AC 61-89E AC No: 61-89ESubject: PILOT CERTIFICATES:
AIRCRAFT TYPE RATINGS Date:
Initiated by: AFS-840/AFS-630 Advisory Circular
1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) provides a generic type rating curriculum that may serve as a basis for schools to develop a training program outline (TPO) to meet the type rating training requirements of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 61, 141, and 142. This AC also provides pilot certificate designations adopted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for aircraft type ratings and standardizes aircraft designations placed on pilot certificates to show type rating qualifications.
2. CANCELLATION. AC 61-89D, Pilot Certificates: Aircraft Type Ratings, dated February 21, 1991, is canceled.
3. BACKGROUND. Training centers, pilot schools, pilot examiners, and the general aviation public have a continuing need for a type rating reference such as that provided by this circular. This AC provides a guideline for schools and agencies that offer type rating training. Programs operating under 14 CFR parts 121, 135, 141, and 142 that offer only type rating training are required to submit training programs.
4. INTRODUCTION.
a. The content of this curriculum (appendix 1) is based on the maneuvers and procedures of section 61.157(e)(1)(2) and on FAA-S-8081-5, Airline Transport Pilot and Aircraft Type Rating Practical Test Standards (PTS) for Airplane. The format of this curriculum is based on FAA Order 8400.10, Air Transportation Operations Inspector’s Change:
Handbook, which provides detailed information on training programs for part 121 and part 135 operators. This order is available from the Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. If used, this generic curriculum should be adapted to include specific data and characteristics of the aircraft for which the type rating is being issued.
b. Additional training requirements:
A pilot who has an AMEL certificate limited to center thrust or an ASEL certificate to receive a type rating in a multiengine aircraft must complete multiengine land training as part of the type rating course. Most airplanes that require type ratings have more than 200 horsepower (or the equivalent thrust), pressurization, and service ceilings and/or maximum operating altitudes above 25,000 feet mean sea level. Pilots would therefore be required to receive both a high-performance endorsement and a high-altitude endorsement in their logbook or training record before acting as pilot in command of those airplanes. If they do not have the endorsements when they begin training for the type rating, the training for those endorsements may be included in the type rating curriculum if the airplane for which the type rating is required fits the appropriate description. However, separate logbook or training record endorsements must be issued for the type rating, high-performance, and/or high-altitude training, as appropriate. If highperformance and high-altitude training is conducted in conjunction with type rating training, the high-performance and highaltitude training should include specific operational aspects of the airplane. For example, 8/4/00
AC 61-89E 2 Par 8/4/00 4 the high-altitude training recommended in AC 61-107, High-Altitude Operations, should include the airplane’s particular systems and procedures for operating at high altitudes (such as the pressurization system and the specific decompression and emergency descent procedures described in the Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) or Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)).
c. Although the requirements of section 61.63(d)(6)(i) apply to additional aircraft ratings, the generic curriculum in this AC may be used for any aircraft that requires a type rating. Regardless of whether this generic curriculum is used, it is the responsibility of each operator to update its curriculum as necessary and to adapt that curriculum to the specific aircraft, flight environment, and type of flight operations that will be conducted. The TPO should contain detailed information on the type of operation, the training environment, and completion standards. The instruction provided in this curriculum is designed as initial equipment training and consists of approximately 50 hours of ground instruction, 15 hours of simulator or training device instruction, and four flights in the airplane (15 hours, including ground time). The number of hours is recommended and may be modified to meet the training requirements.
d. Users of this AC should be aware that qualification criteria exists in the most current issues of AC 120-40, Airplane Simulator Qualification; AC 120-45, Airplane Flight Training Device Qualification; and part 121, appendix H, Advanced Simulation Plan, for flight simulators and flight training devices.
e. The duration and specific content of each lesson will depend on the aircraft for which the type rating is sought and on the type of the operation. For example, if the aircraft is equipped with a simple autopilot, the instruction on autoflight systems may not take more than half an hour and can be combined with another lesson. However, the pilot may need to undergo more than 2 hours of instruction before fully understanding the operation of some sophisticated autopilots.
