FAA-S-8081-20 1-2
j. crewmember and passenger equipment —oxygen system, survival gear, emergency exits, evacuation procedures and crew duties, and quick donning oxygen mask for crewmembers and passengers.
k. main/tail rotor systems —transmissions, gear boxes, oil/fluid levels, tolerances, rotor brake if installed, and limitations.
l. pitot-static system with associated instruments and the power source for the flight instruments.
2. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the contents of the Pilot’s Operating Handbook or RFM with regard to the systems and components listed in paragraph 1 (above); the Minimum Equipment List (MEL), if appropriate; and the Operations Specifications, if applicable.
B. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS REFERENCES: Parts 1, 61, 91; Pilot's Operating Handbook, RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of performance and limitations, including a thorough knowledge of the adverse effects of exceeding any limitation.
2. Demonstrates proficient use of (as appropriate to the helicopter) performance charts, tables, graphs, or other data relating to items such as—
a. takeoff performance —all engines, engine(s) inoperative.
b. climb performance —all engines, engine(s) inoperative, and other engine malfunctions.
c. service ceiling—all engines, engines(s) inoperative.
d. cruise performance.
e. fuel consumption, range, and endurance.
f. descent performance.
g. go-around from rejected landings.
h. hovering in and out of ground effect.
i. other performance data (appropriate to the helicopter).
3. Describes (as appropriate to the helicopter) the performance airspeeds used during specific phases of flight.
FAA-S-8081-201-3
4. Describes the effects of meteorological conditions upon performance characteristics and correctly applies these factors to a specific chart, table, graph or other performance data.
5. Computes the center-of-gravity location for a specific load condition (as specified by the examiner), including adding, removing, or shifting weight.
6. Determines if the computed center of gravity is within the forward, aft, and lateral (if applicable) center-of-gravity limits for takeoff and landing.
7. Demonstrates good planning and knowledge of procedures in applying operational factors affecting helicopter performance.
SECTION 2
PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES, INFLIGHT
MANEUVERS, AND POSTFLIGHT
PROCEDURES
FAA-S-8081-202-i SECTION 2 — PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES, INFLIGHT
MANEUVERS, AND POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES
CONTENTS
AREAS OF OPERATION
lI. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES2-1
A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION2-1
B. POWERPLANT START2-3
C. TAXIING2-3
D. PRETAKEOFF CHECKS2-4
III. TAKEOFF AND DEPARTURE PHASE2-5
A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF2-5
B. INSTRUMENT TAKEOFF2-6
C. POWERPLANT FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF2-6
D. REJECTED TAKEOFF2-7
E. INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE2-8
IV. INFLIGHT MANEUVERS2-10
A. STEEP TURNS2-10
B. POWERPLANT FAILURE — MULTIENGINE
HELICOPTER2-11
C. POWERPLANT FAILURE — SINGLE-ENGINE
HELICOPTER2-12
D. RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL ATTITUDES2-13
E. SETTLING-WITH-POWER2-13
V. INSTRUMENT PROCEDURES2-14
A. INSTRUMENT ARRIVAL2-14
B. HOLDING2-15
C. PRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHES2-15
D. NONPRECISION INSTRUMENT APPROACHES2-17
E. MISSED APPROACH2-19
FAA-S-8081-20 2-ii
VI. LANDINGS AND APPROACHES TO LANDINGS2-21
A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACHES AND
LANDINGS2-21
B. APPROACH AND LANDING WITH SIMULATED POWERPLANT FAILURE— MULTIENGINE
HELICOPTER2-22
C. REJECTED LANDING2-23
VII. NORMAL AND ABNORMAL PROCEDURES2-24
VIII. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES2-25
IX. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES2-26
A. AFTER-LANDING PROCEDURES2-26
B. PARKING AND SECURING2-26
APPENDIX 1: TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT
TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT1-1
USE OF CHART1-1
LEVEL OF SIMULATION DEVICE1-2
FAA-S-8081-202-1 II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION REFERENCES: Parts 61, 91; Pilot’s Operating Handbook, RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the preflight inspection procedures, while explaining briefly—
a. the purpose of inspecting the items which must be checked.
b. how to detect possible defects.
c. the corrective action to take.
2. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the operational status of the helicopter by locating and explaining the significance and importance of related helicopter documents such as—
a. airworthiness and registration certificates.
b. operating limitations, handbooks, and manuals.
c. minimum equipment list (MEL) (if appropriate).
d. weight and balance data.
e. maintenance requirements, tests, and appropriate records applicable to the proposed flight or operation; and maintenance that may be performed by the pilot or other designated crewmember.
