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Table of Contents
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1. Purpose. _____________________________________________________________ i
2. Principal Changes. _____________________________________________________ i Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 1
1. Purpose. ______________________________________________________________ 1
2. Applicability. __________________________________________________________ 1
4. Background.___________________________________________________________ 1
5. Related Publications. ____________________________________________________ 2 Chapter 1 - General ___________________________________________________________ 3
1. Applicability - § 25.1 [Reserved] __________________________________________ 3
2. Special Retroactive Requirements - § 25.2 [Reserved] _________________________ 3 Chapter 2 - Flight_____________________________________________________________ 4 Section 1. General _________________________________________________________ 4
3. Proof of Compliance - § 25.21. ____________________________________________ 4
4. Load Distribution Limits - § 25.23 [Reserved]. ______________________________ 16
5. Weight Limits and Center of Gravity Limits - §§ 25.25 and 25.27________________ 16 [Reserved]. _____________________________________________________________ 16
6. Empty Weight and Corresponding Center of Gravity - § 25.29 __________________ 16 [Reserved]. _____________________________________________________________ 16
7. Removable Ballast - § 25.31 [Reserved]. ___________________________________ 16
8. Propeller Speed and Pitch Limits - § 25.33. _________________________________ 16 Section 2. Performance ____________________________________________________ 17
9. General - § 25.101. ____________________________________________________ 17
10. Takeoff and Takeoff Speeds - §§ 25.105 and 25.107. _________________________ 19
11. Accelerate-Stop Distance - § 25.109. _____________________________________ 28
12. Takeoff Path - § 25.111 ________________________________________________ 55
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Table of Contents (continued)
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13. Takeoff Distance and Takeoff Run - § 25.113 ______________________________ 63
14. Takeoff Flight Path - § 25.115___________________________________________ 67
15. Climb: General - § 25.117. _____________________________________________ 69
16. Landing Climb: All-Engines-Operating - § 25.119. __________________________ 69
17. Climb: One-Engine-Inoperative - § 25.121 ________________________________ 70
18. En Route Flight Paths - § 25.123. ________________________________________ 72
19. Landing - § 25.125____________________________________________________ 73 Section 3. Controllability and Maneuverability ________________________________ 81
20. General - § 25.143. ___________________________________________________ 81
21. Longitudinal Control - § 25.145 _________________________________________ 94
22. Directional and Lateral Control - § 25.147 _________________________________ 99
23. Minimum Control Speed - § 25.149 _____________________________________ 102 Section 4. Trim __________________________________________________________ 109
24. Trim - § 25.161 [Reserved]____________________________________________ 109 Section 5. Stability _______________________________________________________ 109
25. General - § 25.171. [Reserved]_________________________________________ 109
26. Static Longitudinal Stability and Demonstration of Static ____________________ 109 Longitudinal Stability - §§ 25.173 and 25.175. ________________________________ 109
27. Static Directional and Lateral Stability - § 25.177 __________________________ 111
28. Dynamic Stability - § 25.181. __________________________________________ 116 Section 6. Stalls__________________________________________________________ 118
29. Stall Testing. _______________________________________________________ 118 Section 7. Ground and Water Handling Characteristics ________________________ 134
30. General____________________________________________________________ 135
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Table of Contents (continued)
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Section 8. Miscellaneous Flight Requirements ________________________________ 138
31. Vibration and Buffeting - § 25.251.______________________________________ 138
32. High Speed Characteristics - § 25.253. ___________________________________ 143
33. Out-of-Trim Characteristics - § 25.255. __________________________________ 148 Chapter 3 - Structure ________________________________________________________ 152 Chapter 4 – Design and Construction___________________________________________ 153 Section 1. General [Reserved]______________________________________________ 153 Section 2. Control Surfaces [Reserved] ______________________________________ 153 Section 3. Control Systems ________________________________________________ 153
34. General - § 25.671 ___________________________________________________ 153
35. - 45. [Reserved]_____________________________________________________ 153
46. Flap and Slat Interconnections - § 25.701. ________________________________ 153
47. Takeoff Warning System - § 25.703. [Reserved] ________________________ 154 Section 4. Landing Gear __________________________________________________ 154
48. - 51. [Reserved]_____________________________________________________ 154
52. Retracting Mechanism - § 25.729. ____________________________________ 154
53. Wheels - § 25.731. ___________________________________________________ 155
54. Tires - § 25.733 [Reserved] ____________________________________________ 157
55. Brakes - § 25.735 ____________________________________________________ 157
