1-1 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A I. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNDAMENTALS OF
INSTRUCTINGINSTRUCTING NOTE: The examiner will select at least TASKS E and G.
A. TASK: THE LEARNING PROCESS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the learning process by describing:
1. The definition of learning.
2. Characteristics of learning.
3. Practical application of the laws of learning.
4. Factors involved in how people learn.
5. Recognition and proper use of the various levels of learning.
6. Principles that are applied in learning a skill.
7. Factors related to forgetting and retention.
8. How transfer of learning affects the learning process.
9. How the formation of habit patterns affects the learning process.
B. TASK: THE TEACHING PROCESS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the teaching process by describing:
1. Preparation for a lesson or an instructional period.
2. Presentation of knowledge and skills, including the methods which are suitable in particular situations.
3. Application, by the student, of the knowledge and skills presented by the instructor.
4. Review of the material presented and the evaluation of student performance and accomplishment.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-2 C. TASK: TEACHING METHODS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of teaching methods by describing:
1. The organization of a lesson, i.e., introduction, development, and conclusion.
2. The lecture method.
3. The guided discussion method.
4. The demonstration/performance method.
5. Programmed instruction.
6. Audio-visual instruction.
D. TASK: EVALUATION (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of evaluation by describing:
1. The purpose of evaluation.
2. Characteristics of effective oral questions.
3. Types of oral questions to avoid.
4. Responses to student questions.
5. Characteristics and development of effective written tests.
6. Characteristics and uses of performance tests, specifically, the FAA practical test standards.
1-3 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A E. TASK: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPONSIBILITIES (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities by describing:
1. Major considerations and qualifications which must be included in flight instructor professionalism.
2. Role of the flight instructor in dealing with student stress, anxiety, and psychological abnormalities.
3. Flight instructor's responsibility with regard to student pilot supervision and surveillance.
4. Flight instructor's authority and responsibility for endorsements and recommendations.
5. Flight instructor's responsibility in the conduct of the required FAA flight review.
F. TASK: HUMAN FACTORS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to human factors by describing:
1. Control of human behavior.
2. Development of student potential.
3. Relationship of human needs to behavior and learning.
4. Relationship of defense mechanisms to student learning.
5. Relationship of defense mechanisms to pilot decision making.
6. General rules which a flight instructor should follow during student training to ensure good human relations.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-4 G. TASK: PLANNING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 60-14.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the planning of instructional activity by describing:
1. Development of a course of training.
2. Content and use of a training syllabus.
3. Purpose, characteristics, proper use, and items of a lesson plan.
4. Flexibility features of a course of training, syllabus, and lesson plan required to accommodate students with varying backgrounds, levels of experience, and ability.
1-5 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A II. AREA OF OPERATION: TECHNICAL SUBJECT TECHNICAL SUBJECT
AREASAREAS NOTE: The examiner will select TASK P and at least one other TASK.
A. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by describing:
1. How to obtain an appropriate medical certificate.
2. How to obtain a medical certificate in the event of a possible medical deficiency.1
3. Hypoxia, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.
4. Hyperventilation, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.
5. Middle ear and sinus problems, their causes, effects, and corrective action.
6. Spatial disorientation, its causes, effects, and corrective action.
7. Motion sickness, its causes, effects, and corrective action.
8. Effects of alcohol and drugs, and their relationship to flight safety.
9. Carbon monoxide poisoning, its symptoms, effects, and corrective action.
10. Effect of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives and how this affects pilots and passengers during flight.
11. Fatigue, its effects and corrective action.
1 The flight instructor should encourage a person considering flight training to obtain an appropriate medical certificate from an Aviation Medical Examiner before training is started. In the event a person's eligibility to hold a medical certificate is questionable, the flight instructor should be aware that some physical handicaps do not always prohibit activity as pilot of an aircraft. The flight instructor should advise such a person that assistance in obtaining a medical certificate is available through the cooperation of the medical examiner and the local FAA Flight Standards district office. However, this assistance is available only when requested specifically by the person seeking the medical certificate.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-6 Change 1 07/20/97 B. TASK: VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 67-2, AC 90-48; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of visual scanning and collision avoidance by describing:
1. Relationship between a pilot's physical or mental condition and vision.
2. Various environmental conditions that degrade vision.
3. Various optical illusions.
4. "See and avoid" concept.