Examples of different types of operations that may affect the length of each lesson are visual flight rules (VFR) vs. instrument flight rules (IFR) operations and single pilot vs.
two or more flight crewmembers. The instructor should adjust the curriculum accordingly, ensuring that the applicable items contained in appendix 1 are covered.
f. Appendix 2 contains a revised list of aircraft type designations which are placed on pilot certificates.
g. Appendix 3 specifies the use of the limitation area on the airman certificate for operational restrictions associated with type ratings, e.g., N-B-25, VFR ONLY or center thrust limitations.
L. Nicholas Lacey Director, Flight Standards Service
AC 61-89E Appendix 1 i 8/4/00 APPENDIX 1. CONTENTS
SEGMENT 1 - GENERAL OPERATIONAL SUBJECTS1
Lesson #1 - Introduction to the Aircraft and Operating Limitations (2 hours)1
Lesson #2 - Weight and Balance (2 hours)1
Lesson #3 - Adverse Weather Practices (2 hours)2
Lesson #4 - Aerodynamics, Performance, Minimum Equipment List (MEL), and
Configuration Deviation List (CDL) (3 hours)2
Lesson #5 - Segment 1 Written Examination3
SEGMENT 2 - AIRPLANE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS3
Lesson #6 - Fuel and Oil Systems (3 hours)3
Lesson #7 - Powerplant(s) (3 hours)3
Lesson #8 - Electrical System (2 hours)4
Lesson #9 - Hydraulic System (2 hours)4
Lesson #10 - Landing Gear and Brakes (2 hours)4
Lesson #11 - Pneumatics System (1 hour)5
Lesson #12 - Environmental System (3 hours)5
Lesson #13 - Flight Controls (4 hours)5
Lesson #14 - Ice and Rain Protection (2 hours)6
Lesson #15 - Fire and Overheat Protection (2 hours)6
Lesson #16 - Flight Instruments (2 hours)6
Lesson #17 - Navigation Equipment and Display Systems (4 hours)7
Lesson #18 - Autoflight (2 hours)7
Lesson #19 - Communications Equipment (1 hour)7
Lesson #20 - Miscellaneous and Review (2 hours)8
Lesson #21 - Segment 2 Written Examination8
SEGMENT 3 - AIRCRAFT-SPECIFIC EMERGENCY TRAINING8
Lesson #22 - Emergency Equipment (2 hours)8
Lesson #23 - Abnormal and Emergency Procedures (4 hours)8
Lesson #24 - Segment 3 Written Examination9
Lesson #25 - Review (3 hours)9
Lesson #26 - Final Examination9
SEGMENT 4 - SYSTEMS INTEGRATION TRAINING9
Lesson #27 - Cockpit Familiarization and Use of Checklists (2 hours)10
Lesson #28 - Flight Maneuvers and Display Systems (2 hours)10
Lesson #29 - Flight Operations and Use of Autopilot (3 hours)11
Lesson #30 - Emergency Procedures (2 hours)12
Lesson #31 - Normal/Abnormal Flight Operations Review; Use of Navigation
Systems (2 hours)12
Lesson #32 - Normal/Abnormal Flight Operations (2 hours)13
Lesson #33 - Line Oriented Flight Training (LOFT) (2 hours)13
Lesson #34 - Crew Resource Management (2 hours)14
AC 61-89E Appendix 1 ii 8/4/00 APPENDIX 1. CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
SEGMENT 5 - FLIGHT INSTRUCTION15
Lesson #35 - Introduction to the Airplane; Basic Maneuvers (4 hours)15
Lesson #36 - Proficiency Training (4 hours)16
Lesson #37 - Emergency Procedures; Proficiency (4 hours)16
Lesson #38 - Night Checkout; Review (3 hours)18
AC 61-89E Appendix 1 1 8/4/00
CURRICULUM GROUND INSTRUCTION. Acceptable completion standards for each lesson and examinations should be established by the operator. Many operators use a pass/fail system, while others may prefer a minimum passing grade for written examinations.
