AC 91-45C

Historical

Advisory circular · Waivers: Aviation Events

Approved
February 1, 1990
Last reviewed
October 24, 2024
This change
Canceled by Memo signed by Robert C. Carty for Rick Domingo (AFS-1) and Derek Honda (AFB-120); dated 11/03/2020.
Cancels
AC91-45B
Family
AC 91-45 · 1 version
Revision
C
14 CFR parts
61, 91, 103, 105

Guidance, not mandatory unless a rule or AD requires it. DRS record last changed November 22, 2025.

Show pages 41–52
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Appendix 1 Figure 16. Instructions for Completion of FAA Form 7711-2 - continued

(1) Place an "X" in the appropriate box or boxes.

(2) Other: A sponsor seldom needs to fill in this block. However, the following is an example of how the "Other" block might prove useful. In one event, the sponsor had a helicopter and pilot continually ready for emergency transportation of spectators or performers who might be injured on the airport or who may become ill during the event. Additionally, a military-trained firefighter and a medic were standing by the helicopter with extinguishers in case an aircraft had an accident anywhere in the operating area. In this particular case, by describing this "Other" emergency facility, the applicant could have been relieved of having to show anything in the preceding blocks.

1. Item 13, Air Traffic Control. Describe the method or methods of radio communication frequencies and/or the prearranged ground-to-air signals to be used during the aviation event. A description of the ground-to-air recall signal must also be included.

m. Item 14, Schedule of Events. List the performers in the order that they will appear. (See paragraph 19 this AC for more detail.)

n. Item 15, Certification. The applicant must sign in this block and on each page of the application.

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Appendix 1 Figure 16. Sample FAA Form 7711-2, Application for Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (Front) - continued do certificate may orm nas been i Form Approved: O.M.B. No. 2120-0027 U.S. Department of Transportation

APPLICANTS - DO NOT USE THESE SPACES Federal Aviation Administration Region Date APPLICATION FOR Action • Approved • Disapproved - Explain under "Remarks" CERTIFICATE OF WAIVER Signature of authorized FAA representative

OR AUTHORIZATION

INSTRUCTIONS Submit this application in triplicate (3) to any FAA Flight Standards district office.

Applicants requesting a Certificate of Waiver or Authorization for an aviation event must complete all the applicable items on this form and attach a properly marked 7.5 series Topographic Quadrangle Map(s), published by the U.S Geological Survey (scale 1:24,000), of the proposed operating area. The map(s) must include scale depictions of the flightlines, showlines, race courses, and the location of the air event control point, Police dispatch, ambulance, and fire fighting equipment. The applicant may also wish to submit photographs and scale diagrams as supplemental material to assist in the FAA's evaluation of a particular site. Application for a Certificate of Waiver or Authorization must be submitted 45 days prior to the requested date of the event.

Applicants requesting a Certificate of Waiver or Authorization for activities other than an aviation event will complete items 1 through 8 only and the certification, item 15, on the reverse.

1. Name of organization 2. Name of responsible person

3. Permanent House number and street or route number F City | State and ZIP code | Telephone No.

mailing address

4. FAR section and number to be waived

5. Detailed description of proposed ope t if needed)

6. Area of operation (Loca 7a. Beginning (Date and hour) b. Ending (Date and hour) make and model Aircraft (a) Pilot's Name (b) Certificate number and rating (0) (Son (y. Sino) FAA Form 7711-2 (6-86) Supersedes 19

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Appendix 1 Figure 16. Sample FAA Form 7711-2, Application for Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (Reverse) - continued ITEMS 9 THROUGH 14 TO BE FILLED OUT FOR AIR SHOW/AIR RACE WAIVER REQUESTS ONLY.

9. The air event will be sponsored by:

10. Permanent House number and street or route number City State and ZIP code Telephone No.

mailing address

11. Policing (Describe pro the event.)

12. Emergency facilities (Mark all that will be available at time and place of air event.)

• Physician • Fire truck • Other — Specify

• Ambulance • Crash wagon

13. Air Traffic control (Des be method of controlling traffic, including provision for arrival and departure of scheduled aircraft.)

