1. Purpose. This Change provides updated guidance material to ensure consistent application of certain airworthiness requirements adopted by Amendment 25-135 to 14 CFR part 25.
Changed material is indicated by bold lines in the margins and at the top of each changed page with the change number and date. Some text, although not changed, has been rearranged to accommodate new material.
2. Principal Changes.
a. Revised guidance regarding an acceptable means of compliance for V MU testing for geometry-limited airplanes to show compliance with § 25.107(e)(1)(iv).
b. Revised guidance regarding an acceptable means of compliance for showing compliance with the static directional and lateral stability requirements of § 25.177.
c. New guidance regarding an acceptable means of compliance for showing compliance with the roll capability requirements of § 25.253(a)(4).
d. New guidance regarding an acceptable means of compliance for showing compliance with the speedbrake extension requirements of § 25.253(a)(5).
Page Control Chart
Remove Pages Dated Insert Pages Dated Front Page 3/29/2011 Front page for 25-7B Change 1 12/7/11 i - xii 3/29/2011 i-xii 12/7/11 1-2 3/29/2011 1-2 12/7/11 24-293 3/29/2011 24-297 12/7/11 A1-5 – A1-7 3/29/2011 A1-5 – A1-7 12/7/11
Subject: Flight Test Guide For Certification of Transport Category Airplanes Date: 12/07/11 Initiated By: ANM-110 AC No: 25-7B Change: 1 Ali Bahrami Manager, Transport Airplane Directorate Aircraft Certification Service
Change 1 i
Table of Contents
Paragraph Page No.
1. Purpose. _____________________________________________________________ i
2. Principal Changes. _____________________________________________________ i Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 1
1. Purpose. ______________________________________________________________ 1
2. Applicability. __________________________________________________________ 1
4. Background.___________________________________________________________ 1
5. Related Publications. ____________________________________________________ 2 Chapter 1 - General ___________________________________________________________ 3
1. Applicability - § 25.1 [Reserved] __________________________________________ 3
2. Special Retroactive Requirements - § 25.2 [Reserved] _________________________ 3 Chapter 2 - Flight_____________________________________________________________ 4 Section 1. General _________________________________________________________ 4
3. Proof of Compliance - § 25.21. ____________________________________________ 4
4. Load Distribution Limits - § 25.23 [Reserved]. ______________________________ 16
5. Weight Limits and Center of Gravity Limits - §§ 25.25 and 25.27________________ 16 [Reserved]. _____________________________________________________________ 16
6. Empty Weight and Corresponding Center of Gravity - § 25.29 __________________ 16 [Reserved]. _____________________________________________________________ 16
7. Removable Ballast - § 25.31 [Reserved]. ___________________________________ 16
8. Propeller Speed and Pitch Limits - § 25.33. _________________________________ 16 Section 2. Performance ____________________________________________________ 17
9. General - § 25.101. ____________________________________________________ 17
10. Takeoff and Takeoff Speeds - §§ 25.105 and 25.107. _________________________ 19
11. Accelerate-Stop Distance - § 25.109. _____________________________________ 28
12. Takeoff Path - § 25.111 ________________________________________________ 55
Change 1 ii
Table of Contents (continued)
Paragraph Page No.
13. Takeoff Distance and Takeoff Run - § 25.113 ______________________________ 63
14. Takeoff Flight Path - § 25.115___________________________________________ 67
15. Climb: General - § 25.117. _____________________________________________ 69
16. Landing Climb: All-Engines-Operating - § 25.119. __________________________ 69
17. Climb: One-Engine-Inoperative - § 25.121 ________________________________ 70
18. En Route Flight Paths - § 25.123. ________________________________________ 72
19. Landing - § 25.125____________________________________________________ 73 Section 3. Controllability and Maneuverability ________________________________ 81
20. General - § 25.143. ___________________________________________________ 81
21. Longitudinal Control - § 25.145 _________________________________________ 94
22. Directional and Lateral Control - § 25.147 _________________________________ 99
23. Minimum Control Speed - § 25.149 _____________________________________ 102 Section 4. Trim __________________________________________________________ 109
24. Trim - § 25.161 [Reserved]____________________________________________ 109 Section 5. Stability _______________________________________________________ 109
25. General - § 25.171. [Reserved]_________________________________________ 109
26. Static Longitudinal Stability and Demonstration of Static ____________________ 109 Longitudinal Stability - §§ 25.173 and 25.175. ________________________________ 109
27. Static Directional and Lateral Stability - § 25.177 __________________________ 111
28. Dynamic Stability - § 25.181. __________________________________________ 116 Section 6. Stalls__________________________________________________________ 118
29. Stall Testing. _______________________________________________________ 118 Section 7. Ground and Water Handling Characteristics ________________________ 134
30. General____________________________________________________________ 135
Change 1 iii
Table of Contents (continued)
Paragraph Page No.