SEGMENT 1 – GENERAL OPERATIONAL SUBJECTS OBJECTIVE: The applicant will clearly understand operational requirements that are specific to the aircraft for which the type rating is required.
COMPLETION STANDARDS: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the subject matter by passing a written examination to acceptable standards.
NOTE: Items indicated by an asterisk (*) are instrument procedures that apply only to type ratings that are not restricted to VFR.
Lesson #1 – Introduction to the Aircraft and Operating Limitations (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the aircraft’s history, background, operating limitations, and general characteristics.
B. Content:
1. Introduction and course overview.
2. General aircraft information – Manufacturer; other models; years of production; aircraft authorizations and specifications; equipment and furnishings; unique characteristics.
3. Operating limitations.
4. AFM/POH – General layout, content, and use.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate, by oral testing and discussion, an understanding of the lesson content.
Lesson #2 – Weight and Balance (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the weight and balance limitations of the aircraft and be able to ensure the aircraft is properly loaded.
B. Content:
1. Computations of center of gravity (CG) location for specified load conditions, including adding, removing, or shifting weight.
2. Determining if the computed CG is within the forward, aft, and lateral (if applicable) limits for takeoff and landing.
3. Effects of fuel burn on CG.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate proficiency in using the aircraft weight and balance charts to solve loading problems.
AC 61-89E Appendix 1 2 8/4/00 Lesson #3 – Adverse Weather Practices (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the manufacturer’s recommended practices for operating in adverse weather conditions.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Operations in ice, slush, and snow.
2. Operations in turbulence.
3. Operations in heavy precipitation.
4. Low level windshear encounter.
a. Takeoff under suspected windshear.
b. Suspected windshear approach.
5. Thunderstorm avoidance.
6. Thunderstorm precautions.
7. Cold weather precautions.
8. Low visibility operations.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate, by oral testing and discussion, knowledge of the manufacturer’s recommended adverse weather practices.
Lesson #4 – Aerodynamics, Performance, Minimum Equipment List (MEL), and Configuration Deviation List (CDL) (3 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the aerodynamic, performance characteristics, limitations, and MEL/CDL for the aircraft.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Review of aerodynamic fundamentals.
2. Airflow – Airfoils; wing type; aerodynamic effect of spoilers, speed brakes, flaps, slats, and other configurations.
3. Low/high-speed aerodynamics and stability.
4. Recommended airspeeds during specific phases of flight.
5. Stall/spin characteristics and limitations.
6. Performance charts, tables, tabulated data, and other related AFM/POH information – Accelerate-stop/accelerate-go distance; takeoff performance, with all engines and with engine(s) inoperative; climb performance, with all engines and with engine(s) inoperative;
cruise performance; fuel consumption, range, and endurance; descent performance; and other performance data (appropriate to the aircraft).
7. Normal, abnormal, and emergency performance characteristics.
8. Meteorological and weight-limiting performance factors (e.g., temperature, pressure, contaminated runways, precipitation, climb/runway limits).
9. Inoperative equipment performance limiting factors ( e.g., MEL/CDL, inoperative antiskid).
10. Special operational conditions (e.g., unpaved runways and high-altitude airports).
11. Other information found in the approved AFM/POH on the aircraft’s aerodynamics, performance, and limitations.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate use of the aircraft’s performance charts to determine aircraft performance and limitations during all flight
AC 61-89E Appendix 1 3 8/4/00 regimes. The applicant must also be familiar with a permitted inoperative component MEL/CDL as it affects aircraft operation.
Lesson #5 – Segment 1 Written Examination – The applicant must be able to pass the written examination on material covered during Segment 1.
SEGMENT 2 – AIRPLANE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS OBJECTIVE: The applicant will understand the aircraft system components, limitations, relevant controls, actuators, annunciators, and procedures for various system configurations.
COMPLETION STANDARDS: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge of the aircraft’s systems and components by passing a written examination to acceptable standards.