3. Uses the approved checklist to systematically inspect the helicopter externally and internally.
4. Uses the challenge-and-response (or other approved) method with the other crewmember(s), where applicable, to accomplish the checklist procedures.
5. Verifies the helicopter is safe for flight by emphasizing (as appropriate to the helicopter) the need to look at and explain the purpose of inspecting items such as—
a. powerplant, including controls and indicators.
b. fuel quantity, grade, type, contamination safeguards, and servicing procedures.
c. oil quantity, grade, and type.
d. hydraulic fluid quantity, grade, type, and servicing procedures.
e. oxygen quantity, pressures, servicing procedures, and associated systems and equipment for crew and passengers.
FAA-S-8081-20 2-2
f. skidtubes or landing gear, brakes, and steering system, where applicable.
g. tires for condition, inflation, and correct mounting, where applicable.
h. fire protection/detection systems for proper operation, servicing, pressures, and discharge indications.
i. pneumatic system pressures and servicing.
j. ground environmental systems for proper servicing and operation.
k. auxiliary power unit (APU) for servicing and operation.
l. flight control systems including trim, rotor blades, and associated components.
m. main rotor and anti-torque systems.
n. anti-ice, deice systems, servicing, and operation.
6. Coordinates with ground crew and ensures adequate clearance prior to moving any devices such as doors or hatches.
7. Complies with the provisions of the appropriate Operations Specifications, if applicable, as they pertain to the particular helicopter and operation.
8. Demonstrates proper operation and verification of all helicopter systems.
9. Notes any discrepancies, determines if the helicopter is airworthy and safe for flight, or takes the proper corrective action.
10. Checks the general area around the helicopter for hazards to the safety of the helicopter and personnel.
FAA-S-8081-202-3 B. TASK: POWERPLANT START REFERENCES: Part 61; Pilot’s Operating Handbook, RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the correct powerplant start procedures including the use of an external power source, starting under various atmospheric conditions, normal and abnormal starting limitations, and the proper action required in the event of a malfunction.
2. Ensures the ground safety procedures are followed during the before-start, start, and after-start phases.
3. Ensures the use of appropriate ground crew personnel during the start procedures.
4. Performs all items of the start procedures by systematically following the approved checklist items for the before-start, start, and after-start phases.
5. Demonstrates sound judgment and operating practices in those instances where specific instructions or checklist items are not published.
C. TASK: TAXIING REFERENCES: Part 61; Pilot’s Operating Handbook, RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of safe and appropriate taxi procedures.
2. Demonstrates proficiency by maintaining correct and positive helicopter control such as hover height (when within 10 feet of the surface, maintains ±½ of the hover altitude; when above 10 feet, maintains ±5 feet of the hovering altitude), turns, and speed. This includes hovering taxi (maintains within 2 feet of desired track), air taxiing (maintains altitude within 10 feet of desired); and in helicopters with wheels, includes ground taxiing. In helicopters equipped with float devices, this includes water taxiing, approaching a buoy, and docking.
3. Maintains proper spacing on other aircraft and persons taking into consideration rotorwash and flying debris.
Avoids conditions that may cause loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness.
4. Accomplishes the applicable checklist items and performs recommended procedures.
5. Maintains desired and appropriate track and speed.
FAA-S-8081-20 2-4
6. Complies with instructions issued by ATC (or the examiner simulating ATC).
7. Observes runway hold lines, localizer and glide slope critical areas, and other surface control markings and lighting.
8. Maintains constant vigilance and control of the helicopter during taxi operation.
D. TASK: PRETAKEOFF CHECKS REFERENCES: Part 61; Pilot's Operating Handbook, RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the pretakeoff ch ecks by stating the reason for checking the items outlined on the approved checklist and explaining how to detect possible malfunctions.
2. Divides attention inside and outside cockpit.
3. Ensures that all systems are within their normal operating range prior to beginning, during the performance of, and at the completion of those checks required by the approved checklist.
4. Explains, as may be requested by the examiner, any normal or abnormal system operating characteristic or limitation; and the corrective action for a specific malfunction.
5. Determines if the helicopter is safe for the proposed flight or requires maintenance.
6. Determines the helicopter's takeoff performance, considering such factors as wind, density altitude, helicopter weight, temperature, pressure altitude, and departure route or routing.
7. Determines airspeeds/V-speeds and properly sets all instrument references, flight director and autopilot controls, and navigation and communications equipment.
8. Reviews procedures for emergency and abnormal situations which may be encountered during takeoff, and states the corrective action required of the pilot in command and other concerned crewmembers.
