Appendix A A-12
• For each visible wavelength, consult Table 3 and list the VCF of the wavelength.
• For each visible wavelength, multiply that wavelength’s power by the VCF of the wavelength. This provides the visually corrected power for that wavelength.
• Add all visually corrected powers for all wavelengths together and enter this as the visually corrected power in cell 12c.
• Divide the visually corrected power by the PCP to obtain the overall VCF for the laser beam. Enter this as the VCF in cell 12c.
NOTE: Include attachments (and list in cell 7b) showing the wavelength and power inputs and the resulting VCF and visually corrected power values. Ensure completion of section 15, describing the method used.
Example: Manual calculation
• For each visible wavelength, list the power at that wavelength. Sum the listed wattages and enter that number as the PCP in cell 12c.
o A laser has three visible wavelengths: 8W of 630 nm (red), 4W of 520 nm (green), and 10W of 450 nm blue.
o The laser has a total power of (8 + 4 + 10) 22W of visible light. Enter “22” in cell 12c as the PCP.
• For each visible wavelength, consult Table 3 and list the VCF of the wavelength.
o 630 nm has a VCF of 0.2653, 520 nm has a VCF of 0.7092, and 450 nm has a VCF of 0.0380.
o Document the VCF for each wavelength.
• For each visible wavelength, multiply that wavelength’s power by the VCF of the wavelength. This provides the visually corrected power for that wavelength.
o Red: 8W × 0.2653 = 2.1224 visually corrected watts o Green: 4W × 0.7092 = 2.8368 visually corrected watts o Blue: 10W × 0.0380 = 0.380 visually corrected watts
• Add all visually corrected powers for all wavelengths together and enter this as the visually corrected power in cell 12c.
Appendix A A-13 o Add the three visually corrected watts results together (2.1224 + 2.8368 +0.38) to obtain the visually corrected power of 5.3392 watts.
o Enter “5.3392” in cell 12c for visually corrected power.
o Explanation: Although the laser in this example outputs 22 total watts, the human eye perceives the laser to have the same brightness as a 5.3392 watt laser emitting at the 555 nm wavelength (perceived as brightest by the human eye).
• Divide the visually corrected power by the PCP to obtain the overall VCF for the laser beam. Enter this as the VCF in cell 12c.
o Divide the visually corrected power by the PCP (5.3392 / 22) to obtain the overall VCF for all visible wavelengths of 0.2427.
o Enter “0.2427” in cell 12c for VCF.
A.15. Section 13. Beam Direction(s) Use Section 13 to enter the beam(s) elevation angle(s), direction(s)/azimuth(s), and specify the azimuth source.
If the beam can move to multiple locations (for example, it rotates or is scanned) or if there are multiple lasers emitting beams in similar directions and angles (e.g., a laser show from an outdoor concert stage), FAA can evaluate the possible beam locations as a single configuration.
Enter the maximum and minimum elevation angle of the beams, and the widest spread in azimuth of the beams. FAA will evaluate the entire area of this configuration as protected airspace where any beam could project at any time.
If lasers are widely separated at the geographic location listed on page one of the form (reflected in section 11) or there are lasers aimed in different/non-overlapping directions, each laser or group of lasers is a different/separate configuration. Complete a Laser Configuration Worksheet (page two of the form) for each configuration.
13a and 13b. Enter the beam projections’ minimum and maximum elevation angles (pointing directions) in degrees of the beam projections for this configuration only.
13c. Azimuth and type of north
• Azimuth o Fixed beam: Enter the azimuth on which the beam will project.
o Moving beam (e.g., rotating, scanned, or aimed): If the beam will move horizontally during the operation, enter the movement range in degrees; e.g., “20° to 50°.”
Appendix A A-14 NOTE: Moving beams FAA considers east as 90°, south as 180°, west as 270°, and north as 360°. Enter degrees from smallest to largest moving clockwise, otherwise FAA will interpret the beam rotating everywhere except where intended. Example: An entry of 10° to 350° means the proponent plans to rotate within a total of 340°. If planning to rotate within 10° (either side) of north, enter 350° to 10°.
For some configurations, FAA may need additional information concerning the beam direction,
e.g., the laser is mounted on a moving aircraft or spacecraft and/or the beam projects downward.