Lesson #6 – Fuel and Oil Systems (3 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the fuel and oil systems, including AFM/POH normal operating procedures.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Fuel system – Tank location(s) and venting systems; capacity; drains; pumps; distribution;
fuel injectors, carburetors or fuel control; fuel heat; controls; indicators; crossfeeding;
transferring; fuel grade, color, and additives; fueling and defueling procedures; emergency substitutions; fuel jettison system.
2. Oil system – Capacity; grade; quantities; indicators.
3. AFM/POH normal procedures, limitations, and operational considerations.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the aircraft’s fuel and oil systems.
Lesson #7 – Powerplant(s) (3 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the components and operation of the powerplant(s).
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Powerplant – Type and thrust/horsepower; controls and indicators; induction system;
fuel injection/carburetion/fuel control; exhaust and turbocharging; cooling; fire detection/ protection; mounting points; turbine wheels; compressors; other applicable components (thrust reversers, engine synchronizer).
2. Propellers – Type; controls; allowable wear; feathering/unfeathering; autofeather negative torque sensing; synchronizing and synchrophasing.
3. Ignition system.
4. AFM/POH normal operating procedures and limitations.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the powerplant structure and operation.
AC 61-89E Appendix 1 4 8/4/00 Lesson #8 – Electrical System (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the electrical systems and their operation.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Fundamentals of AC/DC electricity.
2. AC/DC power; battery/emergency bus; alternators; generators; fuses; circuit breakers and current limiters; controls; indicators; external ground power; auxiliary power unit (APU).
3. Normal AFM/POH operation and limitations of electrical power system units.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate, by oral testing and discussion, knowledge and understanding of the electrical power systems, operation and limitations.
Lesson #9 – Hydraulic System (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the hydraulic system and its operation and limitations.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Principles of hydraulics.
2. System construction features – Capacity; pumps; pressure; reservoirs; fluid grade;
regulators and accumulators.
3. Use of hydraulics – Systems and subsystems.
4. Normal AFM/POH operation and limitation of hydraulic system.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the hydraulic systems.
Lesson #10 – Landing Gear and Brakes (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the landing gear and brake system, its operation and limitations.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Landing gear system – Indicators; tires; nosewheel steering; skids; shocks.
2. Brakes – Components; operation.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge, understanding and the operation of landing gear, brake systems and their limitations.
AC 61-89E Appendix 1 5 8/4/00 Lesson #11 – Pneumatics System (1 hour) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the pneumatic systems, their operation and limitations.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Principles of pneumatics.
2. Description of system elements – Engine-driven pumps; bleed-air sources, routing, venting, and controlling; pressure limiting devices.
3. AFM/POH normal operating procedures and limitations.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the airplane’s pneumatic system, its operation and limitations.
Lesson #12 – Environmental Systems (3 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the environmental systems and their operation.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Heating; cooling; ventilation.
2. Air conditioning.
3. Pressurization – Components; controls; indicators; regulating devices; system operation;
emergency pressurization.
4. AFM/POH normal operating procedures and limitations.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the environmental systems and their operation.
Lesson #13 – Flight Controls (4 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with and be able to operate the flight control systems.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Primary flight controls (yaw, pitch, and roll devices).
2. Secondary flight controls (leading/trailing edge devices, flaps, trim, spoilers, speed brakes, and damping mechanisms).
3. Associated devices such as stall or speed warning devices.
4. AFM/POH normal operating procedures and limitations.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant will be able to operate, demonstrate knowledge, and understand the flight control systems and their limitations.
AC 61-89E Appendix 1 6 8/4/00 Lesson #14 – Ice and Rain Protection (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with and be able to operate the airplane’s ice protection systems.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Ice detection.
2. Anti-ice/deice systems.
3. AFM/POH normal operating procedures and limitations.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant will be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the airplane’s ice protection systems and their limitations.
