Appendix B B-4 Example 2
• Laser wavelength: 850 nm
• 𝐶A = 100.002(𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ−700) = 100.002(850−700) = 100.002(150) = 100.3 = 1.995
• 2.6 × 𝐶A = 2.6 × 1.995 = 5.187 mW/cm2 B.2. Visual Correction Factors To find the Visually Corrected Power (WVCP) for a specified wavelength, multiply the Precorrected Power (PCP) by the VCF for the laser’s wavelength (from the table below).
Table 3 – Visual Correction Factor (VCF) for Visible Lasers (400 nm to 700 nm)iii Wavelength (nm) VCF Wavelength (nm) VCF 400 0.0004 495 0.2653 405 0.0008 500 0.3226 410 0.0012 505 0.4126 415 0.0026 510 0.5025 420 0.0040 515 0.6059 425 0.0078 520 0.7092 430 0.0116 525 0.7857 435 0.0173 530 0.8621 440 0.0230 535 0.9073 445 0.0305 540 0.9524 450 0.0380 545 0.9713 455 0.0490 550 0.9901 460 0.0599 555 1.0 (VCF = 1) 465 0.0754 560 0.9901 470 0.0909 565 0.9713 475 0.1150 570 0.9524 480 0.1391 575 0.9110 485 0.1735 580 0.8696 490 0.2079 585 0.8136
Appendix B B-5 Table 3 – VCF for Visible Lasers (Continued) Wavelength (nm) VCF Wavelength (nm) VCF 590 0.7576 650 0.1070 595 0.6953 655 0.0840 600 0.6329 660 0.0610 605 0.5677 665 0.0466 610 0.5025 670 0.0321 615 0.4421 675 0.0246 620 0.3817 680 0.0170 625 0.3235 685 0.0126 630 0.2653 690 0.0082 635 0.2202 695 0.0062 640 0.1751 700 0.0041 645 0.1411 — — If the laser’s wavelength falls between two table entries, use one of the two methods below to find the VCF.
• Conservative approach: Use the more conservative (larger) of the two given values from the table.
• Use laser safety software: If using software to calculate the VCF for a wavelength, submit a screenshot or printout showing the entered wavelength and the software’s resulting VCF value.
Appendix B B-6 Visually Corrected Power (WVCP) examples Example 1: A frequency-doubled YAG laser emits 10 watts of 532 nm continuous wave light.
From the table, 532 nm is between 530 and 535 nm. Use the more conservative (larger) VCF of 535 nm. Multiply the VCF of 0.9073 by 10 (watts) to obtain a Visually Corrected Power of
9.073 watts.
Example 2: An 18-watt continuous wave argon laser emits 10 watts at 514 nm light and 8 watts at 488 nm. Calculate each wavelength separately then add the resulting Visually Corrected Powers together to obtain the total Visually Corrected Power.
10 watts at 514 nm
• From the table, 514 nm is between 510 and 515 nm. Use the more conservative (larger) VCF of 515 nm.
• Multiply the VCF of 0.6059 by 10 (watts) to obtain the Visually Corrected Power of
6.059 watts.
8 watts at 488 nm
• From the table, 488 nm is between 485 and 490 nm. Use the more conservative (larger) VCF of 490 nm.
• Multiply the VCF of 0.2079 by 8 watts to obtain the Visually Corrected Power of
1.6632 watts.
Total visually corrected power
• Add the two VCPs together: 6.059 + 1.6632 = 7.722.
• The 18-watt laser in this example has a visually corrected power of only 7.722 watts.
Overall VCF
• Divide the total VCP by the PCP to obtain the overall VCF (7.722 / 18 = 0.4290).
• Enter “0.4290” as the VCF in cell 12c.
NOTE: These two examples show that the 10-watt YAG laser in Example 1 appears brighter to the eye (9.073 WVCP) than the 18-watt argon laser (7.722 WVCP) in Example 2.
Appendix B В.З. Multiple Visible-Light Projector Example?
Example data and calculations provided for multiple visible-light laser projectors Where: 1) All laser modes of operation are continuous wave, 2) Each projector emits one or more wavelengths, 3) All wavelengths are visible (400 nm to 700 nm),
4) All beams from the same projector have the same divergence, and 5) All projectors' beams aim at the same area to be protected (same configuration).
