AC 60-25F

Historical

Advisory circular · Reference Materials and Subject Matter Knowledge Codes for Airman Knowledge Testing

Approved
June 8, 2004
Last reviewed
October 9, 2024
This change
Canceled by Memo signed by Robert C. Carty and Derek Honda; dated 3/2/2021.
Cancels
AC60-25E
Family
AC 60-25 · 3 versions
Revision
F
14 CFR parts
1, 21, 23, 25, 27, 39, 43, 45, 61, 63, 65, 71, 91, 97, 105, 119, 121, 125, 135, 183
14 CFR sections
§ 23.29§ 91.417

Guidance, not mandatory unless a rule or AD requires it. DRS record last changed November 21, 2025.

Show pages 12–23

H1121 Navigation Using GPS H1122 Cross-Country Techniques H1123 Soaring Faster and Farther H1124 Special Situations H1125 Course Deviations H1126 Lost Procedures H1127 Cross-Country Using a Self-Launching Glider H1128 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations H1129 Cross-Country Using Other Lift Sources FAA-H-8083-3A—Airplane Flying Handbook Introduction to Flight Training H1200 Purpose of Flight Training H1201 Role of the FAA H1202 Role of the Pilot Examiner H1203 Role of the Flight Instructor H1204 Sources of Flight Training H1205 Practical Test Standards H1206 Flight Safety Practices Ground Operations H1207 Visual Inspection H1208 Cockpit Management H1209 Ground Operations H1210 Engine Starting H1211 Hand Propping H1212 Taxiing H1213 Before Takeoff Check H1214 After Landing H1215 Clear of Runway H1216 Parking H1217 Engine Shutdown H1218 Postflight H1219 Securing and Servicing Basic Flight Maneuvers H1220 The Four Fundamentals H1221 Effects and Use of the Controls H1222 Feel of the Plane H1223 Attitude Flying H1224 Integrated Flight Instruction H1225 Straight-and-Level Flight H1226 Trim Control H1227 Level Turns H1228 Climbs and Climbing Turns H1229 Descents and Descending Turns H1230 Pitch and Power 24

Slow Flight, Stalls, and Spins H1231 Slow Flight H1232 Stalls H1233 Spins H1234 Intentional Spins Takeoff and Departure Climbs H1235 Terms and Definitions H1236 Prior to Takeoff H1237 Normal Takeoff H1238 Crosswind Takeoff H1239 Ground Effect on Takeoff H1240 Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum H1241 Soft/Rough-Field Takeoff and Climb H1242 Rejected Takeoff/Engine Failure H1243 Noise Abatement Ground Reference Maneuvers H1244 Purpose and Scope H1245 Maneuvering by Reference to Ground Objects H1246 Drift and Ground Track Control H1247 Rectangular Course H1248 S-Turns Across a Road H1249 Turns Around a Point H1250 Elementary Eights Airport Traffic Patterns H1251 Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations H1252 Standard Airport Traffic Patterns Approaches and Landings H1253 Normal Approach and Landings H1254 Intentional Slips H1255 Go-Arounds (Rejected Landings) H1256 Ground Effect H1257 Crosswind Approach and Landing H1258 Turbulent Air Approach and Landing H1259 Short-Field Approach and Landing H1260 Soft-Field Approach and Landing H1261 Power-off Accuracy Approaches H1262 Emergency Approaches and Landings (Simulated) H1263 Faulty Approaches and Landings H1264 Hydroplaning 25