• Type of north: Select true or magnetic north.
o Using a compass: If a proponent determines the azimuth degrees or if control measures will use a compass, check the “Magnetic north” box in cell 13c.
o Not using a compass: If a proponent determines the azimuth degrees using a map or other method and if control measures do not use a compass, check the “True north” box in cell 13c.
13d. Magnetic declination (degrees)
• If a proponent checked the “Magnetic north” box in 13c, enter the geographic location’s magnetic declination (or magnetic variation) in degrees from true north, e.g., 11°west.
• If a proponent checked the “True north” box in 13c, enter “N/A” (not applicable).
A.16. Section 14. Protection Distancesi There are four important distances to consider when evaluating the safety of a proposed outdoor laser operations. Each of these calculated distances enhances safety by minimizing the potential exposure of crewmembers to laser light.
NOTE: The ANSI Z136 series of standards contains extensive methodology on determining hazard distances. FAA, in collaboration with SAE International, derived all equations from ANSI Z136.1.
The NOHD relates to the potential risk of permanent physical injury (e.g., the eye). The other three distances relate to temporary visual effects that could distract a person or interfere with a person’s performance of critical tasks. A brief definition of each follows, with additional explanation found in the glossary (Appendix F).
Appendix A A-15 Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD)
• Distance (from the laser source to this defined distance) over which it is necessary to protect the safety of a crewmember’s eyes.
• Considered for all lasers projected into navigable airspace regardless of whether or not the beam is visible.
Visual interference distances: Protection distances considered in addition to NOHD for planned use of visible lasers. The distance included for each calculation begins at the laser source and ends at the defined distance. The distance term and primary hazards for each are as follows.
• Sensitive Zone Exposure Distance (SZED): Flashblindness and afterimage.
• Critical Zone Exposure Distance (CZED): Glare.
• Laser-free Exposure Distance (LFED): Not expected to cause a distraction beyond this distance.
NOTE: Visual distraction may also occur within the SZED and CZED.
A.16.1. Protection Distance Considerations
• Visible/non-visible determination: Determine whether one or more of the laser wavelengths are visible (within 400 nm to 700 nm).
o If the laser has no wavelengths within the visible range:
▪ Enter “N/A (non-visible laser)” in all nine SZED, CZED, and LFED cells (14b through 14d).
▪ Calculate only the three NOHD distances for section 14a.
o If the laser has one or more visible wavelengths, proceed to calculate all twelve exposure distances (cells 14a through 14d).
• Exposure distances less than the NOHD: For some visible lasers, the SZED, CZED, and LFED calculations may result in a value less than (a shorter distance) the NOHD. If this is the case, for safety reasons:
o Do not enter the distance value in the applicable cell and, instead, enter “Less than NOHD.”
o Rationale: The NOHD (distance potentially damaging to the eye) is the most important for calculating safety distances and the protection of commensurate airspace.
Appendix A A-16 A.16.2. Slant Range Calculations For lasers with a small beam diameter at the output aperture (less than one centimeter),5 use the equations 70-1.1 through 70-1.3 as examples of a simplified method and enter the data in the first column of section 14. Perform the calculation and round up to the next whole number.
A.16.3. Slant Range (NOHD) To determine the NOHD slant range (SR) in feet:
• Use Equation 70-1.1 for a single pulse or repetitively pulsed laser with a frequency less than 13 kHz (less than 6.5 kHz for 1050 nm to 1400 nm).
• Use Equation 70-1.2 for a continuous wave or repetitively pulsed lasers with a frequency greater than 13 kHz (greater than 6.5 kHz for 1050 nm to 1400 nm).
• Complete the calculation and enter the result in cell 14a (slant range column).
Equation 70-1.1: Calculating NOHD slant range with pulse energy and MPE in J/cm2 𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅 = 32.8𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑑 × √1.2732 × 𝐽𝑀𝑃𝐸
Equation Term Explanation NOHDSR NOHD slant range (feet)
32.8 Conversion factor used to convert centimeters into feet and radians into milliradians (0.0328 feet per centimeter) mrad Beam divergence (milliradians)
1.2732 4/π (derived from the original ANSI equation) J Pulse energy (joules or J) MPE MPE per pulse (joules per square centimeter or J/cm2)
5 For lasers with beam diameters larger than one centimeter at the output aperture, use the appropriate NOHD calculations in ANSI Z136.6, Appendix B. and submit calculations to FAA as a separate attachment.