56. Skis - § 25.737 [Reserved]_____________________________________________ 172 Section 5. Floats and Hulls ________________________________________________ 172
57. - 59. [Reserved] __________________________________________________________________172 Section 6. Personnel and Cargo Accommodations _____________________________ 172
60. - 61. [Reserved]_____________________________________________________ 172
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Table of Contents (continued)
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62. Pilot Compartment View - § 25.773._____________________________________ 173
63. - 72. [Reserved]_____________________________________________________ 173 Section 7. Emergency Provisions____________________________________________ 173
73. Ditching - § 25.801 [Reserved]_________________________________________ 173
74. Emergency Egress Assist Means and Escape Routes - § 25.810. _______________ 173
75. - 83. [Reserved]_____________________________________________________ 173 Section 8. Ventilation and Heating__________________________________________ 173
84. Ventilation - § 25.831 ________________________________________________ 173
85. Cabin Ozone Concentration - § 25.832 [Reserved] _________________________ 174
86. Combustion Heating Systems - § 25.833 [Reserved] ________________________ 174 Section 9. Pressurization __________________________________________________ 174
87. Pressurized Cabins - § 25.841.__________________________________________ 174
88. Tests For Pressurized Cabins - § 25.843 __________________________________ 177 Section 10. Fire Protection [Reserved] ______________________________________ 178 Section 11. Miscellaneous [Reserved] _______________________________________ 178 Chapter 5 - Powerplant ______________________________________________________ 179 Section 1. General _______________________________________________________ 179
89. Installation - § 25.901. [Reserved] ______________________________________ 179
90. Engines - § 25.903. __________________________________________________ 179
91. Automatic Takeoff Thrust Control System (ATTCS) - § 25.904._______________ 182
92. Propellers - § 25.905._________________________________________________ 184
93. Propeller Vibration and Fatigue - 25.907 [Reserved] _______________________ 184
94. Propeller Clearance - § 25.925 [Reserved]________________________________ 184
95. Propeller Deicing - § 25.929.___________________________________________ 185
96. Reversing Systems - § 25.933.__________________________________________ 185
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97. Turbojet Engine Thrust Reverser System Tests - § 25.934. [Reserved] __________ 188
98. Turbopropeller-Drag Limiting Systems - § 25.937 __________________________ 188
99. Turbine Engine Operating Characteristics - § 25.939 ________________________ 190
100. Inlet, Engine, and Exhaust Compatibility - § 25.941. [Reserved] _____________ 190
101. Negative Acceleration - § 25.943. ____________________________________ 190
102. Thrust or Power Augmentation System § 25.945. [Reserved] ______________ 191 Section 2. Fuel System ____________________________________________________ 191 [103. - 108.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 191
109. Unusable Fuel Supply - § 25.959. ____________________________________ 191
110. Fuel System Hot Weather Operation - § 25.961._________________________ 193 [111. - 116.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 195
117. Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor Vents - § 25.975. _________________ 195 [118. - 120.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 197 Section 3. Fuel System Components_________________________________________ 197 [121. - 126.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 197
127. Fuel Jettisoning System- § 25.1001. __________________________________ 197 Section 4. Oil System [Reserved] ___________________________________________ 200 Section 5. Cooling________________________________________________________ 200 [128. - 130.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 200 Section 6. Induction System _______________________________________________ 200
131. Air Induction - § 25.1091 __________________________________________ 200
132. Induction System Icing Protection - § 25.1093. _________________________ 202 [133. - 136.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 204 Section 7. Exhaust System_________________________________________________ 204
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137. General - § 25.1121. ______________________________________________ 204 [138. - 140.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 205 Section 8. Powerplant Controls and Accessories ______________________________ 205 [141. - 154.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 205 Section 9. Powerplant Fire Protection _______________________________________ 205 [155. - 158.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 205
159. Drainage and Ventilation Of Fire Zones - § 25.1187. _____________________ 205 [160. - 164.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 206
165. Fire Extinguishing Agents - § 25.1197.________________________________ 206 [166. - 169.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 206 Chapter 6 - Equipment_______________________________________________________ 207 Section 1. General _______________________________________________________ 207
170. Equipment – Function and Installation - § 25.1301. ______________________ 207
171. Flight and Navigation Instruments - § 25.1303. ___________________________ 240
172. Powerplant Instruments - § 25.1305. [Reserved] ________________________ 241
173. Miscellaneous Equipment - § 25.1307. [Reserved] ______________________ 241