14. Schedule of Events (include arrival and departure of schedule other periods the airport may be open.)

Hour Date Event

(a) (D) (c) If sufficient space is not available, the entire schedule of events may be submitted on separate sheets, in the order and manner indicated above.

le undersigned applicant accepts fuil responsibility for the strict observance of the terms of the Certifica Please Read waiver or Authorization, and understands that the authorization contained in such certificate will be strict limited to the above described operation.

15. Certification - I CERTIFY that the foregoing statements are true.

Date | Signature of applicant Remarks FAA Form 7711-2 (8-86) Supersedes Previous Edition 20

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Appendix 1 Figure 17. Sample FAA Form 7711-1, Certificate of Waiver or Authorization

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

CERTIFICATE OF WAIVER OR AUTHORIZATION

ISSUED TO

ADDRESS This certificate is issued for the operations specifically described hereinafter. No person shall conduct any operation pursuant to the authority of this certificate except in accordance with the standard and special provisions contained in this certificate, and such other requirements of the Federal Aviation Regulations not specifically waived by this certificate.

OPERATIONS AUTHORIZED

LIST OF WAIVED REGULATIONS BY SECTION AND TITLE

STANDARD PROVISIONS

1. A copy of the application made for this certificate shall be attached to and become a part hereof.

2. This certificate shall be presented for inspection upon the request of any authorized representative of the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, or of any State or municipal official charged with the duty of enforcing local laws or regulations.

3. The holder of this certificate shall be responsible for the strict observance of the terms and provisions contained herein.

4. This certificate is nontransferable.

Nore.-This certificate constitutes a waiver of those Federal rules or regulations specifically referred to above. It does not constitute a waiver of any State law or local ordinance

SPECIAL PROVISIONS Special Provisions Nos. to . - inclusive, are set forth on the rererse side hereof.

This certificate is effective from. . to inclusive, and is subject to cancellation at any time upon notice by the Administrator or his authorized representative.

BY DIRECTION OF THE ADMINISTRATOR (Region) (Signature) (Date) (Title) FAA Form 7711-1 (7-74) 21

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Appendix 1 Figure 18. Typical Air Race Site -LENGTH _IDEAL FLIGHT PATH SAFETY AREA TURN RADIUS SAFETY WIDTH

- RADIUS

HOME PYLON

RACEWAY /

CROWD LINE

DISTANCE

SPECTATOR AREA 22

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Appendix 1 Figure 19. Reno, NV, Race Course 6158° 5240 000000306000 5141° 5140000 0000000000000000 00 00000000 LEGEND UNLIMITED COURSE 000000000000000 NUMBER PYLON 11620 TURN DEGREES OF

PYLON- GROUND

ELEVATION GUIDE PYLON 5260 5040 ¡UID 000000000000000 -PYLON

UNLIMITED COURSE

14.92 km - 9.273 MILES 11478' 3130° 7122 00000339000000 5160 5010 000 ›00000d 2130° 5100 I PYLON 5030 HOME

- 1000 3000

SPECTATOR AREA 23

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Appendix 1 Figure 20. Examples of Air Race Courses

IDEAL FLIGHT FATH SAFETY 3.0 MILE RACE COURSE

AREA SUITABLE FOR INTERNATIONAL

FORMULA ONE, SPORT BIPLANE AND FORMULA VEE CLASSES.

- 250 MPH. = 3.5 G'S.

20500 IDEAL FLIGHT PATH

HOME PYLON SAFETY 2.0 MILE RACE COURSE

ACEWAY/ AREA/ SUITABLE FOR FORMULA VEE CLASS.

CROWD LINE 500 FT. 160 MPH. = 2.2 G'S

- 3520-

HOME PYLON

RACEN AW

CROW PLINE

TOEAL FLIGHT PATH SAFETY 3.0 MILE RACE COURSE

AREA SUITABLE FOR INTERNATIONAL FORMULA ONE. SPORT BIPLANE AND FORMULA VEE CLASSES.