Appendix A A-17 Equation 70-1.2: Calculating NOHD slant range with average power and MPE in mW/cm2 𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅 = 32.8𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑑 × √1273.2 × 𝑊𝑀𝑃𝐸
Equation Term Explanation NOHDSR NOHD slant range (feet)
32.8 Conversion factor used to convert centimeters into feet and radians into milliradians (0.0328 feet per centimeter) mrad Beam divergence (milliradians) 1,273.2 4/π (derived from the original ANSI equation) then divided by 0.001 to express the value in milliwatts for this equation (original equation uses watts) W Average power (watts) MPE MPE (milliwatts per square centimeter or mW/cm2)
NOHD calculation example What is the NOHDSR for a 40-watt CW visible laser with a beam divergence of 1.5 milliradians?
Given:
mrad: 1.5 milliradians W: 40 watts MPE: 2.6 mW/cm2 (from Table 2) Solution:
𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅 = 32.81.5 × √1273.2 × 402.6 = 21.87 × √19588 = 21.87 × 140 = 𝟑, 𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝐟𝐭 A.16.4. Slant Range (SZED, CZED, and LFED) SZED slant range: To calculate the SZED slant range (SZEDSR) distance, use Equation 70-1.3.
Complete the calculation and enter the value in cell 14b (slant range column).
Appendix A A-18 Equation 70-1.3: Calculating SZED (slant range) exposure distance 𝑆𝑍𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 = 32.8𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑑 × √12732 × 𝑊𝑉𝐶𝑃
Equation Term Explanation SZEDSR SZED slant range (feet)
32.8 Conversion factor used to convert centimeters into feet and radians into milliradians (0.0328 feet per centimeter) mrad Beam divergence (milliradians) 12,732 4/π (derived from the original ANSI equation) then divided by the SZED exposure level of 0.0001 W/cm2 in the denominator WVCP Visually corrected power (watts from cell 12c.)
CZED slant range: To calculate the CZED slant range (CZEDSR) distance, multiply the SZEDSR by 4.47. Enter the product in cell 14c (slant range column).
Equation 70-1.4: Calculating CZED (slant range) exposure distance 𝐶𝑍𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 = 𝑆𝑍𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 × 4.47 LFED slant range: To calculate the LFED slant range (LFEDSR) distance, multiply the SZEDSR by 44.7. Enter the product in cell 14d (slant range column).
Equation 70-1.5: Calculating LFED (slant range) exposure distance 𝐿𝐹𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 = 𝑆𝑍𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 × 44.7 A.16.4.1. Horizontal and Vertical Distance Calculations Using the calculated slant ranges, calculate the distances for the horizontal and vertical columns.
These distances assist FAA personnel in determining the distance along the ground and the altitudes that require protection. The equations use the cosine (cos) and sine (sin) functions and the minimum and maximum elevation angles entered in cells 13a and 13b, respectively.
NOTE: Because FAA requires (and formulas in this AC provide) the slant range in feet, the horizontal and vertical distances will also be in feet.
Appendix A A-19 A.16.4.2. Horizontal and Vertical Distances for NOHD Using the previously calculated NOHD slant range (NOHDSR) and the previously entered maximum and minimum elevation angles (cells 13a and 13b), use the following formulas to calculate the horizontal and vertical distances for the NOHD. To obtain the sine (sin) and cosine (cos) of the angles, use a scientific calculator or a table of sine and cosine values. Enter the calculated values in the appropriate columns of section 14a.
Equation 70-1.6: Calculating NOHD horizontal distance 𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒) Equation 70-1.7: Calculating NOHD vertical distance 𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒) NOHD vertical and horizontal distance calculation example What are the NOHD horizontal and vertical distances for the following laser?
