FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-36 IX. AREA OF OPERATION: FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNDAMENTALS OF
FLIGHTFLIGHT NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-and-level flight by describing -
(a) effect and use of flight controls.
(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;
and the control technique used.
(d) trim technique.
(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight-and-level flight by describing -
(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.
(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.
(c) uncoordinated use of flight controls.
(d) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level flight from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight-and-level flight.
1-37 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A B. TASK: LEVEL TURNS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of level turns by describing -
(a) effect and use of flight controls.
(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;
and the control technique used.
(d) trim technique.
(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to level turns by describing -
(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.
(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.
(c) uncoordinated use of flight controls.
(d) faulty altitude and bank control.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a level turn from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to level turns.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-38 C. TASK: STRAIGHT CLIMBS AND CLIMBING TURNS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight climbs and climbing turns by describing -
(a) effect and use of flight controls.
(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;
and the control technique used.
(d) trim technique.
(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight climbs and climbing turns by describing -
(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.
(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.
(c) improper correction for torque effect.
(d) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight climb and a climbing turn from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight climbs and climbing turns.
1-39 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A D. TASK: STRAIGHT DES CENTS AND DESCENDING TURNS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight descents and descending turns by describing -
(a) effect and use of flight controls.
(b) the Integrated Flight Instruction method.
(c) outside and instrument references used for pitch, bank, and power control; the crosscheck and interpretation of those references;
and the control technique used.
(d) trim technique.
(e) methods that can be used to overcome tenseness and overcontrolling.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight descents and descending turns by describing -
(a) failure to cross-check and correctly interpret outside and instrument references.
(b) application of control movements rather than pressures.
(c) uncoordinated use of flight controls.
(d) faulty trim technique.
(e) failure to clear engine and use carburetor heat, as appropriate.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight descent and a descending turn from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight descents and descending turns.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-40 X. AREA OF OPERATION: STALLS AND STALLS AND
MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHTMANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK. Stalls will not be performed with one engine at reduced power or inoperative and the other engine(s) developing effective power.
Stalls using high power settings should not be performed. The high pitch angles necessary to induce these stalls could possibly result in uncontrollable flight.
Examiners and instructors should be alert to the possible development of high sink rates when performing stalls in multiengine airplanes with high wing loadings; therefore, the altitude loss during stall entries should be no more than 50 feet.
A. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Ope rating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) aerodynamics of power-on stalls.
(b) relationship of various factors such as landing gear and flap configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, and bank angle to stall speed.
(c) flight situations where unintentional power-on stalls may occur.
(d) recognition of the first indications of power-on stalls.
(e) performance of power-on stalls in climbing flight (straight or turning).
(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
(g) coordination of flight controls.
(h) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.
1-41 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap configuration prior to entry.
(b) improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straight ahead stalls.
(c) improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.
(d) rough or uncoordinated control technique.
(e) failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.
(f) failure to achieve a stall.
(g) improper torque correction.
(h) poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.
(i) excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during recovery.
(j) secondary stall during recovery.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains poweron stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight and turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-42 B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) aerodynamics of power-off stalls.
(b) relationship of various factors such as landing gear and flap configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, and bank angle to stall speed.
(c) flight situations where unintentional power-off stalls may occur.
(d) recognition of the first indications of power-off stalls.
(e) performance of power-off stalls in descending flight (straight or turning).
(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
(g) coordination of flight controls.
(h) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap configuration prior to entry.
(b) improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straight ahead stalls.
(c) improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.
(d) rough or uncoordinated control technique.
(e) failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.
(f) failure to achieve a stall.
(g) improper torque correction.
1-43 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
(h) poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.
(i) excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during recovery.
(j) secondary stall during recovery.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains poweroff stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations.
C. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of maneuvering during slow flight by describing -
(a) relationship of configuration, weight, center of gravity, maneuvering loads, angle of bank, and power to flight characteristics and controllability.
(b) relationship of the maneuver to critical flight situations, such as go-arounds.
(c) performance of the maneuver with selected landing gear and flap configurations in straightand-level flight and level turns.
(d) specified airspeed for the maneuver.
(e) coordination of flight controls.
(f) trim technique.
(g) re-establishment of cruise flight.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-44
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to maneuvering during slow flight by describing -
(a) failure to establish specified gear and flap configuration.
(b) improper entry technique.
(c) failure to establish and maintain the specified airspeed.
(d) excessive variations of altitude and heading when a constant altitude and heading are specified.
(e) rough or uncoordinated control technique.
(f) improper correction for torque effect.
(g) improper trim technique.
(h) unintentional stalls.
(i) inappropriate removal of hand from throttles.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains maneuvering during slow flight from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to maneuvering during slow flight.
1-45 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A XI. AREA OF OPERATION: BASIC INSTRUMENT BASIC INSTRUMENT
MANEUVERSMANEUVERS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;
FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control, and how those instruments are used to maintain altitude, heading, and airspeed.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during altitude, heading, or airspeed corrections.
(e) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common error s related to straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 1-46 B. TASK: STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;
FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the climb, and during level-off, and how those instruments are used to maintain climb heading and airspeed.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.
(e) improper entry or level-off technique.
(f) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight, constant airspeed climb, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments.
1-47 FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A C. TASK: STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS (AMEL and AMES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;
FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the descent, and during level-off, and how those instruments are used to maintain descent heading and airspeed.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.
(e) improper entry or level-off technique.
(f) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight, constant airspeed descent, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments.