Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Parts
99. Riveting 51
100. Repnir Methods and Precautions for Aluminum Structure 54
101. Repairing Cracked Members 68
102. Steel and Aluminum Fittings 66
103. Castings 79 * 104. Selective Plating In Alrcraft Maintenance 73*
105.-114. Reserved 73-3 Section 4. REPAIR OF LAMINATE STRUCTURES
115. General 74
116.-126, Reserved 79 Chapter 3. FABRIC COVERING Section 1. PRACTICES AND PRECAUTIONS
127. Textile Materlals
128. Covering Practices
129. Preparation of the Structure for Covering
180. Fabric Seams -
131. Covering Methods
182. Reinforcing Tape
133. Lacing
134. Stitch Spneing so bo to
185. Surface Tape (Finishing Tape) -
180. Special Fasteners
137.-147. Reserved 91 Section 2. DOPING
148. Application of Alreraft Dope, Epoxy, and Resina 149, Blushing and Use of Blush-Retarding Thinner
150. Number of Coats
151. Technique --
152. Rejuvenation of Rahrie
158. Common Dope Troubles 151-164. Reserved
AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 Page Ill 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Paragraph Page Section 3. REPAIRS TO FABRIC COVERING
165. General 95
166. Repair of Tears in Fabric 95
167. Sewed Patch Repalr --
168. Unsewed (Doped-On) Hepairs - 90
169. Repair by a Doped-In Panel 98
170.-180. Reserved 87 Section 4. FABRIC TESTING
181. Testing of Fabric Covering - 98
182.-192. Reserved 08 Chapter 4. CONTROL CABLES AND TERMINALS Section 1. INSPECTION AND REPAIR
193. General
104. Cable Specifcations
195. Replacement of Cables
196. Mechanically Fabricated Cable Assemblies
107. Hand Fabricated Cable Assemblles
108. Cable System Inspection 107
190. Cable Tension Adjustment 110
200. Corrosion and Rust Prevention 110
201.-211. Reserved 111 Sechion 2. SAFETY METHODS FOR TURNBUCKLES
212. General
218. Double Wrap Method
214. Single Wrap Method 114
215. Special Locking Devices 114
216.-220. Reserved 114 Chapter 5. AIRCRAFT HARDWARE Section 1. IDENTIFICATION AND USE OF AIRCRAFT HARDWARE Bolte 115 Screws 117 Taper Ping (AN-385 and AN-880) 118 Nuts 119 Washers - 120
282. Types of Rivets 121
233. Material Applications 121
284. Fasteners (Cowl and Falring) 122
235. Unconventional Attachments 122 Reserved 122 Chapter 6. CORROSION PROTECTION
247. Types of Corrosion -. 123
248. Corrosion Protection Measures for Basic Materials 124
249. Construction of Corrosion Resistant Structure 126
250. Corrosion Removal - 126
251. Corroslon Proofing of Landplanes and Seaplanes 127
252. Corrosion Proofing of Landplanes Converted to Seaplanes 127
258. Cleaners, Polishes, Brighteners 128 *255-284. Regerved 254. Handling and Care of Alrcraft Recovered from Water Immersion 128-3 128*
Page iv AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Chapter 7. IDENTIFICATION, TESTING, AND INSPECTION
OF MATERIALS Paragraph Page Section 1. IDENTIFICATION OF METALS
205. Identificatlon of Steel Stock - 129
266. Interchangeability of Steel Tubing 129
267. Identification of Aluminum --- 129
268.-278. Reserved 181 Section 2. TESTING OF METALS
279. Hardness Testing 182 Brinell Hardness Test 182
281. Rockwell Hardness Test 182 Vickers Hardness Test 182
283. Testing Aluminum 182
284.-294. Reserved 182 Section 3. NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
205. General 186
298. Inspection by Magnifying Glass After Welding 136
297. Magnetic Particle Inspection 186
298. X-Ray or Radiographic Inspection 187
209. Fluorescent Penetrant 138
300. Dye Penetrants 138
801. Ultrasonic Flaw Detection 139
802.-312. . Reserved 189 Section 4. IDENTIFICATION OF FABRICS AND PLASTICS
318. Identification of Fabric 140 *
314. Identification of Plastics 140
815.-320. Reserved 140 * Section 5. CABIN INTERIOR MATERIALS, FIRE PROTECTION QUALITIES
321. Requirements for Fire Protection 140-1 322,-325. Reserved 140-1* Chapter 8. AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT Section 1. LANDING GEAR EQUIPMENT