Given:
NOHDSR: 1000 feet Minimum elevation angle: 15 degrees Maximum elevation angle: 45 degrees Solutions (rounded to the nearest foot):
𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1000 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠(15) = 1000 × 0.9659 = 𝟗𝟔𝟔 𝒇𝒕 𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1000 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛(45) = 1000 × 0.7071 = 𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝒇𝒕 A.16.4.3. Horizontal and Vertical Distances for SZED, CZED, and LFED Using the previously calculated slant ranges for the SZEDSR, CZEDSR, and LFEDSR and the previously entered minimum and maximum elevation angles (cells 13a and 13b); use the following formulas to calculate the horizontal and vertical distances for the SZED, CZED, and LFED.
To obtain the sine and cosine of the angles, use a scientific calculator or a table of sine and cosine values. Enter the calculated values in the appropriate columns of sections 14b, 14c, and 14d.
Equation 70-1.8: Calculating SZED horizontal distance 𝑆𝑍𝐸𝐷 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑍𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 × cos(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)
Appendix A A-20 Equation 70-1.9: Calculating SZED vertical distance 𝑆𝑍𝐸𝐷 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑍𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 × sin(𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒) Equation 70-1.10: Calculating CZED horizontal distance 𝐶𝑍𝐸𝐷 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝑍𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 × cos(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒) Equation 70-1.11: Calculating CZED vertical distance 𝐶𝑍𝐸𝐷 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐶𝑍𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 × sin(𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒) Equation 70-1.12: Calculating LFED horizontal distance 𝐿𝐹𝐸𝐷 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝐹𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 × cos(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒) Equation 70-1.13: Calculating LFED vertical distance 𝐿𝐹𝐸𝐷 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝐹𝐸𝐷𝑆𝑅 × sin(𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒) A.17. Section 15. Calculation Method Select the method used to perform the calculations. If using commercial software, enter the software product name and the version. If using a method other than commercial software (e.g., spreadsheet or calculator), describe the method in this section.
NOTE: Software may use slightly different MPE values than FAA specifies. For example, some software uses 2.55 mW/cm2 as the MPE for visible-light wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm, while FAA uses 2.6 mW/cm2. This can create a small difference of a few percent in determining hazard distances. For FAA protection purposes, such small differences are acceptable.
i Source note: ANSI Z136.1 is the source of the equations derived above, re-expressed to a simpler form as follows.
• Beam divergence (mrad): Used milliradians, making the first ANSI fraction 1,000/mrad instead of 1/mrad.
• Radical/square root sign: Used instead of raising to a power of 0.5.
• Under the radical, reduced the expression of 4/π to 1.2732. For equations that use MPE in milliwatts, multiplied 1.2732 by
0.001 as the original ANSI equation uses watts.
• Did not use beam diameter (a2) under the radical since its contribution to the overall slant range distance is negligible. For beams with diameters at the output aperture more than 1 cm, do not use the equations but instead refer to ANSI Z136, Appendix B. to determine protection distances NOHD and (if visible) SZED, CZED, and LFED.
• Distance (centimeters and feet): ANSI expresses the results of its equations in centimeters whereas FAA requires expression in feet.
o Equations use a conversion factor of 0.0328 (1 cm = 0.0328 ft).
o There are now two numeric constants: 1,000 (from the milliradians fraction) and 0.0328.
o The product of the two constants is a single constant (32.8) to provide results in feet.
o Note: For results in centimeters, use “1,000” as the constant. For results in meters, use “10.”
• SZED, CZED, and LFED equations o Found by using the SZED exposure level of 0.0001 W/cm2 as the denominator under the radical.
o The quotient of dividing 1.2732 in the numerator by 0.0001 in the denominator results in a constant of 12,732.
o There is a fixed relationship between the three distances; the CZED is always 4.47 times the SZED, and the LFED is always 44.7 times the SZED.
Appendix B B-1 Appendix B. Tables and Examples B.1. Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) Limits Use Tables 1 and 2ii along with any associated calculations to determine MPE. For any value (wavelength or exposure duration) that falls exactly on a high or low end of a range within the tables, use the more conservative (smaller) MPE. For repetitively pulsed lasers, the MPE is determined from the more restrictive MPE considering Table 1 for a single pulse and Table 2 for the average power.