Section 8. Miscellaneous Flight Requirements ________________________________ 138
31. Vibration and Buffeting - § 25.251.______________________________________ 138
32. High Speed Characteristics - § 25.253. ___________________________________ 143
33. Out-of-Trim Characteristics - § 25.255. __________________________________ 148 Chapter 3 - Structure ________________________________________________________ 152 Chapter 4 – Design and Construction___________________________________________ 153 Section 1. General [Reserved]______________________________________________ 153 Section 2. Control Surfaces [Reserved] ______________________________________ 153 Section 3. Control Systems ________________________________________________ 153
34. General - § 25.671 ___________________________________________________ 153
35. - 45. [Reserved]_____________________________________________________ 153
46. Flap and Slat Interconnections - § 25.701. ________________________________ 153
47. Takeoff Warning System - § 25.703. [Reserved] ________________________ 154 Section 4. Landing Gear __________________________________________________ 154
48. - 51. [Reserved]_____________________________________________________ 154
52. Retracting Mechanism - § 25.729. ____________________________________ 154
53. Wheels - § 25.731. ___________________________________________________ 155
54. Tires - § 25.733 [Reserved] ____________________________________________ 157
55. Brakes - § 25.735 ____________________________________________________ 157
56. Skis - § 25.737 [Reserved]_____________________________________________ 172 Section 5. Floats and Hulls ________________________________________________ 172
57. - 59. [Reserved] __________________________________________________________________172 Section 6. Personnel and Cargo Accommodations _____________________________ 172
60. - 61. [Reserved]_____________________________________________________ 172
Change 1 iv
Table of Contents (continued)
Paragraph Page No.
62. Pilot Compartment View - § 25.773._____________________________________ 173
63. - 72. [Reserved]_____________________________________________________ 173 Section 7. Emergency Provisions____________________________________________ 173
73. Ditching - § 25.801 [Reserved]_________________________________________ 173
74. Emergency Egress Assist Means and Escape Routes - § 25.810. _______________ 173
75. - 83. [Reserved]_____________________________________________________ 173 Section 8. Ventilation and Heating__________________________________________ 173
84. Ventilation - § 25.831 ________________________________________________ 173
85. Cabin Ozone Concentration - § 25.832 [Reserved] _________________________ 174
86. Combustion Heating Systems - § 25.833 [Reserved] ________________________ 174 Section 9. Pressurization __________________________________________________ 174
87. Pressurized Cabins - § 25.841.__________________________________________ 174
88. Tests For Pressurized Cabins - § 25.843 __________________________________ 177 Section 10. Fire Protection [Reserved] ______________________________________ 178 Section 11. Miscellaneous [Reserved] _______________________________________ 178 Chapter 5 - Powerplant ______________________________________________________ 179 Section 1. General _______________________________________________________ 179
89. Installation - § 25.901. [Reserved] ______________________________________ 179
90. Engines - § 25.903. __________________________________________________ 179
91. Automatic Takeoff Thrust Control System (ATTCS) - § 25.904._______________ 182
92. Propellers - § 25.905._________________________________________________ 184
93. Propeller Vibration and Fatigue - 25.907 [Reserved] _______________________ 184
94. Propeller Clearance - § 25.925 [Reserved]________________________________ 184
95. Propeller Deicing - § 25.929.___________________________________________ 185
96. Reversing Systems - § 25.933.__________________________________________ 185
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Table of Contents (continued)
Paragraph Page No.
97. Turbojet Engine Thrust Reverser System Tests - § 25.934. [Reserved] __________ 188
98. Turbopropeller-Drag Limiting Systems - § 25.937 __________________________ 188
99. Turbine Engine Operating Characteristics - § 25.939 ________________________ 190
100. Inlet, Engine, and Exhaust Compatibility - § 25.941. [Reserved] _____________ 190
101. Negative Acceleration - § 25.943. ____________________________________ 190
102. Thrust or Power Augmentation System § 25.945. [Reserved] ______________ 191 Section 2. Fuel System ____________________________________________________ 191 [103. - 108.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 191
109. Unusable Fuel Supply - § 25.959. ____________________________________ 191
110. Fuel System Hot Weather Operation - § 25.961._________________________ 193 [111. - 116.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 195
117. Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor Vents - § 25.975. _________________ 195 [118. - 120.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 197 Section 3. Fuel System Components_________________________________________ 197 [121. - 126.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 197
127. Fuel Jettisoning System- § 25.1001. __________________________________ 197 Section 4. Oil System [Reserved] ___________________________________________ 200 Section 5. Cooling________________________________________________________ 200 [128. - 130.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 200 Section 6. Induction System _______________________________________________ 200
131. Air Induction - § 25.1091 __________________________________________ 200
132. Induction System Icing Protection - § 25.1093. _________________________ 202 [133. - 136.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 204 Section 7. Exhaust System_________________________________________________ 204
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Table of Contents (continued)
Paragraph Page No.