826. General 141
827. Inspection 141
328. Clenning and Lubricating 145
329. Emergency Systems 145
830. Speclal Inspections 145
331. Retraction Tests 145
332. Tires 145 * 333. Tire Slippage
334. Tire Maintenance
335.-343. Reserved 150 Section 2. LIFE PRESERVERS AND LIFERAFTS
844. General 151
345. Inspection Procedure for Life Preservers 151
346. Repair of Hife Preservers 151
397. Inspection Procedure for Liferafts. 151
348. Repair of Liferafts - 152
349.-359. Reserved 152
AC 43.13-1A CHG 1 Page iv-I 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Paragraph Page Section 3. MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
360. Parachutes 153
881. Safety Belts 158
862. Flares 154
363. Oxygen Systems 154
361.-874. Reserved 158
C 43.13-1A Page v 1972 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Chapter 9. WINDSHIELDS, ENCLOSURES, AND EXITS Section 1. PLASTIC WINDSHIELDS AND ENCLOSURES Paragraph Page
975. General 159
376. Replacement Panels 159
877. Installation Procedures 159
378. Repair of Plastics 160
879. Cleaning and Polishing Transparent Plastic 161
980. Emergency Exits 161
881.-891. Reserved 164 Chapter 10. HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS Section 1. HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
392. General 165
394. Hydraulic Components 393. Hydraulic Lines and Fittings 165 172
395.-405. Reserved 172 Chapter 11. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Section 1. CARE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
406. General 178
407. Inspection and Operation Checka . 178
408. Cleaning and Preservation 178
409. Adjustment 174
410. Insulation of Electrical Equipment . 174
411. Bus Bar Maintenance 174
412. Junction Boxes 174
418.-423, Reserved 174 Section 2. EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION
424. Electrical Load Limits 176
425. Generators 175
426. Acceptable Means of Controlling or Monitoring the Electrical Load 175
427. Inverters, Alternators, and Similar Aircraft Electrical Power Sources 176
428. Determination of Electrical Load - 178
429. Circuit Protection Devices 176
430. Switches 176
481.-441. Reserved 178 Section 3. ELECTRIC WIRE
442. General 179
448. Aircraft Electric Wire 180
444. Instructions for Use of Electric Wire Chart 181
445. Splices in Electric Wire 186
446. Open Wiring 186
447. Heat Precautions 187
448. Protection Against Chafing 187
449. Stripping Insulation 187
450. Terminals 188
451. Attachment of Terminals to Studs 188
452. Bonding Jumper Installations 188
458.-463. Reserved 198
Pope vi AC 43.13- TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Section 4. WIRE MARKING Paragraph Page
464. Wire Identification 194
465. Sleeve Selection for Identification 194
466. Identification of Wire Bundles and Harnesses 194 467-477. Reserved 195 Section 5. CONNECTORS
478. General Purpose Connectors 196
479. Types of Connectors 198
480. AN Connector Identification 196
481. Special Purpose Connector 198
482. Potting Compounds 198
483. Potting Connectors 199
484. Through Bolts 200
485. Terminal Strips 200
486.-496. Reserved 200 Section 6. CONDUITS
497. General 201
498. Size of Conduit 201
499. Conduit Fittings 201
500. Conduit Installation 201
501. Rigid Conduit 201
502. Flexible Conduit 201
508.-518. Reserved 202 Section 7. ROUTING, TYING, LACING, AND CLAMPING
614. General 208
515. Wire Bend Radii 208
516. Slack 208
517. Routing Wires 208
518. Clamping 205
619. Ties and Lacing 205
520.-580. Reserved 205 Section 8. STORAGE BATTERIES
581. General 210
582. Battery Overheat Failure 210
588. Battery Freezing 210
584. Temperature Correction 210
685. Checking Lead-Acid Batteries 210
586. Checking Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 211
587. Electrolyte Corrosion 211
588. Noxious Fumes 211
589. Installation Practices 211