Performance Maneuvers H1265 Performance Maneuvers Night Operations H1266 Night Vision H1267 Night Illusions H1268 Pilot Equipment H1269 Airplane Equipment and Lighting H1270 Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids H1271 Preparation and Preflight H1272 Starting, Taxiing, and Runup H1273 Takeoff and Climb H1274 Orientation and Navigation H1275 Approaches and Landings H1276 Night Emergencies Transition to Complex Airplanes H1277 High Performance and Complex Airplanes H1278 Wing Flaps H1279 Controllable-Pitch Propeller H1280 T urbocharging H1281 Retractable Landing Gear H1282 Transition Training Transition to Multiengine Airplanes H1283 Multiengine Flight H1284 General H1285 Terms and Definitions H1286 Operation of Systems H1287 Performance and Limitations H1288 Weight and Balance H1289 Ground Operation H1290 Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb H1291 Level Off and Cruise H1292 Normal Approach and Landing H1293 Crosswind Approach and Landing H1294 Short-Field Takeoff and Climb H1295 Short-Field Approach and Landing H1296 Go-Around H1297 Rejected Takeoff H1298 Engine Failure After Lift-Off H1299 Engine Failure During Flight H1300 Engine Inoperative Approach and Landing H1301 Engine Inoperative Flight Principles H1302 Slow Flight H1303 Stalls 26

H1304 Engine Inoperative—Loss of Directional Control Demonstration H1305 Multiengine Training Considerations Transition to Tailwheel H1306 Tailwheel Airplanes H1307 Landing Gear H1308 Taxiing H1309 Normal Takeoff Roll H1310 Takeoff H1311 Crosswind Takeoff H1312 Short-Field Takeoff H1313 Touchdown H1314 After-Landing Roll H1315 Crosswind Landing H1316 Crosswind After-Landing Roll H1317 Wheel Landing H1318 Short-Field Landing H1319 Soft-Field Landing H1320 Ground Loop Transition to Turbopropeller Powered Airplanes H1321 General H1322 The Gas Turbine Engine H1323 Turboprop Engines H1324 Turboprop Engine Types H1325 Reverse Thrust and Beta Range Operations H1326 Turboprop Airplane Electrical Systems H1327 Training Considerations Transition to Jet Powered Airplanes H1328 General H1329 Jet Engine Basics H1330 Operating the Jet Engines H1331 Jet Engine Efficiency H1332 Absence of Propeller Effect H1333 Absence of Propeller Slipstream H1334 Absence of Propeller Drag H1335 Speed Margins H1336 Recovery from Overspeed Conditions H1337 Mach Buffet Boundaries H1338 Low Speed Flight H1339 Stalls H1340 Drag Devices H1341 Thrust Reversers H1342 Pilot Sensations in Jet Flying H1343 Jet Airplane Takeoff and Climb 27

Emergency Procedures H1344 Emergency Situations H1345 Emergency Landings H1346 Basic Safety Concepts H1347 Terrain Types H1348 Engine Failure After Takeoff (Single-Engine) H1349 Emergency Descents H1350 In-Flight Fire H1351 Flight Control Malfunction/Failure H1352 Landing Gear Malfunction H1353 Systems Malfunctions H1354 Abnormal Engine Instrument Indications H1355 Door Opening In Flight H1356 Inadvertent VFR Flight Into IMC Glossary H1357 Glossary Index H1358 Index FAA-H-8261-1—Instrument Procedures Handbook H1400 IFR Operations in the National Airspace System H1401 Brief History of the National Airspace System H1402 System Safety .

H1403 System Capacity H1404 Managing Safety and Capacity H1405 Automated Radar Terminal System H1406 Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System H1407 Precision Approach Radar H1408 Bright Radar Indicator Terminal Equipment H1409 Radar Coverage H1410 Communications H1411 Avionics and Instrumentation H1412 Takeoffs and Departures H1413 Safety in the Departure Environment H1414 Take Off Minimums H1415 Departure Procedures H1416 En Route Operations H1417 En Route Navigation .