250 MPH. = 3.0 G'S.

- 4968 -

TOEAL FLIGHT FATH

HOME PYLON RACEWAY SAFETY 2.5 MILE RACE COURSE

CROWD FINE SUITABLE FOR SPORT BIPLANE AND FORMULA

VEE CLASSES 210 MPH. = 2.9 G'S

HOME PYLON -RACE AN

CROWD LINE 500 FT 24

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Appendix 1 Figure 21. Pylon Air Racing (Race Course Design Parameters) Formula Sport АТ-б/ Int'l Vee Biplane SNJ Formula 1 Unlimited

1. Maximum Speed (mph) 160.0 210.0 225.0 250.0 450.0

2. Maximum Speed (ft/sec) 234.0 308.0 330.0 336.7 660.0

3. Minimum Turning Radius 509.9 878.4 1008.3 1244.8 4033.3 (R) for 3.5g turn (ft)

4. Scatter Distance (S) 1300.4 4799.1 (ft) 250 altitude 150 altitude 716.4 940.1 1119.3

5. Scatter Radius (ft) 878.9 1286.6 1645.1 1674.0 4799.1 (Sr) for minimum turn radius

6. Safety Radius (ft) 1063.4 1490.7 1964.1 1888.6 5182.0 (Sfr) for minimum turn radius Crowd-to-Showline (ft) 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 25

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Appendix 1 Figure 22. Typical Hot Air Balloon

CIRCULAR TOP OPENING

•RACHUTE

CENTRALIZING SHROUD LINES / LINES

- VERTICAL HOND ONE

LOAD TAPES

SOME BALLOONS STILL USE

SIDE MANEUVERING VENT

NOMEX BASE PANELS

KEVLON OR STEEL

LOAD CABLES PARACHUTE VALVE OPERATING

LINE (RED)

DOUBLE BURNER UNIT

SUEDE, PADDED UPRIGHTS CONTAINING

SUSPENSION WIRES, FUEL HOSES

SUPPORT RODS AND BURNER

SUEDE, PADDED BASKET EDGE

BASKET WITH PROPANE CYLINDERS

STRAPPED IN CORNERS CARRYING HANDLES THE DIAGRAM SHOWS A PARACHUTE TOP" STYLE BALLOON. THIS IS

THE MOST POPULAR ALTHOUGH SOME "RIP TOP" BALLOONS WITH SIDE

MANEUVERING VENTS ARE STILL MANUFACTURED.

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Appendix 1 Figure 23. Balloon Terminology BLAST VALVE A high pressure fuel valve either full on or full off.

BULK TANK Used for fuel storage and transfer to supply tanks.

DEFLATION PORT Refers to the rip panel or envelope section removed for envelope deflation.

DRAG ROPE A heavy rope tapered and weighted at one end which is used as recoverable ballast.

DROP LINE A handling line carried in the basket to allow assistance by the ground crew when required.

ENVELOPE The rubberized fabric or plastic material enclosing the lifting source.

EQUILIBRIUM That point when lift equals weight and the balloon is neither climbing nor descending.

FALSE LIFT Refers to the venturi effect of the wind that causes the balloon to lift before true equilibrium is reached.

FUEL Generally propane.

GORE Series of panels running from apex to mouth.

LOAD TAPES Vertical or horizontal stress bearing nylon webbing.

MANEUVERING VENT The envelope section that can be opened and closed to control the ascent or descent.

PANEL A fabric section sewn as part of a gore.

PARACHUTE TOP A combination deflation port and maneuvering vent that is self-sealing when opened in flight.

SKIN TEMPERATURE The temperature of the fabric envelope.

STEP CLIMB A series of climbs and level-offs in ascent or descent.

SUPER HEAT The temperature of the gas inside the envelope exceeding the temperature of the ambient air outside the envelope.

TETHERED Refers to a balloon on one or more tether lines.

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Appendix 2 APPENDIX 2. GENERAL PROVISIONS The holder of the FAA Form 7711-1, Certificate of Waiver or Authorization, shall retain sole responsibility for safeguarding persons and property on the surface and shall inform the issuing FAA office in writing of the person named to ensure overall safety of the event.