174. Equipment, Systems, and Installations - § 25.1309. ______________________ 242 Section 2. Instruments: Installation ________________________________________ 242
175. Arrangement and Visibility - § 25.1321. [Reserved] _____________________ 242
176. Warning, Caution, and Advisory Lights - § 25.1322. [Reserved] ___________ 242
177. Airspeed Indicating System - § 25.1323 _______________________________ 242
178. Static Pressure Systems - § 25.1325(d) and (e) __________________________ 246
179. Pitot Heat Indication Systems - § 25.1326. [Reserved] ___________________ 247
180. Magnetic Direction Indicator - § 25.1327. [Reserved]____________________ 247
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181. Automatic Pilot System - § 25.1329 __________________________________ 247 [182. - 185.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 263 Section 3. Electrical Systems and Equipment _________________________________ 264
186. General - § 25.1351. ______________________________________________ 264
187. Electrical Equipment and Installations - § 25.1353_______________________ 266
188. Distribution System - § 25.1355 _____________________________________ 268
189. Circuit Protective Devices - § 25.1357. [Reserved] ______________________ 268
190. Electrical System Tests - § 25.1363. __________________________________ 268 Section 4. Lights _________________________________________________________ 268
191. Instrument Lights - § 25.1381._______________________________________ 268
192. Landing Lights - § 25.1383._________________________________________ 269
193. Position Light System Installation - § 25.1385 __________________________ 269 [194. - 200.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 269
201. Anti-Collision Light System - § 25.1401_______________________________ 269
202. Wing Icing Detection Lights - § 25.1403. ______________________________ 270 Section 5. Safety Equipment _______________________________________________ 270 [203. - 207.] [Reserved _________________________________________________ 270 Section 6. Miscellaneous Equipment ________________________________________ 270
208. Electronic Equipment - § 25.1431 ____________________________________ 270 [209. - 223.] [Reserved]__________________________________________________ 270 Chapter 7 – Operating Limitations and Information. ______________________________ 271 Section 1. General [Reserved]______________________________________________ 271 Section 2. Operating Limitations [Reserved] _________________________________ 271 Section 3. Markings and Placards [Reserved]_________________________________ 271
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Section 4. Airplane Flight Manual __________________________________________ 271
224. General - § 25.1581 _______________________________________________ 271 [225. - 227.] [Reserved]_________________________________________________ 271 Chapter 8 - Airworthiness: Miscellaneous Items _________________________________ 272
228. Design and Function of Artificial Stall Warning and Identification Systems. __ 272
229. Reduced and Derated Thrust Takeoff Operations ________________________ 275
230. Runway Gradients Greater Than ± 2 Percent. ___________________________ 276
231. Criteria For Approval of Steep Approach To Landing.____________________ 277
232. Takeoff and Landing On Unpaved Runways. ___________________________ 281
233. Accountability of Performance Degradation Relative to Both Minor Design Changes (External Posture) and Configuration Deviation List (CDL) Items. _______ 284
234. Configuration Deviation List. _______________________________________ 285
235. Spare Engine Pod. ________________________________________________ 287
236. Authorization For Ferry Flight With One Engine Inoperative - § 91.611. _____ 287
237. Instrument Landing System Weather Minima. __________________________ 288
238. Takeoff Performance Credit For Alternate Forward Center of Gravity Limits. _ 289
239. Performance Credit For Automatic Propeller Drag Reduction Devices._______ 292
240. Airplane Backing Using Reverse Thrust. ______________________________ 293
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Table of Contents (continued)
Figures
Figure Page No.
Figure 3-1. Weight Tolerance Limits_____________________________________________ 6 Figure 3-2. Equivalent Weight Extrapolation ______________________________________ 7 Figure 3-3. Test Parameters That Normally Can Be Corrected ________________________ 9 Figure 3-4. Wind Profile Variation _____________________________________________ 10 Figure 11-1. Accelerate-Stop Time Delays _______________________________________ 35 Figure 11-2. Accelerate-Stop Speed vs. Distance __________________________________ 37 Figure 11-3. Anti-Skid System Response Characteristics____________________________ 41 Figure 11-4. Anti-Skid System Response Characteristics____________________________ 42 Figure 11-5. Anti-Skid System Response Characteristics____________________________ 44 Figure 11-6. Instantaneous Brake Force and Peak Brake Force _____________________ 47 Figure 11-7. Anti-Skid Efficiency – Wheel Slip Relationship ________________________ 49 Figure 11-8. Substantiation of the Optimal Slip Value______________________________ 51 Figure 13-1. Takeoff Distance on a Dry Runway __________________________________ 63 Figure 13-2. Takeoff Distance _________________________________________________ 64 Figure 13-3. Takeoff Distance On a Wet Runway _________________________________ 65 Figure 13-4. Takeoff Run_____________________________________________________ 65 Figure 13-5. Takeoff Run_____________________________________________________ 66 Figure 13-6. Clearway Profiles ________________________________________________ 67 Figure 14-1. Takeoff Segments & Nomenclature __________________________________ 68
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Table of Contents (continued)
Figure Page No.