H1418 IFR En Route Altitudes H1419 Reporting Procedures H1420 Communication Failure H1421 Climbing and Descending En Route H1422 Holding Procedures H1423 Fuel State Awareness 28

H1424 Diversion Procedures H1425 En Route RNAV Procedures H1426 Arrivals H1427 Transition From En Route H1428 Standard Terminal Arrival Routes H1429 Arrival Procedures H1430 Approaches H1431 Approach Planning H1432 Air Route Traffic Control Center H1433 Instrument Approach Procedure Briefing H1434 Instrument Approach Procedure Segments H1435 Types of Approaches H1436 System Improvement Plans H1437 Fleet Improvement H1438 Increasing Capacity and Safety H1439 Reducing En Route Congestion H1440 Developing Technology H1441 Airborne Navigation Databases H1442 Evolution of Airborne Navigation Databases H1443 Composition of Airborne Navigation Databases H1444 Operational Limitations of Airborne Navigation Databases H1445 Approach Chart Format Changes H1446 Changing Formats H1447 Differences Between the Formats H1448 Features of the Pilot Briefing Information Chart Format H1449 Helicopter Instrument Procedures H1450 Helicopter IFR Certification H1451 Flight and Navigation Equipment H1452 Miscellaneous Requirements H1453 Stability H1454 Rotorcraft Flight Manual Limitations H1455 Operations Specifications H1456 Minimum Equipment List H1457 Pilot Proficiency H1458 Helicopter VFR Minimums H1459 Helicopter Takeoff Minimums H1460 Helicopter IFR Alternates H1461 Part 91 Operators H1462 Part 135 Operators H1463 Helicopter Instrument Approaches H1464 Standard Instrument Approach Procedures to an Airport H1465 Copter Only Approaches to an Airport or Heliport H1466 Copter GPS Approaches to an Airport or Heliport H1467 Special Approaches H1468 Copter Approach to an IFR Heliport H1469 Acronyms and Glossary 29

AC 00-6—Aviation Weather I20 The Earth’s Atmosphere I21 Temperature I22 Atmospheric Pressure and Altimetry I23 Wind I24 Moisture, Cloud Formation, and Precipitation I25 Stable and Unstable Air I26 Clouds I27 Air Masses and Fronts I28 Turbulence I29 Icing I30 Thunderstorms I31 Common IFR Producers I32 High Altitude Weather I33 Arctic Weather I34 Tropical Weather I35 Soaring Weather I36 Glossary of Weather Terms AC 00-45—Aviation Weather Services I54 The Aviation Weather Service Program I55 Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) I56 Pilot and Radar Reports, Satellite Pictures, and Radiosonde Additional Data (RADATs) I57 Aviation Weather Forecasts I58 Surface Analysis Chart I59 Weather Depiction Chart I60 Radar Summary Chart I61 Constant Pressure Analysis Charts I62 Composite Moisture Stability Chart I63 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Chart I64 Significant Weather Prognostic Charts I65 Convective Outlook Chart I66 Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Products I67 Turbulence Locations, Conversion and Density Altitude Tables, Contractions and Acronyms, Station Identifiers, WSR-88D Sites, and Internet Addresses AIM—Aeronautical Information Manual J01 Air Navigation Radio Aids J02 Radar Services and Procedures J03 Airport Lighting Aids J04 Air Navigation and Obstruction Lighting J05 Airport Marking Aids and Signs J06 Airspace—General J07 Class G Airspace J08 Controlled Airspace J09 Special Use Airspace J10 Other Airspace Areas 30

J11 Service Available to Pilots J12 Radio Communications Phraseology and Techniques J13 Airport Operations J14 ATC Clearance/Separations J15 Preflight J16 Departure Procedures J17 En Route Procedures J18 Arrival Procedures J19 Pilot/Controller Roles and Responsibilities J20 National Security and Interception Procedures J21 Emergency Procedures—General J22 Emergency Services Available to Pilots J23 Distress and Urgency Procedures J24 Two-Way Radio Communications Failure J25 Meteorology J26 Altimeter Setting Procedures J27 Wake Turbulence J28 Bird Hazards, and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests J29 Potential Flight Hazards J30 Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports J31 Fitness for Flight J32 Type of Charts Available J33 Pilot Controller Glossary J44 Preface Other Documents J34 Airport/Facility Directory J35 En Route Low Altitude Chart J36 En Route High Altitude Chart J37 Sectional Chart J39 Terminal Area Chart J40 Instrument Departure Procedure Chart J41 Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) Chart J42 Instrument Approach Procedures J43 Helicopter Route Chart