The holder of the FAA Form 7711-1 shall ensure that participants are thoroughly briefed on special field rules, manner and order of events, and are available for briefing on the provisions of the waiver before beginning the activities. No person may participate in any event unless that person has received a briefing on the provisions of the waivers.

c. The holder shall notify the FAA Flight Service Station of the date, time, place, areas, altitudes, nature of the activity, and the duration of the operations and request that a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) be issued. Such action shall be accomplished at least 48 hours before the event.

d. All civil aircraft and pilots participating in the demonstration shall be available for FAA inspection before the scheduled event.

e. For civilian aircraft, only required flight crewmembers (specified in aircraft operating limitations) or those persons actively participating in the demonstration (wingwalkers and stunt persons, etc.) will be carried on any aircraft engaged in demonstrations authorized by this waiver.

f. A control point shall be established from which the holder, or his or her representative, shall direct the bished to neith he holder demonstration and be continuously available to the FAA and the person designated as responsible for the overall safety of the event.

A showline (man-made or natural) clearly visible to the performers/pilots shall be provided to assist them in compliance with the approved distances from the spectator area.

Airplanes which operate at speeds of less than 156 knots shall perform no closer than 500 feet horizontally from a spectator area.

Airplanes which operate at speeds of more than 156 knots, but less than 245 knots, shall perform no closer than (safety line distances will be inserted by the FAA FSDO) horizontally from a spectator area. The showline is (geographic description, i.e., runway edge, runway centerline, etc., will be inserted by the FAA FSDO).

j. Airplanes which operate at speeds of more than 245 knots, and turbojet airplanes, shall perform no closer than (safety line distances will be inserted by the FAA FSDO) horizontally from a spectator area. The showline is (the FAA FSDO will place geographic description in this space).

k. Helicopters may perform aerobatic maneuvers no closer than 1,000 feet horizontally from a spectator area.

These maneuvers are described as a 90° pitch down, split "S," loop, and barrel roll. Performers proposing to use these maneuvers in an airshow must produce evidence of approval by AFS-20.

Helicopters may perform agility maneuvers no closer than 500 feet horizontally from a spectator area.

These maneuvers are described as pedal turns, sideward and rearward flight maneuvers, out-of-ground effect hovering, and turns not exceeding 90° of bank.

Helicopters performing aerobatic maneuvers shall have a valid and current special airworthiness certificate issued in the experimental category for the purpose of exhibition. Nothing contained in these general provisions shall contravene any operating or special limitation issued as a part of that special airworthiness certificate.

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Appendix 2

n. All aircraft shall operate at subsonic speed (less than the speed of sound).

operation. sition a oil aled or same on or to ponie advise peation mad par a are

p. A physical barrier and adequate policing shall be provided to confine the spectators to designated areas.

The number of personnel involved in crowd control will depend on the type of barrier. (More people will be required for a rope barrier than for a snow fence.)

The demonstration may be halted when unauthorized persons, vehicles, or aircraft enter the operations area, or for any other reason in the interest of safety. Only those persons necessary to support the operation should be authorized in the operating area. The holder of the FAA Form 7711-1 assumes responsibility for persons that enter the operations area.

I. The FAA has the authority to cancel or delete any or all acts or events if, in its opinion, the safety of persons or property on the ground or in the air is in jeopardy, or there is a contravention of the terms of the waiver.

S. Aircraft engines shall not be started and aircraft will not be taxied in designated spectator areas or static display areas unless adequate measures are taken to protect the spectators. Areas where engines, propellers, or rotors will be turning must be at least 100 feet from the spectator areas unless they are protected by a barrier that will prevent entry by unauthorized personnel.

t. Persons or aircraft not appearing on the FAA Form 7711-2, and approved on the FAA Form 7711-1, may not participate without specific approval by the FAA.

ated until the ded on be has sent cora cod and scene ot the percedes ligh responsible for the overall safety of the event.