Row Data source Parameters and Calculations Projector 1 example Projector 2 example Projector 3 example Projector 4 example
LASER PARAMETERS Laser type Diode Diode Diode Argon-ion Laser hazard class (1, 2, 3R, 3B, or 4) Longest Total power (watts) 10 22 10 NOHD Proponent Beam divergence (miliradians) 0.5 0.5 Fill in cells NOHD CALCULATION 12a* and 14a using the Calculate, using data in rows 3 and 4. data and (Note: The equation is valid for the visible Nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD) (feet) 2,296 3,406 4,592 * 3,247 calculations MPE of 2.6 mW/cm? for a 0.25 s exposure) 32.8/mrad x V490xW WAVELENGTH CALCULATIONS projector Proponent Wavelength 1 (nanometers) 633 630 445 514 Proponent Wavelength 1 power (watts) VCF of the two rows Table 3. If between rows, use the larger Wavelength 1 Visual Correction Factor (from Table 3) 0.2653 0.2653 0.0305 0.5852 Calculate, using data in rows 7 and 8 W1 power × W1 VCF Wavelength 1 Visually Corrected Power 1.0612 2.1224 0.305 1.1704 Proponent Wavelength 2 (nanometers) 532 520 (none - single 488 wavelengin Proponent Wavelength 2 power (watts) 12 Table 3 Wavelength 2 Visual Correction Factor (from Table 3) 0.9073 0.7092 n/a 0.1941 13 Calculate, using data in rows 11 and 12 Wavelength 2 Visually Corrected Power W2 power × W2 VCF 0.9073 2.8368 n/a 0.5823 14 Proponent Wavelength 3 (nanometers) 445 450 (none - single none - two wavelength) wavelengths) 15 Proponent Wavelength 3 power (watts) n/a n/a 16 Table 3 Wavelength 3 Visual Correction Factor (from Table 3) 0.0305 0.038 n/a n/a Wavelength 3 Visually Corrected Power 17 Calculate, using data in r rows 15 and 16 W3 power x W3 VCF 0.1525 0.38 n/a n/a 18 BE SURE TO ADD ROWS IF MORE THAN 3 WAVELENGTHS ... add more rows for any additional wavelengths Longest SZED Calculate, adding the VCPs previously alculated total or rows s, 15, 17) Total of all wavelengths' Visually Corrected Power (total will be Wyce) 2.12 5.34 0.31 1.75 Fill in cells 12a*, 14b 20 Calculate, using data in rows 19 and 3 Wycp / total power Total VCF for this laser 0.2121 0.2427 0.0305 0.3505 14c, and 14d using the PROTECTION DISTANCES CALCULATIONS data ano 21 Calculate, using data in rows 4 and 19 Sensitive Zone Exposure Distance (SZED) (feet) 32.8/mrad × V12732xWuCP 5,390 8,552 4,088 9,800 calculations for this 22 Calculate, using data in row 21 Critical Zone Exposure Distance (CZED) (feet) SZED × 4.47 24,094 38,227 18,273 43,804 projector 23 Calculate, using data in row 21 Laser-Free Exposure Distance (LFED) (feet) SZED × 44.7 240,935 382,268 182,730 438,040 i Source note: ANSI Z136.1 (2014) Tables 5 and 6.
ill Source note: The VCF (Cr) used in Table 3 is the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) normalized efficiency photopic visual function curve for a standard observer. The illuminance (Im), expressed in Im/cm?, is the measured irradiance multiplied by CF and 683. The effective irradiance is the actual (measured) irradiance multiplied by Cr. The effective irradiance (W/cm-2) multiplied by 683 1m/W-' is the illuminance (Im/cm-2).
7 Notes (* for NOHD and SZED) for this example.
• Record the data from the projectors with the longest NOHD and SZED then annotate (parentheses used here) which data Instance when the longest NOHD and longest SZED do not come from a single projector.
aligns to the projector with the longest SZED.
• For this example, complete 12a as follows:
Laser type: Diode (Argon-ion).
Laser hazard class: 4 (4).
Beam divergence: 0.5 (0.5).
Wavelength(s): 445 (514, 488).
List this attachment in cell 7b and submit this information to FAA with the form.
