DCA96MA070

NTSB accident investigation · Boeing 747-131 · East Moriches, NY · July 18, 1996

Accident · FatalClass 1 · MajorFinal report
Date
July 17, 1996, 20:31 local (Jul 18, 1996, 00:31 UTC)
Place
East Moriches, NY
Injuries
230 fatal
Damage
Destroyed
Phase of flight
Enroute
Aircraft
N93119Boeing 747-131
Weather
Visual (VMC) · Dusk
Status
Completed · report August 23, 2000
Report
Board-adopted at Board Meeting
Investigation class
Class 1
NTSB office
Major Investigations Division
Safety recommendations
Yes
FAA report
19960718017929A
Case key
11011

From the NTSB’s public API. By law, NTSB reports can’t be used as evidence in lawsuits over the accident.

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Probable cause

An explosion of the center wing fuel tank (CWT), resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank. The source of ignition energy for the explosion could not be determined with certainty, but, of the sources evaluated by the investigation, the most likely was a short circuit outside of the CWT that allowed excessive voltage to enter it through electrical wiring associated with the fuel quantity indication system. Contributing factors to the accident were the design and certification concept that fuel tank explosions could be prevented solely by precluding all ignition sources and the design and certification of the Boeing 747 with heat sources located beneath the CWT with no means to reduce the heat transferred into the CWT or to render the fuel vapor in the tank nonflammable.

Sequence of events

NTSB’s coding before 2008: each occurrence and phase of flight, and the causes and factors under it. The codes are defined in NTSB’s coding manual.

ExplosionClimb - to cruise
Electrical system - undetermined
Fuel system,tank - exploded
Airframe/component/system failure/malfunctionClimb - to cruise

Analysis

On July 17, 1996, about 2031 eastern daylight time, Trans World Airlines, Inc. (TWA) flight 800, a Boeing 747-131, N93119, crashed in the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York. TWA flight 800 was operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 121 as a scheduled international passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), New York, New York, to Charles DeGaulle International Airport, Paris, France. The flight departed JFK about 2019, with 2 pilots, 2 flight engineers, 14 flight attendants, and 212 passengers on board. All 230 people on board were killed, and the airplane was destroyed. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the flight, which operated on an instrument flight rules flight plan. The investigation revealed that the crash occurred as the result of a fuel/air explosion in the airplane's center wing fuel tank (CWT) and the subsequent in-flight breakup of the airplane. The investigation further revealed that the ignition energy for the CWT explosion most likely entered the CWT through the fuel quantity indication system wiring; neither the ignition energy release mechanism nor the location of the ignition inside the CWT could be determined from the available evidence. There was no evidence of a missile or bomb detonation. For more information please see National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Report NTSB/AAR-00/03.

Factual narrative

On July 17, 1996, at 2031 EDT, a Boeing 747-131, N93119, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, about 8 miles south of East Moriches, New York, after taking off from John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). The airplane was being operated on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan under the provisions of Title 14, Code of Federal Regulation (CFR), Part 121, on a regularly scheduled flight to Charles De Gaulle International Airport (CDG), Paris, France, as Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 800. Witnesses saw an explosion and then debris descending to the ocean. The flightcrew did not report a problem to air traffic control. The airplane was manufactured in November 1971. It had accumulated about 93,303 flight hours and 16,869 cycles. On board the airplane were 212 passengers and 18 crewmembers. The airplane was destroyed by explosion, fire, and impact forces with the ocean. All 230 people aboard were killed.

On August 23, 2000, the National Transportation Safety Board adopted a final report on this accident. The report is identified as NTSB report number AAR-00/03.

Aircraft

Registration
N93119
Reported as
Boeing 747-131
Category
Airplane
Serial number
20083
Airframe hours
27,767
Engine
P&W JT9D-7AH, 45,500 lbs thrust, turbo fan
Damage
Destroyed
Fire
In-Flight
Flight
Part 121
Registered owner
Trans World Airlines
Airworthiness certificate
Standard, Transport
Last inspection
Continuous airworthiness · July 13, 1996 · 100 hours before
Departed
JFK · Jfk Internation, NY
Destination
CDG · Paris
Flight plan
IFR

Matched to the registry by N-number and the event date; the registry’s history has gaps, so older matches can be wrong. Compare the reported make and model.

Flight crew · 4

As NTSB recorded them. NTSB leaves out names.

Role
Pilot
Age
57
Certificate
Airline transport
Airplane ratings
Multi-engine land
Instrument ratings
Airplane
Medical
Class 1, Valid Medical--no waivers/lim.
Seat
Right
Toxicology
Performed
Flight hours
17,000 total · 4,700 in this make and model
Role
Co-pilot
Age
58
Injuries
Fatal
Certificate
Airline transport
Airplane ratings
Multi-engine land
Medical
Class 1, With waivers/limitations
Last flight review
June 19, 1996
Seat
Left
Toxicology
Performed
Flight hours
18,800 total · 5,490 in this make and model
Role
Other flight crew
Age
63
Injuries
Fatal
Certificates
Airline transport, Flight engineer
Airplane ratings
Single-engine land, Multi-engine land
Instrument ratings
Airplane
Medical
Class 1, With waivers/limitations
Seat
Center
Toxicology
Performed
Role
Flight engineer
Age
25
Injuries
Fatal
Certificates
Flight engineer, Airline transport
Medical
Class 1, Without waivers/limitations
Seat
Rear
Toxicology
Performed

Weather

Conditions
Visual (VMC) · Dusk
Wind
Calm
Visibility
6 statute miles
Lowest ceiling
None
Temperature
72 °F, dew point 66 °F
Altimeter
30.00 inHg
Observed at
FOK, 12 nm away

Docket · 3,412

The files NTSB released with the investigation on September 1, 2000, on NTSB’s docket system: statements, records, photos and specialists’ reports. 810 MB in all.