137. General - § 25.1121. ______________________________________________ 204 [138. - 140.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 205 Section 8. Powerplant Controls and Accessories ______________________________ 205 [141. - 154.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 205 Section 9. Powerplant Fire Protection _______________________________________ 205 [155. - 158.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 205
159. Drainage and Ventilation Of Fire Zones - § 25.1187. _____________________ 205 [160. - 164.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 206
165. Fire Extinguishing Agents - § 25.1197.________________________________ 206 [166. - 169.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 206 Chapter 6 - Equipment_______________________________________________________ 207 Section 1. General _______________________________________________________ 207
170. Equipment – Function and Installation - § 25.1301. ______________________ 207
171. Flight and Navigation Instruments - § 25.1303. ___________________________ 240
172. Powerplant Instruments - § 25.1305. [Reserved] ________________________ 241
173. Miscellaneous Equipment - § 25.1307. [Reserved] ______________________ 241
174. Equipment, Systems, and Installations - § 25.1309. ______________________ 242 Section 2. Instruments: Installation ________________________________________ 242
175. Arrangement and Visibility - § 25.1321. [Reserved] _____________________ 242
176. Warning, Caution, and Advisory Lights - § 25.1322. [Reserved] ___________ 242
177. Airspeed Indicating System - § 25.1323 _______________________________ 242
178. Static Pressure Systems - § 25.1325(d) and (e) __________________________ 246
179. Pitot Heat Indication Systems - § 25.1326. [Reserved] ___________________ 247
180. Magnetic Direction Indicator - § 25.1327. [Reserved]____________________ 247
Change 1 vii Table of Contents (continued)
Paragraph Page No.
181. Automatic Pilot System - § 25.1329 __________________________________ 247 [182. - 185.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 263 Section 3. Electrical Systems and Equipment _________________________________ 264
186. General - § 25.1351. ______________________________________________ 264
187. Electrical Equipment and Installations - § 25.1353_______________________ 266
188. Distribution System - § 25.1355 _____________________________________ 268
189. Circuit Protective Devices - § 25.1357. [Reserved] ______________________ 268
190. Electrical System Tests - § 25.1363. __________________________________ 268 Section 4. Lights _________________________________________________________ 268
191. Instrument Lights - § 25.1381._______________________________________ 268
192. Landing Lights - § 25.1383._________________________________________ 269
193. Position Light System Installation - § 25.1385 __________________________ 269 [194. - 200.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 269
201. Anti-Collision Light System - § 25.1401_______________________________ 269
202. Wing Icing Detection Lights - § 25.1403. ______________________________ 270 Section 5. Safety Equipment _______________________________________________ 270 [203. - 207.] [Reserved _________________________________________________ 270 Section 6. Miscellaneous Equipment ________________________________________ 270
208. Electronic Equipment - § 25.1431 ____________________________________ 270 [209. - 223.] [Reserved]__________________________________________________ 270 Chapter 7 – Operating Limitations and Information. ______________________________ 271 Section 1. General [Reserved]______________________________________________ 271 Section 2. Operating Limitations [Reserved] _________________________________ 271 Section 3. Markings and Placards [Reserved]_________________________________ 271
Change 1 viii Table of Contents (continued)
Paragraph Page No.
Section 4. Airplane Flight Manual __________________________________________ 271
224. General - § 25.1581 _______________________________________________ 271 [225. - 227.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 271 Chapter 8 - Airworthiness: Miscellaneous Items _________________________________ 272
228. Design and Function of Artificial Stall Warning and Identification Systems. __ 272
229. Reduced and Derated Thrust Takeoff Operations ________________________ 275
230. Runway Gradients Greater Than ± 2 Percent. ___________________________ 276
231. Criteria For Approval of Steep Approach To Landing.____________________ 277
232. Takeoff and Landing On Unpaved Runways. ___________________________ 281
233. Accountability of Performance Degradation Relative to Both Minor Design Changes (External Posture) and Configuration Deviation List (CDL) Items. _______ 284
234. Configuration Deviation List. _______________________________________ 285
235. Spare Engine Pod. ________________________________________________ 287
236. Authorization For Ferry Flight With One Engine Inoperative - § 91.611. _____ 287
237. Instrument Landing System Weather Minima. __________________________ 288
238. Takeoff Performance Credit For Alternate Forward Center of Gravity Limits. _ 289
239. Performance Credit For Automatic Propeller Drag Reduction Devices._______ 292
240. Airplane Backing Using Reverse Thrust. ______________________________ 293
Change 1 ix
Table of Contents (continued)
Figures
Figure Page No.
