CATENARY MARKERS - LINE SPACING Adjacent Lines Greater Than 200 ft (61 m) Away Required for transmission lines less than 69 kV Recognizable from a minimum distance of 4,000 ft (1,219 m) Wire markers may be staggered over the catenary to enable better wind load distribution Greater Than 200 ft (61 m) 200 ft (61 m) Violation Area (Above 200 ft (61 m) AGL) 25 ft (8 m) max distance unless line design sag requirements are greater Unlighted Marker Ball Extensive catenary wires: min 36-inch- (91-cm-) diameter markers; less extensive catenary wires: 20-inch- (51-cm-) or 12-inch- (30.48-cm-) diameter markers Evenly spaced along the wire at approximately 200-ft (61-m) intervals.
Unlighted markers should alternate aviation orange, white, yellow, with aviation orange markers positioned at each end.
If less than four markers (lighted or unlighted) are on the line, all markers should be aviation orange.
Catenary crossings with multiple transmission lines require additional line markers when the outside lines on the adjacent structure are more than 200-ft (61-m) from the center of the primary structure.
Figure A-23. Catenary Markers - Line Spacing (Adjacent Lines Greater Than 200 ft.
(60.96 m) Away) 86
CATENARY LIGHTED MARKERS Used in Conjunction with Unlighted Markers Required for transmission lines 69 kV or greater Recognizable from a minimum distance of 4,000 ft (1,219 m) Wire markers may be staggered over the catenary to enable better wind load distribution 200 ft (61 m) Violation Area (Above 200 ft (61 m) AGL) 25 ft (8 m) max distance unless line design sag requirements are greater Unlighted Marker Ball Lighted Marker Ball Extensive catenary wires: min 36-inch- (91-cm-) diameter markers; less extensive catenary wires: 20-inch- (51-cm-) or 12-inch-
(30.48-cm-) diameter markers.
Evenly spaced along the wire at approximately 200-ft (61-m) intervals.
Lighted and unlighted markers should be a solid color, such as aviation orange, white or yellow.
Lighted and unlighted markers should alternate aviation orange, white, yellow with aviation orange markers positioned at each end.
If less than four markers (lighted or unlighted) are on the line, all markers should be aviation orange.
Figure A-24. Catenary Lighted Markers - Used in Conjunction with Unlighted Markers (69 kV or greater) 87
CATENARY OBSTRUCTION LIGHTING Day Protection = 270,000 cd White Light Twilight Protection = 20,000 cd White Light Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Light Flash Sequence = Middle | Top | Bottom Middle fan fai Bottom 20% Variance Allowed Top CATENARY TOWER
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE CROSSING Bottom 20% Variance Allowed = L-857 (Flashing White Light) (Catenary Light 60 FPM) - (3) Flashheads per level for 360° coverage) - = 360° Visibility OFPM = L-866 (Flashing White Light) • = 180° Visibility (RIGHT) (Catenary Light 60 FPM) = L-885 (Flashing Red Light) • = 180° Visibility (LEFT) (Catenary Light 60 FPM) Figure A-25. Catenary Obstruction Lighting 88
WIND TURBINE LIGHTING CONFIGURATIONS Day / Twilight Protection = Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Light / 32 cd Red Side Lights No more than Place a light One-half Statute Mile (2,640 ft (805 m) lit turbines towards the starting point If last segment is short, push the for balanced lighting (on each end) Turbine with no light Place a light (on each end) Starting Point Linear Turbine Configuration Cluster Turbine Configuration Grid Turbine Configuration = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Note:
See paragraph 5.2. regarding IR specifications for LED-based red obstruction lights.
Figure A-26. Wind Turbine Lighting Configurations 89
LIGHTING AND MARKING OF WIND TURBINES
PAINT SCHEMES Day / Twilight Protection = Aviation Orange and Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Lights / Turbines Under 499 ft (152 m)
APPROVED PAINT SCHEMES Painting based on Standard paint scheme snow prone areas
NOT APPROVED PAINT SCHEMES Striped Blades Painted Blades Gradient painted mast = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Note:
See paragraph 5.2. regarding IR specifications for LED-based red obstruction lights.
Figure A-27. Lighting and Marking of Wind Turbines - Paint Schemes 90
LIGHTING AND MARKING OF WIND TURBINES
IN SNOW PRONE AREAS (OPTIONAL) Day / Twilight Protection = Aviation Orange and Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Lights / 32 od Red Side Lights Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle One FAA Type L-864 Three or more FAA Type L-810 Tubine height is determined spaced around mast from the top of rotor while configured to at top dead center flash in sync with L-864 Turbines 499 ft (152 m) Turbines above Turbines above or lower 499 ft (152 m) 699 ft (213 m) but less than 699 ft (213 m) = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Note:
Configured to flash at a rate of 30 fpm (1 3 fpm) See paragraph 5.2. regarding = L-810 (Single Light) IR specifications for LED-based Configured to flash in sync with L-864 red obstruction lights.