Table 1 – Single Pulse Laser MPE Limits Wavelength (nm) Pulse Width t (seconds [s]) MPE Visible 400 to 700 1 ns to 5 s 0.2 J/cm2 5 s to 0.25 s 1.8 × t 0.75 mJ/cm2 Infrared 700 to 1050 1 ns to 5 s 0.2 × CA J/cm2 5 s to 0.25 s 1.8 × CA × t 0.75 mJ/cm2 1050 to 1320 1 ns to 13 s 2.0 × CC J/cm2 13 s to 0.25 s 9.0 × CC × t 0.75 mJ/cm2 1400 to 1500 1 ns to 1 ms 0.3 J/cm2 1 ms to 0.25 s (0.56 × t 0.25 + 0.2) J/cm2 1500 to 1800 1 ns to 0.25 s 1.0 J/cm2 1800 to 2600 1 ns to 1 ms 0.1 J/cm2 1 ms to 0.25 s 0.56 × t 0.25 J/cm2 2600 to 10000 1 ns to 0.1 s 10.0 mJ/cm2
0.1 s to 0.25 s 0.56 × t 0.25 J/cm2 Table notes
• For wavelengths or a pulse width not included in the table, refer to ANSI Z136.1.
• For clarity, FAA used metric prefixes (symbols) in place of scientific notation.
o m represents milli or 1 × 10-3 or 0.001, example 1 ms = 1×10-3 s.
o represents micro or 1 × 10-6 or 0.000001, example 1 s = 1×10-6 s.
o n represents nano or 1 × 10-9 or 0.000000001, example 1 ns = 1×10-9 s.
Appendix B B-2
• Correction factors CA and CC derived from ANSI Z 136.1. CA is a correction factor that increases the MPE in the near-infrared region (700 nm to 1400 nm), based on reduced absorption properties of the skin and eyes. CC is a correction factor that increases the MPE for ocular exposure based on pre-retinal absorption of radiant energy in the spectral region (1150 nm to 1400 nm).
• t: Pulse duration in seconds MPE CA correction factor For lasers with a wavelength of 700 to 1050 nm, use the following equation:
𝐶A = 100.002(𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ−700) Example 1
• Laser wavelength: 850 nm
• 𝐶A = 100.002(850−700) = 100.002(150) = 100.3 = 1.995 Example 2
• Laser wavelength: 933 nm
• 𝐶A = 100.002(933−700) = 100.002(233) = 100.466 = 2.924 MPE CC correction factor
• For lasers with a wavelength of 1050 nm to 1150 nm, use a CC of 1.0.
• For lasers with a wavelength of 1150 nm to 1200 nm, use the following equation:
• 𝐶C = 100.018(𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ−1150)
• For lasers with a wavelength of 1200 nm to 1320 nm, use the following equation:
• 𝐶C = 8.0 + 100.04(𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ−1250)
• For lasers with a wavelength of 1320 nm to 1400 nm, refer to ANSI Z136.1.
Example 3
• Laser wavelength: 1175 nm
• 𝐶C = 100.018(1175−1150) = 100.018(25) = 100.45 = 2.8
Appendix B B-3 Table 2 – Continuous Wave Laser MPE Limits (0.25 s Maximum Exposure Duration) Wavelength (nm) MPE (mW/cm2) Ultraviolet 180 to 400 Reference ANSI Z136.1 Visible 400 to 700 2.6 Infrared 700 to 1050 2.6 × CA 1050 to 1150 12.75 1150 to 1320 12.75 × CC 1320 to 1400 Reference ANSI Z136.1 1400 to 1500 2384 1500 to 1800 4000 1800 to 10000 1584 Table notes
• See Table 1 for CA and CC correction factors.
• Values are for selected wavelengths assuming unintentional viewing.6 Example 1
• Laser wavelength: Visible
• MPE: 2.6 mW/cm2
6 An unintentional laser exposure to the eye of a person in an aircraft is expected to last no more than 0.25 seconds based on various factors including the human aversion response (for visible wavelengths) and the natural relative motion between the beam and a moving aircraft related to wind and other stabilization factors. If the potential exposure may last for an increased duration or a proponent desires to complete a more precise analysis (e.g., wavelengths from 1050 nm to 1400 nm), refer to the ANSI Z136 standards for additional analysis techniques. Document and include the standards’ MPE exposure limits and calculations with the submission.