Index of additional TWA 800 docketsItem 1 · .PDF · 19 KBManual (Radar)Item 1 · .PDF · 3.8 MBStructures 7 - Empennage Factual SummaryItem 1 · .PDF · 672 KBStructures 7 - Engine Strut SummaryItem 1 · .PDF · 1.1 MBStructures 7 - FatigueItem 1 · .PDF · 352 KBStructures 7 - Fuselage Factual SummaryItem 1 · .PDF · 910 KBStructures 7 - Landing Gears & Landing Gear Door Assemblies Factual SummaryItem 1 · .PDF · 659 KBStructures 7 - Sign - Off SheetItem 1 · .PDF · 643 KBStructures 7 - Wing Center Section SummaryItem 1 · .PDF · 1.1 MBStructures 7 - Wing Factual SummaryItem 1 · .PDF · 719 KBSystems 9 - Exhibit No. 9A - Factual Report of Group ChairmanItem 1 · .PDF · 9.1 MBFBI Explosives ReportItem 2 · .PDF · 989 KBOrder of Hearing: 1AItem 2 · .PDF · 45 KBStructures 7 - CW Sign - Off Sheet Upper SkinItem 2 · .PDF · 224 KBStructures 7 - Horizontal Stabilizer Sign - Off SheetItem 2 · .PDF · 95 KBStructures 7 - LG Photo 1Item 2 · .PDF · 50 KBStructures 7 - Left Fuselage LogItem 2 · .PDF · 472 KBStructures 7 - Right Fuselage Sign - Off SheetItem 2 · .PDF · 598 KBStructures 7 - Right Wing Sign - Off SheetItem 2 · .PDF · 234 KBStructures 7 - Spike - Tooth FracturesItem 2 · .PDF · 770 KBStructures 7 - Strut Structure (Field Notes)Item 2 · .PDF · 292 KBSystems 9 - Exhibit No. 9A - Factual Report of Group Chairman - Addendum 1 (Fuel Probes Fragments)Item 2 · .PDF · 913 KBNotice of Designation of Chairman of Board of Inquiry: 1BItem 3 · .PDF · 53 KBStructures 7 - CW Log Upper SkinItem 3 · .PDF · 197 KBStructures 7 - Horizontal Stabilizer LogItem 3 · .PDF · 34 KBStructures 7 - LG Photo 2Item 3 · .PDF · 49 KBStructures 7 - Left Hand Fuselage SkinItem 3 · .PDF · 374 KBStructures 7 - Metal Particle SummaryItem 3 · .PDF · 281 KBStructures 7 - Right Fuselage LogItem 3 · .PDF · 515 KBStructures 7 - Right Wing LogItem 3 · .PDF · 151 KBStructures 7 - Strut - To - Wing Connections #1Item 3 · .PDF · 84 KBSystems 9 - Exhibit No. 9A - Addendum 1 - (Fuel Probes) Photo 1. CWT aft-most fuel probe fragment (lower tip) interior. The arrows mark change in darkening. (No negative)Item 3 · .PDF · 47 KBTWA 800 Project Meeting 1/10/14Item 3 · .PDF · 107 KBDesignation of Hearing Officer: 1CItem 4 · .PDF · 34 KBStructures 7 - Center WingItem 4 · .PDF · 341 KBStructures 7 - Center Wing Tank - Upper SkinItem 4 · .PDF · 202 KBStructures 7 - H-1Item 4 · .PDF · 148 KBStructures 7 - LF1Item 4 · .PDF · 249 KBStructures 7 - LG Sign - Off SheetItem 4 · .PDF · 51 KBStructures 7 - RF-1Item 4 · .PDF · 165 KBStructures 7 - Right Hand Wing Upper SurfaceItem 4 · .PDF · 139 KBStructures 7 - Strut - To - Wing Connections #2Item 4 · .PDF · 86 KBSystems 9 - Exhibit No. 9A - Addendum 1 - (Fuel Probes) Photo 2. CWT fuel probe fragments, as laid out on May 1, 1998. (No negative)Item 4 · .PDF · 43 KBTWA 800 Project Meeting Follow-upItem 4 · .PDF · 84 KBDesignation of Parties to the Hearing: 1DItem 5 · .PDF · 53 KBStructures 7 - Center Wing Box Stringer Vent BoxItem 5 · .PDF · 54 KBStructures 7 - Center Wing Shear Tie Factual SummaryItem 5 · .PDF · 1.1 MBStructures 7 - Engine To Strut Attachment #1Item 5 · .PDF · 88 KBStructures 7 - H-1 Photo 1Item 5 · .PDF · 42 KBStructures 7 - LF1 - Photo 1Item 5 · .PDF · 54 KBStructures 7 - LG-1Item 5 · .PDF · 78 KBStructures 7 - RF-1 Photo 1Item 5 · .PDF · 66 KBStructures 7 - Right Hand Wing Lower SurfaceItem 5 · .PDF · 196 KBSystems 9 - Exhibit No. 9A - Addendum 1 - (Fuel Probes) Photo 3. Features of Flattened FQIS Compensator (Fragment 80)Item 5 · .PDF · 50 KBTenet Letter to HallItem 5 · .PDF · 192 KBNTSB Powerpoint PresentationItem 6 · .PDF · 84 KBNotice of Hearing: 1EItem 6 · .PDF · 33 KBStructures 7 - CW-100Item 6 · .PDF · 66 KBStructures 7 - H-1 Photo 2Item 6 · .PDF · 42 KBStructures 7 - LF2Item 6 · .PDF · 286 KB
All 3,412 files on NTSB’s docket

FAA reports on this event · 1

The FAA’s own accident and incident reports, matched to the aircraft by N-number and date.