Figure A-28. Wind Turbine Lighting and Marking in Snow Prone Areas (Optional) 91
WIND TURBINE LIGHTING Day / Twilight Protection = Wind Turbine Off-White Paint Night Protection = 2,000 od Red Light / 32 cd Red Side Lights Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle Two FAA Type L-864 Mounted on opposite rear sides of the nacelle One FAA Type L-864 Three or more FAA Type L-810 Tubine height is determined spaced around mast from the top of rotor while at top dead center flash in sync with L-864 configured to Turbines 499 ft (152 m) Turbines above Turbines above or lower 499 ft (152 m) 699 ft (213 m) but less than 699 ft (213 m) = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) Note:
Configured to flash at a rate of 30 fpm (+ 3 fpm) See paragraph 5.2. regarding
• = L-810 (Single Light) IR specifications for LED-based Configured to flash in sync with L-864 red obstruction lights.
Figure A-29. Wind Turbine Lighting 92
LIGHTING AND MARKING OF WIND TURBINES
DURING CONSTRUCTION Day it not one Red Lughs T he under 90 152 m) Note:
• = L-810 (Single Light) See paragraph 5.2. regarding IR specifications for LED-based red obstruction lights.
Figure A-30. Marking and Lighting of Turbines During Construction 93
CRAWLER CRANE MARKING AND LIGHTING Day / Twilight Protection = Prominent Coloring and Flag Night Protection = 32 cd Red Light S = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) B* = Checkered Flag (Orange/White, 36 in by 36 in) = L-810 (Single Light) Figure A-31. Crawler Crane Marking and Lighting 94
TOWER CRANE MARKING AND LIGHTING Day / Twilight Protection = Prominent Coloring and Checkered Flag Night Protection = 2,000 cd Red Light / 32 cd Red Side Lights = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) P€ = Checkered Flag (Orange/White, 36 in by 36 in) = L-810 (Single Light) Figure A-32. Tower Crane Marking and Lighting 95
CONTAINER CRANE MARKING AND LIGHTING ay / Twilight Protection = Prominent Coloring and Fla light Protection = 2,000 cd Red Light / 32 cd Red Side Ligh = L-864 (Flashing Red Light) * = Checkered Flag (Orange/White, 36 in by 36 in) = L-810 (Single Light) Figure A-33. Container Crane Marking and Lighting 96
APPENDIX B: MISCELLANEOUS B-1. Rationale for Obstruction Light Intensities.
Sections 91.117, 91.119 and 91.155 of 14 CFR Part 91, General Operating and Flight Rules, prescribe aircraft speed restrictions, minimum safe altitudes, and basic visual flight rules (VFR) weather minimums for governing the operation of aircraft, including helicopters, within the United States.
B-2. Distance Versus Intensities.
Table B-1 indicates at what distance the various candela intensities are visible under one and three statute mile meteorological visibilities:
Table B-1. Distance and Intensity
Time Period Meteorological Visibility Statute Miles Distance Statute Miles Intensity Candelas Night 2.9 (4.67 km) 1,500 (±25%) 3 (4.83 km) 3.1 (4.99 km) 2,000 (±25%)
1.4 (2.25 km) 32 Day 1.5 (2.41 km) 200,000 1 (1.61 km) 1.4 (2.25 km) 100,000
1.0 (1.61 km) 20,000 (±25%) Day 3.0 (4.83 km) 200,000 3 (4.83 km) 2.7 (4.35 km) 100,000
1.8 (2.90 km) 20,000 (±25%) Twilight 1 (1.61 km) 1.0 (1.61 km) to 1.5 (2.41 km) 20,000 (±25%) Twilight 3 (4.83 km) 1.8 (2.90 km) to 4.2 (6.76 km) 20,000 (±25%) Note: Distance calculated for north sky illuminance
B-3. Conclusion.
Aircraft pilots travelling at 165 knots (189.88 miles per hour (mph)/305.58 kilometers per hour (kph)) or less should be able to see obstruction lights in sufficient time to avoid the structure by at least 2,000 feet (609.60 m) horizontally under all conditions of operation, provided the pilot is operating in accordance with 14 CFR Part 91. Pilots operating 250 knots (287.70 mph/463.00 kph) aircraft should be able to see the obstruction lights unless the weather deteriorates to 1 SM (1.61 km) visibility at night, during which time period 2,000 candelas enables the light to be seen at 1.2 SM (1.93 km). To provide an acquisition distance of
1.5 SM (2.41 km), a higher intensity of 20,000 candelas would be required. This light, with 3 SM visibility at night, could generate a residential annoyance factor. In addition, aircraft at these speeds can normally be expected to operate under instrument flight rules (IFR) at night when the visibility is 1 SM (1.61 km).