B-7
Appendix C C-1 Appendix C. MPE and NOHD for a Laser Emitting Multiple Wavelengths from the Same Aperture C.1. Introduction Some lasers emit multiple wavelengths from the same aperture (beams are coaxial and superimposed). For example, an RGB laser mixing three colors to make a single white beam, or a DPSS (diode-pumped solid-state) laser emitting both visible and infrared light in the same beam. To submit information for a laser that emits multiple wavelengths from the same aperture, follow the steps below.
Complete section 12a.
• Enter “See attached” in the “Laser type” cell.
• List all emitted wavelengths in 12a.
• Create a separate document to record the remainder of the laser’s (12a) characteristics and resulting calculated values for each wavelength. Determine some of these values by completing the following steps.
• Attach the document to the submission, and list the document as an attachment in cell 7b.
Determine the laser’s MPE and NOHD: Given the wavelengths of the laser, use Table 1 and/or Table 2 to determine the MPE for each wavelength with the following steps.
NOTE: Each table groups wavelengths that have the same MPE into rows.
• If all emitted wavelengths are within the same row of Table 1 or Table 2 (they all have the same MPE):
o Enter the value into the MPE cell of section 12b.
o Add the power (W) or energy per pulse (J) of each wavelength together. Use this total power for the calculation in section 16.2.1, Slant Range (NOHD).
o Return to Appendix A to assist with completing the remainder of the form.
• If the emitted wavelengths are in different rows of Table 1 and/or Table 2 (different MPEs):
o For each row where the laser emits one or more wavelength(s), add the power (W) or energy per pulse (J) of each wavelength together in the row to find the total power or total energy per pulse for that row. Enter the MPE for that row and the total power or energy per pulse into the separate document.
Appendix C C-2 o For each row, use the total power or total energy per pulse and the MPE to determine the slant range NOHD as per section 16.2.1., Slant Range (NOHD), and enter it into the separate document.
o After determining the slant range NOHD for each wavelength or groups of wavelengths within a row, determine which of these are in the retinal hazard range of 400 nm to 1320 nm, and which wavelengths are in the corneal hazard ranges of <400 nm or >1320 nm.8 o Repeat the following steps once for all slant range NOHDs (NOHDSR) of the wavelengths within the retinal hazard range (if any), and once for all NOHDSR of the wavelengths within the corneal hazard range (if any).
▪ Square each of the NOHDSR values.
▪ Add all squared slant range NOHDs.
▪ Take the square root of the total to obtain the slant range NOHD of the combined (C) wavelengths (NOHDSRC) within the given hazard range (retinal or corneal).
Equation 70-1.14: Calculating NOHDSRCiv 𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅𝐶 = √((𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅)2 + (𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅)2 + (𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅)2 + ⋯ ) o On the separate document, enter the NOHDSRC for the retinal hazard wavelengths (if any) and the NOHDSRC for the corneal hazard wavelengths (if any). For each NOHDSRC listed, indicate whether the NOHD is for retinal or corneal hazards.
o In the MPE row of section 12b, enter “N/A – multiple wavelength ranges.”
o In the slant range column of cell 14a:
▪ If the laser has wavelengths only in the retinal hazard range or only in the corneal hazard range, enter the NOHDSRC in feet.
▪ If the laser has wavelengths in the retinal and corneal hazard ranges, enter both slant range NOHDSRC values and delineate (e.g., circle, bold, or underline) the longer value. Example: “1303 ft retinal, 83 ft corneal.”
NOTE: FAA will use the longer value as the eye protection distance for aeronautical review.
o Enter the MPE value and the NOHDSRC value(s) on the separate document.
o Return to Appendix A to assist with completing the remainder of the form.
8 Source note: ANSI Z136.1.
Appendix C C-3 C.2. Example 1: All Wavelengths within the Same Row of MPE Table Given a continuous wave RGB laser emitting 8W of 633 nm red, 4W of 532 nm green, and 8W of 445 nm blue in a single “white-light” beam of 1 mrad divergence, find the MPE, total power, and slant range NOHD.
• Consult Table 2 to determine if all wavelengths are within a single row.
• Since all three are within a single row (400 nm to 700 nm), the MPE for all wavelengths is 2.6 mW/cm2.
• Enter “2.6” in 12b and on the separate document described earlier in this appendix.
• Because all wavelengths are in the same row, have the same divergence, and have the same MPE, add the power of the individual wavelengths together to determine the total power of 20W.
• Using Equation 70-1.2 from section A.16.2.1, the calculated NOHDSR for a 20W, 1 mrad beam is 3246 ft.