Figure 3-1. Weight Tolerance Limits_____________________________________________ 6 Figure 3-2. Equivalent Weight Extrapolation ______________________________________ 7 Figure 3-3. Test Parameters That Normally Can Be Corrected ________________________ 9 Figure 3-4. Wind Profile Variation _____________________________________________ 10 Figure 11-1. Accelerate-Stop Time Delays _______________________________________ 35 Figure 11-2. Accelerate-Stop Speed vs. Distance __________________________________ 37 Figure 11-3. Anti-Skid System Response Characteristics____________________________ 41 Figure 11-4. Anti-Skid System Response Characteristics____________________________ 42 Figure 11-5. Anti-Skid System Response Characteristics____________________________ 44 Figure 11-6. Instantaneous Brake Force and Peak Brake Force _____________________ 47 Figure 11-7. Anti-Skid Efficiency – Wheel Slip Relationship ________________________ 49 Figure 11-8. Substantiation of the Optimal Slip Value______________________________ 51 Figure 13-1. Takeoff Distance on a Dry Runway __________________________________ 63 Figure 13-2. Takeoff Distance _________________________________________________ 64 Figure 13-3. Takeoff Distance On a Wet Runway _________________________________ 65 Figure 13-4. Takeoff Run_____________________________________________________ 65 Figure 13-5. Takeoff Run_____________________________________________________ 66 Figure 13-6. Clearway Profiles ________________________________________________ 67 Figure 14-1. Takeoff Segments & Nomenclature __________________________________ 68
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Table of Contents (continued)
Figure Page No.
Figure 14-2. Net Takeoff Flight Path ___________________________________________ 69 Figure 19-1. Landing Time Delays _____________________________________________ 78 Figure 20-1. Sample Pitch Tracking Task________________________________________ 89 Figure 20-2. A-PC Rating Criteria and Comparison To Mil Standard _________________ 90 Figure 20-3 Example of Acceptable HQ Rating For A-PC Tendencies_________________ 91 Figure 26-1. Longitudinal Static Stability _______________________________________ 111 Figure 29-1. Thrust Effect On Stall Speed ______________________________________ 123 Figure 29-2. CLMAX and Load Factor___________________________________________ 124 Figure 29-3. CLMAX vs Entry Rate _____________________________________________ 126 Figure 29-4. CLMAX vs Weight and Flap Setting __________________________________ 126 Figure 29-5. Stall Speed vs Weight and Flap Setting ______________________________ 128 Figure 31-1. Maneuvering Characteristics ______________________________________ 142 Figure 31-2. Maneuvering Characteristics ______________________________________ 142 Figure 33-1. Mistrimmed Maneuvering Characteristics____________________________ 150 Figure 181-1 Altitude Loss versus Altitude Go-Around Mode _______________________ 255
Change 1 xi
Table of Contents (continued)
Appendices Appendix Page No.
Appendix 1 _______________________________________________________________ A1-1 Acronyms and Abbreviations _____________________________________________ A1-1 Appendix 2 _______________________________________________________________ A2-1 Function and Reliability Tests - § 21.35(b)(2) ________________________________ A2-1 Appendix 3 _______________________________________________________________ A3-1 Correction of Air Minimum Control Speed To Standard Conditions_____________ A3-1
1. Theoretical Basis___________________________________________________ A3-1
2. Constant C n Method ________________________________________________ A3-2
3. Graphical Method __________________________________________________ A3-3
4. Equation Method___________________________________________________ A3-7 Appendix 4 _______________________________________________________________ A4-1 History of Jet Transport Performance Standards_____________________________ A4-1 Special Civil Air Regulation No. SR-422 ____________________________________ A4-2 Performance __________________________________________________________ A4-5 Airplane Flight Manual_________________________________________________ A4-14 Operating Rules ______________________________________________________ A4-14 Special Civil Air Regulation No. SR-422A __________________________________ A4-17 Performance _________________________________________________________ A4-25 Airplane Flight Manual_________________________________________________ A4-35 Operating Rules ______________________________________________________ A4-36 Special Civil Air Regulation No. SR-422B __________________________________ A4-40 Performance _________________________________________________________ A4-43 Airplane Flight Manual_________________________________________________ A4-54