5. Practice of "time sharing" of attention inside and outside the cockpit.
6. Proper visual scanning technique.
7. Relationship between poor visual scannin g habits and increased collision risk.
8. Proper clearing procedures.
9. Importance of knowing aircraft blind spots.
10. Relationship between aircraft speed differential and collision risk.
11. Situations which involve the greatest collision risk.
C. TASK: USE OF DISTRACTIONS DURING FLIGHT TRAINING (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: AC 61-67.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the use of distractions by describing:
1. Flight situations where pilot distraction is a cause factor related to stall/spin accidents.
2. Selection of realistic distractions for specific flight situations.
3. Relationship between division of attention and flight instructor use of distractions.
4. Difference between proper use of distractions and harassment.
1-7 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A D. TASK: PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of principles of flight by describing:
1. Airplane and airfoil design characteristics.
2. Forces acting on an airplane in various flight maneuvers.
3. Airplane stability and controllability.
4. Torque effect and correction.
5. Structural integrity and velocity/load factor chart.
6. Wingtip vortices and precautions to be taken.
E. TASK: ELEVATORS, AILERONS, AND RUDDER (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the elevators, ailerons, and rudder by describing:
1. Purpose of each primary control.
2. Location, attachments, and system of control.
3. Direction of movement relative to airflow.
4. Effect on airplane control.
5. Proper technique for use.
F. TASK: TRIM DEVICES (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to trim devices by describing:
1. Purpose.
2. Location, attachments, and system of control.
3. Direction of movement relative to airflow and the primary control surface.
4. Effect on airplane control.
5. Proper technique for use.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-8 G. TASK: WING FLAPS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to wing flaps by describing:
1. Purpose.
2. Various types.
3. Location, attachments, and system of control.
4. Effect on airplane control.
5. Proper technique for use.
H. TASK: AIRPLANE WEIGHT AND BALANCE (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-23.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of airplane weight and balance by describing:
1. Weight and balance terms.
2. Effect of weight and balance on performance.
3. Methods of weight and balance control.
4. Determination of total weight and center of gravity and the changes that occur when adding, removing, or shifting weight.
I. TASK: NAVIGATION AND FLIGHT PLANNING (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of navigation and flight planning by describing:
1. Terms used in navigation.
2. Features of aeronautical charts.
3. Importance of using the proper and current aeronautical charts.
4. Identification of various types of airspace.
1-9 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
5. Method of plotting a course, selection of fuel stops and alternates, and appropriate actions in the event of unforeseen situations.
6. Fundamentals of pilotage and dead reckoning.
7. Fundamentals of radio navigation.
8. Diversion to an alternate.
9. Lost procedures.
10. Computation of fuel consumption.
11. Importance of preparing and properly using a flight log.
12. Importance of a weather check and the use of good judgment in making a "go/no-go" decision.
13. Purpose of, and procedure used in, filing a flight plan.
J. TASK: NIGHT OPERATIONS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM;
FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of night operations by describing:
1. Factors related to night vision.
2. Disorientation and night optical illusions.
3. Importance of assuring that windshield and windows are clean.
4. Proper adjustment of interior lights.
5. Importance of having a flashlight with a red lens.
6. Night preflight inspection.
7. Engine starting procedures, including use of position and anticollision lights prior to start.
8. Taxiing and orientation on an airport.
9. Takeoff and climb-out.
10. Inflight orientation.
11. Importance of verifying the airplane's attitude by reference to flight instruments.
12. Recovery from critical flight attitudes.
13. Emergencies such as electrical failure, engine malfunction, and emergency landings.
14. Traffic patterns.
15. Approaches and landings with and without landing lights.
16. Go-arounds.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-10 K. TASK: HIGH ALTITUDE OPERATIONS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: FAR Part 91; AC 61-107, AC 67-2; AIM; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of high altitude operations by describing:
1. Regulatory requirements for use of oxygen.
2. Physiological hazards associated with high altitude operations.
3. Characteristics of a pressurized airplane and various types of supplemental oxygen systems.
4. Importance of "aviators breathing oxygen."
5. Care and storage of high pressure oxygen bottles.
6. Problems associated with rapid decompression and corresponding solutions.
L. TASK: FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: FAR Parts 61 and 91; NTSB Part 830.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to Federal Aviation Regulations by describing:
1. Availability and method of revision.
2. FAR Part 61, FAR Part 91, and NTSB Part 830 -
(a) purpose.
(b) general content.
1-11 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A M. TASK: USE OF MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCE: FAR Section 91.213.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the use of an approved minimum equipment list by describing:
1. Aircraft that require use of a minimum equipment list.
2. Airworthiness limitations imposed on aircraft operations with inoperative instruments or equipment.
3. Requirements for letter of authorization from FAA district office.
4. Supplemental type certificate.
5. Instrument and equipment exemptions.
6. Special flight permit
7. Procedures for deferring maintenance on aircraft without an approved minimum equipment list.
N. TASK: PUBLICATIONS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 00-2, AC 61-21, AC 61-23;
AIM; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to flight information publications, advisory circulars, practical test standards, pilot operating handbooks, and FAA-approved airplane flight manuals by describing:
1. Availability.
2. Purpose.
3. General content.