• Enter 3246 ft in the slant range column of cell 14a and on the separate document.
C.3. Example 2: Wavelengths in Different Rows of the MPE Table The wavelengths in this example represent different hazards (some retinal and some corneal).
Given a multiple-wavelength CW laser with a single aperture whose beam combines 1W of 532 nm green and 2W of 633 nm red (both with a 1 mrad beam divergence), 10W of 1064 nm infrared (with a 3 mrad beam divergence), and 20W of 1540 nm infrared (with a 1 mrad beam divergence), find the slant range NOHD.
• Consult Table 2 to determine if all wavelengths are within a single row.
• Since not all wavelengths are in the same row, group the wavelengths by those wavelengths within the same row.
NOTE: Grouping by row is only valid when the wavelengths in the same row also have the same divergence. See Example 3 as an example where wavelengths within the same row have different divergences.
o The 532 nm and 633 nm wavelengths fall within the same Table 2 row for 400 nm to 700 nm and they have the same divergence (1 mrad).
▪ There is a total (1W + 2W) of 3W of power for the two wavelengths within this row’s range.
▪ The MPE for this row is 2.6 mW/cm2.
Appendix C C-4 ▪ Using Equation 70-1.2 from section A.16.2.1, the calculated NOHDSR for a 3W, 1 mrad beam is 1257 ft.
o The 1064 nm wavelength falls within the Table 2 row for 1050 nm to 1150 nm.
▪ There are 10W of power for the single wavelength within this row’s range.
▪ The MPE for this row is 12.75 mW/cm2.
▪ Using Equation 70-1.2 from section A.16.2.1, the calculated NOHDSR for a 10W, 3 mrad beam is 345 ft.
o The 1540 nm wavelength falls within the Table 2 row for 1500 nm to 1800 nm.
▪ There are 20W of power for the single wavelength within this row’s range.
▪ The MPE for this row is 4000 mW/cm2.
▪ Using Equation 70-1.2 from section A.16.2.1, the calculated NOHDSR for a 20W, 1 mrad beam is 83 ft.
• Determine which wavelengths are retinal hazards (400 nm to 1320 nm) and which wavelengths are corneal hazards (<400 nm or >1320 nm).
o The 532, 633, and 1064 nm wavelengths are retinal hazards: Use Equation 70-
1.14 to calculate the combined retinal slant range NOHDSRC(Retinal).
NOTE (Rationale): The combined hazard from both wavelengths is greater than either individual wavelength.
𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅𝐶(𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙) = √(12572) + (3452) = √1580049 + 119025 = √1699074 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝐟𝐭 o The 1540 nm wavelength is a corneal hazard.
▪ Since this is the only wavelength in this range, it is not necessary to use Equation 70-1.14.
▪ If there were more than one wavelength, repeat Equation 70-1.14 to calculate NOHDSRC(Corneal).
▪ Using Equation 70-1.2 from section A.16.2.1, the calculated NOHDSR for a 20W, 1 mrad beam is 83 ft.
• Determine which slant range NOHD is longer.
o Compare the combined slant range NOHD of the retinal hazard (1304 ft) and corneal hazard (83 ft) wavelengths to determine which combined slant range NOHD is longer.
Appendix C C-5 o In this example, the NOHDSRC for the retinal hazard wavelengths is the longer value.
• Record all information that informed the calculations and determination on the separate document.
o For this example, list the slant range NOHD for each wavelength or group of wavelengths, combined slant range NOHD for the retinal hazard wavelengths, and the slant range NOHD for the corneal hazard wavelength.
o Delineate (e.g., circle, bold, or underline) the longer NOHD: “1304 ft retinal, 83 ft corneal” on the separate document.
• In the MPE row of section 12b of the form, enter “N/A – multiple wavelength ranges.”
• In the slant range column of cell 14a, enter the retinal and corneal NOHDSRC values and delineate (e.g., circle, bold, or underline) the longer NOHDSRC: “1304 ft retinal, 83 ft corneal.”
C.4. Example 3. Wavelengths in the Same Row of an MPE Table with Different Divergences Given a multiple-wavelength CW laser with a single aperture whose beam combines 1W of 633 nm red (with a beam divergence of 1 mrad) and 1W of 532 nm green (with a beam divergence of 2 mrad), find the slant range NOHD.
• Consult Table 2 to determine if all wavelengths are within a single row.