ADDITIONAL ADVISORY CIRCULARS K01 AC 00-24, Thunderstorms K02 AC 00-30, Atmospheric Turbulence Avoidance K03 AC 00-34, Aircraft Ground Handling and Servicing K04 AC 00-54, Pilot Wind Shear Guide K05 AC 00-55, Announcement of Availability: FAA Order 8130.21A K06 AC 43-4, Corrosion Control for Aircraft K11 AC 20-34, Prevention of Retractable Landing Gear Failures K12 AC 20-32, Carbon Monoxide (CO) Contamination in Aircraft—Detection and Prevention K13 AC 20-43, Aircraft Fuel Control K20 AC 20-103, Aircraft Engine Crankshaft Failure 31

K23 AC 20-121, Airworthiness Approval of Airborne Loran-C Navigation Systems for Use in the U.S. National Airspace System K26 AC 20-138, Airworthiness Approval of Global Positioning System (GPS) Navigation Equipment for Use as a VFR and IFR Supplemental Navigation System K40 AC 25-4, Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) K45 AC 39-7, Airworthiness Directives K46 AC 43-9, Maintenance Records K47 AC 43.9-1, Instructions for Completion of FAA Form 337 K48 AC 43-11, Reciprocating Engine Overhaul Terminology and Standards K49 AC 43.13-1, Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices—Aircraft Inspection and Repair K50 AC 43.13-2, Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices—Aircraft Alterations K80 AC 60-4, Pilot’s Spatial Disorientation L05 AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision Making L10 AC 61-67, Stall Spin Awareness Training L15 AC 61-107, Operations of Aircraft at Altitudes Above 25,000 Feet MSL and/or MACH numbers (Mmo) Greater Than .75 L25 FAA-G-8082-11, Inspection Authorization Knowledge Test Guide L34 AC 90-48, Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance L42 AC 90-87, Helicopter Dynamic Rollover (Canceled/Replaced by FAA-H-8083-21) L44 AC 90-94, Guidelines for Using Global Positioning System Equipment for IFR En Route and Terminal Operations and for Nonprecision Instrument Approaches in the U.S. National Airspace System L45 AC 90-95, Unanticipated Right Yaw in Helicopters L50 AC 91-6, Water, Slush, and Snow on the Runway L52 AC 91-13, Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft L53 AC 91-14, Altimeter Setting Sources L57 AC 91-43, Unreliable Airspeed Indications L59 AC 91-46, Gyroscopic Instruments—Good Operating Practices L61 AC 91-50, Importance of Transponder Operation and Altitude Reporting L62 AC 91-51, Effect of Icing on Aircraft Control and Airplane Deice and Anti-Ice Systems L70 AC 91-67, Minimum Equipment Requirements for General Aviation Operations Under FAR Part 91 L80 AC 103-4, Hazard Associated with Sublimation of Solid Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) Aboard Aircraft L90 AC 105-2, Sport Parachute Jumping M01 AC 120-12, Private Carriage Versus Common Carriage of Persons or Property M02 AC 120-27, Aircraft Weight and Balance Control M08 AC 120-58, Pilot Guide for Large Aircraft Ground Deicing M13 AC 121-195-1, Operational Landing Distances for Wet Runways; Transport Category Airplanes M35 AC 135-17, Pilot Guide—Small Aircraft Ground Deicing M51 AC 20-117, Hazards Following Ground Deicing and Ground Operations in Conditions Conducive to Aircraft Icing M52 AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist Soaring Flight Manual—Jeppesen-Sanderson, Inc.