540.-552. Reserved 212 Chapter 12. PROPELLERS, ROTORS, AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Section 1. INSPECTION OF PROPELLERS
568. Wood or Composition Propellers and Blades 218
554. Metal Propellers and Blades 214
555. Lubrication 214
556.-566. Reserved 214
: 43.13-1A Page vil 72 TABLE OF CONTENTS- Continued Section 2. REPAIR OF WOOD AND COMPOSITION PROPELLERS Paragraph Page
567. General 215
668. Repair of Wood Propellers 215
569. Repair of Composition Blade 220
570. Refinishing 222
571. Propeller Balancing 222
572.-582. Reserved 222 Section 3. REPAIR OF METAL PROPELLERS 228 Steel Blades 228
585. Aluminum Propeller Repaire 228 Repair Tolerances 229 Propeller Balance 228
588. Steel Hubs and Hub Parts 280 Propeller Hub and Flange Repair 280
590. Control Systema 280
591. Deicing Systems 280
592.-602. Reserved 280 Section 4. OVERHAUL OF PROPELLERS
608. Hub and Hub Parts 282
604. Plating for Hubs and Parts 282
605. Inspection of Aluminum Propellers and Blades 282
606. Assembly 288
607.-617. Reserved 288 Section 5. ASSEMBLY OF PROPELLER TO ENGINE
618. Fixed-Pitch Propellers 284
619.-629. Reserved 284 Section 6. PRECAUTIONS
680. Blade-Tip Identification 285
631. Ground-Handling Practices 285
682. Composition Propeller Service Limits 285
688.-648. Reserved 285 Section 7. MAINTENANCE OF ROTOR BLADES
644. General 286
645.-655. Reserved 241 Chapter 13. WEIGHT AND BALANCE
656. General 248
657. Terminology 248
658. Weighing Procedure 250
659. Weight and Balance Computations 258
660. Weight and Balance Extreme Conditions 258
661. Loading Conditions and/or Placards 257
662. Equipment List 257
668. Sample Weight and Balance Report 257
664. Installation of Ballast 258
665. Loading Schedule 265
666.-676. Reserved 265
Page vill AC 43.13- 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS- Continued Chapter 14. ENGINES AND FUEL SYSTEMS Section 1. ENGINES Paragraph Page
677. General 267
678. inspection 267
679. Powerplant Sudden Stoppage - 267
680. Crankshafts - 269
681. Replacement Parts in Certificated Engines 289
682. Cylinder Holddown Nuts and Capscrews 270
688. Reuse of Safetying Devices 270
684. Self-Locking Nuts for Aircraft Engines and Accessories 270
685. Welding of Highly Stressed Engine Parts 271
686. Welding of Minor Engine Parte 271
687. Metallizing 271
688. Plating 271
689. Engine Accessories 272
690. Corrosion 272
691. Engine Run-In 272
692. Compression Testing of Aircraft Engine Cylinders 212
698. Spark Plugs 274
694. Ignition Harnesses 278
695. Magneto Inspection 278
696. Magneto-to-Engine Timing 280 697-707. Reserved 280 Section 2. FUEL SYSTEMS
708. General 281
709. Fuel Lines and Fittings 281
710. Fuel Tanks and Cella 282
711. Fuel Tank Caps, Vents, and Overflow Lines 282
712. Fuel Crossfeed, Firewall Shutoff, and Tank Selector Valves 288
718. Fuel Pumps 288
714. Fuel Filters, Strainers, and Drains 288
716. Indicator Systems 288
716. Turbine Fuel Systems 288
717.-727. Reserved 284 Section 3. EXHAUST SYSTEMS
728. General
729. Muffer/Heat Exchanger Failures
780. Manifold/Stack Failures 285
781. Internal Muffler Failures 285 782- Inspection 288
788. Repairs 288
784. Turbosupercharger 290
785. Augmentor Systems 290
786.-746. Reserved 290 Chapter 15. RADIO AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Section 1. MAINTENANCE OF RADIO AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
747. General 291
748. Maintenance of Equipment 291
749. Replacement of Components 291
760. Inspection of Installations 291
AC 43,13-14 Page ix 1972 TABLE OF CONTENTS- Continued Paragraph Page
751. Cleaning 291
752. Contact Cleaners 291
758. Operational Checks 292
754.-765. Reserved 292 Section 2. MAINTENANCE OF WIRING AND CABLES
766. Wiring and Cable Integrity 767- Protection from Fluids
768. Wire and Cable Clamps
769. Conduit
770. Plastic Wire Sleeving
771. Electrical Tape
772.-782. Reserved Section 3. JUNCTION BOXES AND TERMINAL STRIPS
788. Junction Boxes