9. Obtains and correctly interprets the takeoff and departure clearance as issued by ATC.
FAA-S-8081-202-5 III. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFF AND DEPARTURE PHASE A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF REFERENCES: Part 61; Pilot's Operating Handbook, RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of normal and crosswind takeoffs and climbs including (as appropriate to the helicopter) airspeeds, configurations, and emergency/ abnormal procedures. Performs all required pretakeoff checks as required by the appropriate checklist items.
2. Adjusts the powerplant controls as recommended by the FAA-approved guidance for the existing conditions.
3. Notes any obstructions or other hazards in the takeoff path.
4. Verifies and correctly applies the existing wind component to the takeoff performance.
5. Completes required checks prior t o starting takeoff to verify the expected powerplant performance.
6. Aligns the helicopter on the runway centerline, or with the takeoff path.
7. Applies the controls correctly to maintain longitudinal alignment on the centerline of the runway or intended flightpath, prior to initiating and during the takeoff.
8. Sets power smoothly and positively to a predetermined value.
9. Monitors powerplant controls, settings, and instruments during takeoff to ensure all predetermined parameters are met.
10. Accelerates through effective translational lift to normal climb speed.
11. Uses the applicable noise abatement and wake turbulence avoidance procedures, as required.
12. Accomplishes the appropriate checklist items.
13. Maintains the appropriate climb segment airspeed/V- speeds.
14. Maintains the desired heading within ±5° and the desired airspeed/V-speed within ±5 knots.
FAA-S-8081-20 2-6 B. TASK: INSTRUMENT TAKEOFF REFERENCES: Part 61; AC 61-27; Pilot's Operating Handbook, RFM, AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of an instrument takeoff with instrument meteorological conditions simulated at or before reaching an altitude of 100 feet (30 meters) AGL. If accomplished in a flight simulator, visibility should be no greater than one-quarter (1/4) mile, or as specified by operator specifications.
2. Takes into account, prior to beginning the takeoff, operational factors which could affect the maneuver such as helicopter characteristics, takeoff path, surface conditions, wind, obstructions, and other related factors that could adversely affect safety.
3. Accomplishes the appropriate checklist items to ensure that the helicopter systems applicable to the instrument takeoff are operating properly.
4. Sets the applicable flight instruments to the desired setting prior to initiating the takeoff.
5. Transitions smoothly and accurately from visual meteorological conditions to actual or simulated instrument meteorological conditions.
6. Maintains the appropriate climb attitude.
7. Maintains d esired heading within ±5° and desired airspeeds within ±5 knots.
8. Complies with ATC clearances and instructions issued by ATC (or the examiner simulating ATC).
C. TASK: POWERPLANT FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF REFERENCES: Part 61; AC 61-13, AC 120-62; Pilot's Operating Handbook, RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the procedures used during powerplant failure on takeoff, the appropriate reference airspeeds, and the specific pilot actions required.
2. Takes into account, prior to beginning the takeoff, operational factors which could affect the maneuver such as helicopter characteristics, takeoff path, surface conditions, wind, obstructions, and other related factors that could adversely affect safety.
FAA-S-8081-202-7
3. Maintains the helicopter aligned with the runway heading or takeoff path appropriate for climb performance and terrain clearance when powerplant failure occurs.
4. Single-Engine Helicopters: Establishes a power-off descent approximately straight-ahead, if the powerplant failure occurs after becoming airborne. The failure of the powerplant should be simulated during a normal takeoff (no lower than 500 feet or 150 meters AGL).
5. Multiengine Helicopters: Continues the takeoff if the powerplant failure occurs at a point where the helicopter can continue to a specified airspeed and altitude at the end of the runway commensurate with the helicopter's performance capabilities and operating limitations. The failure of one powerplant should be simulated during a normal takeoff:
a. At an appropriate airspeed that will allow continued climb performance in forward flight; or
b. At an appropriate airspeed that is 50 percent of normal cruise speed, if there is no published single-engine airspeed for that type helicopter.
6. Maintains (in a multiengine helicopter), after a simulated powerplant failure and after a climb has been established, the desired heading within ±5° and desired airspeed within ±5 knots.
D. TASK: REJECTED TAKEOFF REFERENCES: Part 61; AC 61-13, AC 120-62; Pilot's Operating Handbook, RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant understands when to reject or continue the takeoff and:
1. Exhibits adequate knowledge of the technique and procedure for accomplishing a rejected takeoff after powerplant/system(s) failure/warnings, including related safety factors.
2. Takes into account, prior to beginning the takeoff, operational factors which could affect the maneuver such as helicopter characteristics, takeoff path, surface conditions, wind, obstructions, and other related factors that could adversely affect safety.
3. Aligns the helicopter on the runway centerline or takeoff path.
4. Performs all required pretakeoff checks as required by the appropriate checklist items.