Lesson #15 – Fire and Overheat Protection (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the fire and overheat protection systems, their operation and limitations.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Fire and overheat sensors, loops, modules, or other means of providing visual and/or aural indications of fire or overheat detection.
2. Automatic extinguishing systems.
3. Power sources necessary to provide detection of fire and overheat conditions in engines, APU, cargo bay/wheel well, cockpit, cabin, and/or lavatories.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant will be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the fire/overheat protection systems and their limitations.
Lesson #16 – Flight Instruments (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the location, operation and limitations of the flight instruments.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Panel arrangement.
2. Pilot static system and instruments – Operation of the system, including drains, pilot heat, and alternate static sources; airspeed indicator bug settings, including markings;
altimeter; vertical speed indicator.
3. Vacuum system and instruments – Operation of the system, including gauges and malfunction indications; attitude indicator; heading indicator; turn and slip indicator.
4. Electrically operated instruments – Turn and bank coordinator; attitude indicator; radio altimeter.
5. Magnetic compass – Errors in and use of magnetic compass system.
6. Air data computer.
7. Stall avoidance and warning systems.
AC 61-89E Appendix 1 7 8/4/00 C. Completion Standards: The applicant will be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the flight instrument systems and their position on the panel.
Lesson #17 – Navigation Equipment and Display Systems (4 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with and be able to operate the navigation equipment and display systems.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Aircraft transponders, radio altimeters, electronic flight instrumentation system (EFIS), or computer-generated displays of aircraft position and navigation information.
2. Navigation receivers – VOR, NDB, RNAV, LORAN-C, GPS , DME, marker beacon.
3. Inertial navigation systems (INS) – Functional displays, fault indications, comparator systems.
4. Flight director (FD).
5. Weather detection systems – Stormscope, radar.
6. Traffic collision and avoidance system (TCAS).
7. Flight management system (FMS).
8. Low-altitude windshear system.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must demonstrate knowledge and operation of the airplane’s navigation equipment and display systems.
Lesson #18 – Autoflight (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with and be able to operate the airplane’s autoflight system.
B. Content (as applicable): Autopilot/autothrottle – Interface with aircraft flight director and navigation systems, including automatic approach tracking, autoland, and automatic fuel or performance management systems.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the autoflight system.
Lesson #19 – Communications Equipment (1 hour) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with and be able to operate the airplane’s communications equipment.
B. Content (as applicable): VHF/HF radios; audio panels; interphone and passenger address systems; voice recorder; ARINC communications addressing and reporting system.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the airplane’s communications systems and equipment.
AC 61-89E Appendix 1 8 8/4/00 Lesson #20 – Miscellaneous and Review (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the systems and components which have been covered and review Segment 2.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. All other systems included in the approved AFM/POH (e.g., stability augmentation devices, squat switch systems, drag chute).
2. Review any problem areas from Segment 2 in preparation for the segment examination.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the material covered during this segment to pass the written Segment 2 examination to acceptable standards.
Lesson #21 – Segment 2 Written Examination – The applicant must be able to pass the written examination on material covered during Segment 2.
SEGMENT 3 – AIRCRAFT-SPECIFIC EMERGENCY TRAINING OBJECTIVE: The applicant will become familiar with emergency and abnormal procedures associated with aircraft systems, structural design, and operational characteristics.
COMPLETION STANDARDS: The applicant will have successfully completed Segment 3 when able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the emergency and abnormal procedures specified in the approved AFM/POH by passing a written examination.
Lesson #22 – Emergency Equipment (2 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the location and use of emergency equipment.
B. Content (as applicable):
1. Survival gear.
2. Oxygen equipment and supply.
3. Emergency exits and escape slides.
4. Fire extinguisher(s).
5. Life vests and other personal flotation device(s).
6. Other emergency equipment.
C. Completion Standards: The applicant must be able to demonstrate knowledge of the location and use of the airplane’s emergency equipment.
Lesson #23 – Abnormal and Emergency Procedures (4 hours) A. Objective: The applicant will become familiar with the abnormal and emergency procedures in the AFM/POH.