N20 Sailplane Aerodynamics N21 Performance Considerations N22 Flight Instruments N23 Weather for Soaring 32

N24 Medical Factors N25 Flight Publications and Airspace N26 Aeronautical Charts and Navigation N27 Computations for Soaring N28 Personal Equipment N29 Preflight and Ground Operations N30 Aerotow Launch Procedures N31 Ground Launch Procedures N32 Basic Flight Maneuvers and Traffic N33 Soaring Techniques N34 Cross-Country Soaring Flight Instructor Manual—Balloon Federation of America O10 Flight Instruction Aids O11 Human Behavior and Pilot Proficiency O12 The Flight Check and the Designated Examiner Balloon Digest—Balloon Federation of America O150 Balloon—Theory and Practice O155 Structure of the Modern Balloon O160 Lift-off to Landing O165 Weather for the Balloonist O170 Propane and Fuel Management O171 Chemical and Physical Properties O172 Tanks O173 Burners O174 Hoses O175 Refueling O176 Fuel Contamination O177 Heat Tapes (Coils) O178 Nitrogen Pressurization O179 Repairs and Maintenance Powerline Excerpts—Balloon Federation of America O30 Excerpts Balloon Ground School—Balloon Publishing Co.

O220 Balloon Operations How To Fly A Balloon—Balloon Publishing Co.

O250 Basic Terminology O251 History O252 Physics O253 Equipment O254 Checklists 33

O255 Flight Planning O256 Preflight Operations O257 The Standard Burn O258 Inflation O259 Launch O260 Level Flight O261 Ascents and Descents O262 Contour Flying O263 Maneuvering O264 Approach to Landing O265 Landings O266 Deflation O267 The Chase O268 Landowners Relations O269 Recovery and Pack-up O270 Propane: Management and Fueling O271 Tethering O272 Emergency Procedures O273 Skill Development O274 Crew O275 What is a Good Instructor O276 Regulations O277 Maintenance O278 Earning a Pilot Certificate O279 Radio Communications O280 Appendix 1: Glossary Goodyear Airship Operations Manual P01 Buoyancy P02 Aerodynamics P03 Free Ballooning P04 Aerostatics P05 Envelope P06 Car P07 Powerplant P08 Airship Ground Handling P11 Operating Instructions P12 History P13 Training The Parachute Manual—Para Publishing P31 Regulations P32 The Parachute Rigger Certificate P33 The Parachute Loft P34 Parachute Materials P35 Personnel Parachute Assemblies P36 Parachute Component Parts P37 Maintenance, Alteration, and Manufacturing Procedures 34

P38 Design and Construction P39 Parachute Inspecting and Packing P40 Glossary/Index The Parachute Manual, Vol. II—Para Publishing P51 Parachute Regulations P52 The Parachute Rigger’s Certificate P53 The Parachute Loft P54 Parachute Materials P55 Personnel Parachute Assemblies P56 Parachute Component Parts P57 Maintenance, Alteration, and Manufacturing P58 Parachute Design and Construction P59 Parachute Inspection and Packing P60 Appendix P61 Conversion Tables P62 Product/Manufacturer—Index P63 Name and Manufacture—Index P64 Glossary-Index AC 65-9—Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics General Handbook S01 Mathematics S02 Aircraft Drawings S03 Aircraft Weight and Balance S04 Fuels and Fuel Systems S05 Fluid Lines and Fittings S06 Aircraft Hardware, Materials, and Processes S07 Physics S08 Basic Electricity S09 Aircraft Generators and Motors S10 Inspection Fundamentals S11 Ground Handling, Safety, and Support Equipment AC 65-12—Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics Powerplant Handbook S12 Theory and Construction of Aircraft Engines S13 Induction and Exhaust Systems S14 Engine Fuel and Metering Systems S15 Engine Ignition and Electrical Systems S16 Engine Starting Systems S17 Lubrication and Cooling Systems S18 Propellers S19 Engine Fire Protection Systems S20 Engine Maintenance and Operation 35