784. Internal Arrangement
785. Terminal Strips
786. Pluge and Receptacles
787.-797. Reserved Section 4. POWER SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
798. Battery Electrolyte Corrosion 285
799. Generators and Alternators 295
800. Alternator Diodes 295
801. Diode Protection 295
802. Alternator/Battery Connections 295
808. Static Electrical Power Convertera 295
804. Cleaning and Preservation 295
805. Miscellaneous Check Items 295
806. Adjustment and Repair 296
807. Electrical Switch Inspection 296
808. Radio Equipment Operation 296
809.-819. Reserved 296 Section 5. NOISE SUPPRESSION
820. General 297
821. Bonding 297
822. Shielding 297
828. Spark Plugs 297
824. Filters 297
825. Precipitation Static 297
826. Static Dischargers 297
827. Maintenance of Static Dischargers 297
828.-888. Reserved 298 Section 6. ANTENNAS
889. Fixed and Trailing Wire Antennas 299
840. Whip and Blade Antennas 299
841. Flush Mounted Antennas 299
842. Coaxial Cables and Fittings 299
843. Radomes 299
844. Radome Inspection 299
845. Radome Maintenance and Repair 800
846. Loop Antennas 800
847. Loop Quadrantal Error 800
Page x AC 43.13 1A 1972 TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued Paragraph Pane
848. Compensation for Quadrantal Error 800
849. Ground Calibration 801
850. Air Calibration 801
851. Calibration Points 801
852. Calibration Procedure 801
858. Calibration Data 801
854.-868. Reserved 801 Chapter 16. INSTRUMENTS Section 1. MAINTENANCE OF INSTRUMENTS General 808
865. Definition 808
866. Maintenance of Instruments 808
867. Test/Adjustment of Instruments 808
868. Replacement of Components 804
869.-879. Reserved 804 Section 2. INSPECTION AND CHECKS
880. General 805
881. Periodic Inapection 805
882. Additional Inspectiona 805
888.-899. Reserved 805 Section 3. INSTRUMENT POWER SOURCES
894. Electrical Compatibility 806
895. Vacuum Systems 806
896.-906. Reserved 806 Section 4. PITOT-STATIC SYSTEMS
907. System Components 807
908. Pitot-Static Tubes and Lines 807
909. Pressure Porta or Vents 807
910. Cleaning of System 807
911. Heater Elements 807
912. System Leak Testing 807
918. Static System Test 807
914. Pitot System Test 808
915. Precautions in Teating 308
916.-926. Reserved 808 Section 5. MECHANICAL ADJUSTMENT OF MAGNETIC DIRECTION
INDICATORS
927. Correction for Errors 809
928. Ground Swinging 809
929. Remote Gyro Compass Systems 809
980.-940. Reserved 809 Section 6. PRESERVATION AND PACKAGING
941. Preservation 810
942. Storage 810
943. Shipping 810 924-954. Reserved 810 Appendix 1. Cross Reference Table of Paragraph Number Changes 811 Appendix 2. Cross Reference Table of Illustration Number Changes 815
C 43,13-1A Page xi 972
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Pigure Page
1.1 Tapering of Face Plates .. 1
1.2 Selection and Properties of Aircraft Wood
1.8 Consideration of Grain Direction When Making Scarf Joints 6 Method of Splicing Solid or Laminated Rectangular Spars
1.5 Method of Splicing Solid "I" Spars --
1.6 Repaira to Bullt-Up "I' Spar .. 9 1,7 Method of Splicing Box-Spar Flanges (Plate Method) 10
1.8 1.9 Method of Splicing Box-Spar Webs Method of Reinforcing a LongitudInal Crack and/or Local Damage 11 in a Solld or Internally Routed Spar .. 12
1.10 Repair of Wood Ribs 18
1.11 Typical Wing Compression Rib Repairs 14
1.12 Minimum Recommended Bend Radii for Aircraft Plywood 15
1.18 Splayed Patch 16
1.1₫ Surface Patches 18
1.15 Scarf Patches Back of Skin Accessible 19
1.16 Scarf Patches-Back of Skin Not Accessible 20
1.17 Oval Plug Patch Assembly 21
1.18 Round Plug Patch Assembly 22
2.1 Current and Polarity Selection for Inert Gas Welding 29
2.2 Specifications Guide for Welding 81
2.8 Strengths of Welded Joints 82 2,4 Members Dented at a Cluster 88
2.5 Members Dented in a Bay-Repairs by Welded Sleeve 84 2,6 Welded Patch Repair 85
2.7 Splicing by Inner Sleeve Method 86