Figure 14-2. Net Takeoff Flight Path ___________________________________________ 69 Figure 19-1. Landing Time Delays _____________________________________________ 78 Figure 20-1. Sample Pitch Tracking Task________________________________________ 89 Figure 20-2. A-PC Rating Criteria and Comparison To Mil Standard _________________ 90 Figure 20-3 Example of Acceptable HQ Rating For A-PC Tendencies_________________ 91 Figure 26-1. Longitudinal Static Stability _______________________________________ 111 Figure 29-1. Thrust Effect On Stall Speed ______________________________________ 123 Figure 29-2. CLMAX and Load Factor___________________________________________ 124 Figure 29-3. CLMAX vs Entry Rate _____________________________________________ 126 Figure 29-4. CLMAX vs Weight and Flap Setting __________________________________ 126 Figure 29-5. Stall Speed vs Weight and Flap Setting ______________________________ 128 Figure 31-1. Maneuvering Characteristics ______________________________________ 142 Figure 31-2. Maneuvering Characteristics ______________________________________ 142 Figure 33-1. Mistrimmed Maneuvering Characteristics____________________________ 150 Figure 181-1 Altitude Loss versus Altitude Go-Around Mode _______________________ 255
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Table of Contents (continued)
Appendices Appendix Page No.
Appendix 1 _______________________________________________________________ A1-1 Acronyms and Abbreviations _____________________________________________ A1-1 Appendix 2 _______________________________________________________________ A2-1 Function and Reliability Tests - § 21.35(b)(2) ________________________________ A2-1 Appendix 3 _______________________________________________________________ A3-1 Correction of Air Minimum Control Speed To Standard Conditions_____________ A3-1
1. Theoretical Basis___________________________________________________ A3-1
2. Constant C n Method ________________________________________________ A3-2
3. Graphical Method __________________________________________________ A3-3
4. Equation Method___________________________________________________ A3-7 Appendix 4 _______________________________________________________________ A4-1 History of Jet Transport Performance Standards_____________________________ A4-1 Special Civil Air Regulation No. SR-422 ____________________________________ A4-2 Performance __________________________________________________________ A4-5 Airplane Flight Manual_________________________________________________ A4-14 Operating Rules ______________________________________________________ A4-14 Special Civil Air Regulation No. SR-422A __________________________________ A4-17 Performance _________________________________________________________ A4-25 Airplane Flight Manual_________________________________________________ A4-35 Operating Rules ______________________________________________________ A4-36 Special Civil Air Regulation No. SR-422B __________________________________ A4-40 Performance _________________________________________________________ A4-43 Airplane Flight Manual_________________________________________________ A4-54
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Table of Contents (continued)
Appendices
Appendix Page No.
Operating Rules ______________________________________________________ A4-55 Appendix 5 _______________________________________________________________ A5-1 Historical Development Of Accelerate-Stop Time Delays ______________________ A5-1 Figure 1. Accelerate-Stop Time Delays___________________________________ A5-2 Figure 2. Accelerate-Stop Time Delays___________________________________ A5-4 Appendix 6 _______________________________________________________________ A6-1 FAA Handling Qualities Rating Method ____________________________________ A6-1 Figure 1. Airworthiness HQ Regulations Impacted/Outpaced by Technology _____ A6-2 Figure 2. Probability vs. Consequence Graph ______________________________ A6-3 Figure 3. Development of FAA HQRM Criteria____________________________ A6-4 Figure 4. Major Elements of Task-Oriented Handling Qualities Rating Method ___ A6-4 Figure 5. Probability Guidelines for Combined Occurrence Flight Conditions ____ A6-5 Figure 6. Flaps UP Flight Envelopes _____________________________________ A6-7 Figure 7. Flaps DOWN Flight Envelopes _________________________________ A6-8 Figure 8. Pilot Ratings ________________________________________________ A6-9 Figure 9. Probability Combination Leading to HQ Rating ___________________ A6-10 Figure 10. Probability Guidelines to Determine HQ Requirements ____________ A6-11 Figure 11. General HQ Task Categories _________________________________ A6-12 Figure 12. Minimum HQ Requirements _________________________________ A6-13 Appendix 7 _______________________________________________________________ A7-1 Rudder Pedal Force-Limited Air Minimum Control Speed_____________________ A7-1