• While the wavelengths of both beams fall within the same row of Table 2 (400 nm to 700 nm), they have different divergences. Therefore, proponents cannot group these wavelengths and must calculate the NOHDSR of each wavelength separately.
• For the 633 nm beam, the MPE is 2.6 mW/cm2 and the divergence is 1 mrad.
o Using Equation 70-1.2 from section A.16.2.1, the calculated NOHDSR for a 1W, 1 mrad beam is 726 ft.
• For the 532 nm beam, the MPE is 2.6 mW/cm2 and the divergence is 2 mrad.
o Using Equation 70-1.2 from section A.16.2.1, the calculated NOHDSR for a 1W, 2 mrad beam is 363 ft.
• Because both wavelengths in this example are in the retinal hazard range of 400 nm to 1320 nm, there is no need in this example to consider a corneal hazard.
• Use Equation 70-1.14 to calculate the NOHDSRC.
𝑁𝑂𝐻𝐷𝑆𝑅𝐶 = √(7262) + (3632) = √527076 + 131769 = √658845 = 𝟖𝟏𝟐 𝐟𝐭
Appendix C C-6
• Record all information that informed the calculations and determination on the separate document. For this example, list the slant range NOHD for each wavelength and the combined slant range NOHD (812 ft) for the two wavelengths.
• In the MPE row of section 12b of the form, enter “2.6” (this can be done because all wavelengths in the example multiple-wavelength laser beam have the same MPE).
• In the slant range column of cell 14a, enter the NOHDSRC of 812 ft.
iv Notes for Equation 70-1.14:
• Accounts for the wavelengths and divergences of each beam in a multiple-wavelength laser beam.
• Accounts for multiple-wavelength laser beams where some wavelengths are CW and some are pulsed (single or repetitively).
• Equation is valid as long as each squared slant range NOHD – (NOHDSR)2 – represents the NOHD of one or more wavelengths with the same MPE, the same divergence, the same output mode (single pulse, repetitively pulsed, or continuous wave), and the wavelengths are within the same hazard range (either retinal or corneal).
• Examples:
o Equation valid: Mixed beams where one wavelength may be pulsed and another is continuous wave, or where one wavelength may have a different divergence than another within either the retinal or corneal hazard range.
o Equation invalid: NOHDs include wavelengths from different (retinal or corneal) hazard ranges.
• One must use Equation 70-1.14 to first determine the NOHDSRC of all wavelengths that are retinal hazards (400 nm to 1320 nm), then to separately determine the NOHDSRC of all wavelengths that are corneal hazards (<400 nm or >1320 nm). FAA will use the longer of the two, combined wavelength NOHDs (NOHDSRC) as the eye protection distance for aeronautical review.
Appendix D Appendix D. Depictions of Airspace Flight Zones and Graphic Examples
LASER FREE ZONE <50 nW/cm' →5000 ft
- 3NM → 5000 ft 2NM 2NM 2NM 3NM —→4 2NM → - 2NM →* - 3NM 2NM
AIRPORT REFERENCE POINT 2NM 3NM → 5000 ft|
AIRSPACE FLIGHT ZONES **SENSITIVE FLIGHT ZONE 100 pW/cm2
CRITICAL
FLIGHT ZONE 5 pW/cm2 →
AIRPORT
REFERENCE POINT 10NM ** To be determined by FAA evaluation and/or local airport operations.
D-1
Appendix D
AIRSPACE FLIGHT ZONES **SENSITIVE FLIGHT ZONE 100 uW/cm'
CRITICAL FLIGHT ZONE 5 pW/cm?
LASER FREE ZONE 50 nW/cm' ** ** 3NM 2NM 2NM 3NM 10NM 10NM
AIRPORT REFERENCE POINT (ARP) *Runway length varies by airport. Attitudes in AGL based on established airport elevation.
** To be determined by FAA evaluation and/or local airport operations.
AIRSPACE FLIGHT ZONES **SENSITIVE FLIGHT ZONE <100 pW/cm?
*Not to Scale
CRITICAL FLIGHT ZONE <5 pW/cm?
10,000 AGL
LASER FREE ZONE <50 nW/cm?
2,000 AGL 3NM " 2NM - 2NM "3NM -10NM -10NM- Airport Reference Point (ARP) ** To be determined by FAA evaluation and/or local airport operations.
D-2