2.8 Splicing by Outer Sleeve Method-Replacement by Welded Outside Sleeve 87
2.9 Tube Replacement at a Station by Welded Outer Sleeves 88
2.10 Splicing Using Larger Diameter Replacement Tube 89
2.11 Repairs at Built-In Fuselage Fittings 41
2.12 Streamline Tube Splice Using Round Tube (Applicable to Landing Gears) 42
2.18 Streamline Tube Splice Using Split Sleeve (Applicable to Wing and Tail Surface Brace Struts and Other Members) 48
2.14 Streamline Tube Splice Using Split Insert (Applicable to Landing Gears) 44
2.15 Streamline Tube Splice Using Plates (Applicable to Landing Gears) 45
2.16 Representative Types of Repairable and Nonrepairable Axle Assemblies 46
2.17 Recommended Radii for 90° Bends in Aluminum Alloys 50
2.18 Rivet Hole Spacing and Edge Distance for Single-Lap Sheet Splices 52
2.19 Riveting Practice and Rivet Imperfections 58
2.20 Typical Repair Method for Tubular Members of Aluminum Alloy 55
2.21 Typical Repair for Buckled or Cracked Formed Metal Wing Rib Capstripa 56 Typical Metal Rib Repaire (Usually Found on Small and Medium-Size Aircraft) 57
2.28 Typical Repairs of Trailing Edges .. 58 2-24 Typical Repairs of Stressed Sheet Metal Covering 59
2.25 Typical Stringer and Flange Splices 61
2.26 Example of Stringer Splice (Material-2017 Alloy) ₴2
Page xil AC 43.13-1 197 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS- Continued Figure Page
2.27 Application of Typical Flange Splices and Reinforcement 68
2.28 Number of Rivets Required for Splices (Single-Lap Joint) in Bare 2014-T6, 8024-18, 2024-T86, and 7075-T6 Sheet, Clad 2014-T6, 2024-T8, 2024-T96 and 7075-T6 Sheet, 2024-T4, and 7075-T6 Plate, Bar, Rod, Tube, and Extrusions, 2014-T6 Extrusions 64
2.29 Number of Rivete Required for Splices (Single-Lap Joint) in 2017, 2017 Alclad, 2024-T86 and 2024-T86 Alclad Sheet, Plate, Bar, Rod, Tube, and Extrusions - 65
2.80 Number of Rivets Required for Splices (Single-Lap Joint) in 5052 (All Hardnesses) Sheet 66
2.81 Example of Splice of Intermediate Frame (Material 2017 AL Alloy) 67
2.82 Typical Methods of Repalring Cracked Leading and Trailing Edges and Rib Intersections - 68
2.88 Typical Methods of Replacing Cracked Members at Fittinga 69
2.84 Typical Methods of Repairing Cracked Frame and Stiffener Combinations 70
2.85 Typical Repairs to Rudder and to Fuselage at Tail Post 71
2.86 Typical Methods of Repairing Elongated or Worn Bolt Holes 72
2.87 Typical Laminate (Facing) Repair 74 2,88 Typical Core and Facing Repair - 75
2.89 Typical Stepped Joint Repair 75
2.40 Typical Scarfed Joint Repair 78
2.41 Typical One Side Blind Repair 76
2.42 Typical Metal Facing Patch
2.48 Typical Types of Core Replacement 78
2.44 Typical Undercut Core Material Cavity 78
8.1 Textile Fabric Used in Aircraft Covering 88
3.2 Miscellaneous Textile Materials 84
8.8 Typical Methods of Attaching Fabric 85
3.4 Standard Knot for Rib Lacing and Terminating a Sewed Seam (Modified Seine Knot) 86
8.6 Splice Knot 87
3.6 Starting Stitch for Rib Stitching 88
8.7 Standard Double Loop Lacing 89
8.8 Standard Knot for Double Loop Lacing 90
8.9 Fabric Attachment Spacing 91
3.10 Repair of Tears in Fabric 95
4.1 Cable Cross Section 99
4.2 Strength of Steel Cable 100
4.8 Straight-Shank Terminal Dimensiona 101
4.4 Insertion of Cable into Terminal 101
4.5 Gauging Terminal Shank After Swaging 101
4.6 Typical Cable Splices 102
4.7 Typical Terminal Gauge 102
4.8 Copper Oval Sleeve Data 108
4.9 Typical Thimble-Eye Splice 108
4.10 Copper Stop Sleeve Data 104
4.11 Typical Terminal Gauge 104
4.12 Preparation of a Woven Cable Splice 106
4.18 Preparation of a Wrapped Soldered Terminal 108
4.14 Cable Inspection Technique 107
4.15 Cable Wear Patterns .- 107
4.16 Worn Cable (Replacement Necessary) 108
4.17 Worn Cable (Replacement Recommended) 108
4.18 Internal Cable Wear 108
4.19 Corrosion 109
4.20 Manufacturer's Wire Splice 109
4.21 Pulley Wear Patterns 110