i Table of Contents
Paragraph Page No.
Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 1
1. Purpose. _____________________________________________________________ 1
2. Applicability. ________________________________________________________ 1
3. Cancellation. _________________________________________________________ 1
4. Background. _________________________________________________________ 1
5. Related Publications ___________________________________________________ 2 Chapter 1 - General ___________________________________________________________ 3
1. Applicability - § 25.1. [Reserved] ________________________________________ 3
2. Special Retroactive Requirements - § 25.2. [Reserved] _______________________ 3 Chapter 2 - Flight _____________________________________________________________ 4 Section 1. General _________________________________________________________ 4
3. Proof of Compliance - § 25.21. ___________________________________________ 4
4. Load Distribution Limits - § 25.23. [Reserved] _____________________________ 17
5. Weight Limits and Center of Gravity Limits - §§ 25.25 and 25.27. [Reserved] ____ 17
6. Empty Weight and Corresponding Center of Gravity - § 25.29. [Reserved] ______ 17
7. Removable Ballast - § 25.31. ___________________________________________ 17
8. Propeller Speed and Pitch Limits - § 25.33. ________________________________ 18 Section 2. Performance ____________________________________________________ 19
9. General - § 25.101. ___________________________________________________ 19
10. Takeoff and Takeoff Speeds - §§ 25.105 and 25.107. ______________________ 21
11. Accelerate-Stop Distance - § 25.109. ___________________________________ 31
12. Takeoff Path - § 25.111. _____________________________________________ 58
13. Takeoff Distance and Takeoff Run - § 25.113. ___________________________ 65
14. Takeoff Flight Path - § 25.115. ________________________________________ 69
15. Climb: General - § 25.117. 71
ii Table of Contents (continued)
Paragraph Page No.
16. Landing Climb: All-Engines-Operating - § 25.119. _______________________ 72
17. Climb: One-Engine-Inoperative - § 25.121. _____________________________ 73
18. En Route Flight Paths - § 25.123. ______________________________________ 76
19. Landing - § 25.125. _________________________________________________ 76 Section 3. Controllability and Maneuverability ________________________________ 86
20. General - § 25.143. _________________________________________________ 86
21. Longitudinal Control - § 25.145. ______________________________________ 99
22. Directional and Lateral Control - § 25.147. _____________________________ 104
23. Minimum Control Speed - § 25.149. __________________________________ 107 Section 4. Trim __________________________________________________________ 114
24. Trim - § 25.161. __________________________________________________ 114 Section 5. Stability _______________________________________________________ 115
25. General - § 25.171. [Reserved] ______________________________________ 115
26. Static Longitudinal Stability and Demonstration of Static Longitudinal Stability - §§ 25.173 and 25.175. ____________________________________________________ 115
27. Static Directional and Lateral Stability - § 25.177. _______________________ 119
28. Dynamic Stability - § 25.181. ________________________________________ 124 Section 6. Stalls __________________________________________________________ 126
29. Stall Testing. _____________________________________________________ 126 Section 7. Ground and Water Handling Characteristics ________________________ 140
30. General. _________________________________________________________ 140 Section 8. Miscellaneous Flight Requirements ________________________________ 144
31. Vibration and Buffeting - § 25.251. 144
iii Table of Contents (continued)
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32. High Speed Characteristics - § 25.253. _________________________________ 148
33. Out-Of-Trim Characteristics - § 25.255. ________________________________ 153 Chapter 3 - Structure ________________________________________________________ 158 Chapter 4 - Design and Construction ___________________________________________ 159 Section 1. General [Reserved] ______________________________________________ 159 Section 2. Control Surfaces [Reserved] ______________________________________ 159 Section 3. Control Systems ________________________________________________ 159
34. General - § 25.671. ________________________________________________ 159
35. - 45. [Reserved] _____________________________________________________ 159
46. Flap and Slat Interconnections - § 25.701. ______________________________ 159
47. Takeoff Warning System - § 25.703. [Reserved] ________________________ 160 Section 4. Landing Gear __________________________________________________ 160
48. - 51. [Reserved] _____________________________________________________ 160
52. Retracting Mechanism - § 25.729. ____________________________________ 160
53. Wheels - § 25.731. ________________________________________________ 161
54. Tires - § 25.733. [Reserved] _________________________________________ 163
55. Brakes - § 25.735. _________________________________________________ 163
56. Skis - § 25.737. [Reserved] __________________________________________ 176 Section 5. Floats and Hulls ________________________________________________ 176
57. - 59. [Reserved] _____________________________________________________ 176 Section 6. Personnel and Cargo Accommodations _____________________________ 176
60. - 61. [Reserved] _____________________________________________________ 176
62. Pilot Compartment View - § 25.773. __________________________________ 176
63. - 72. [Reserved] _____________________________________________________ 176
iv Table of Contents (continued)
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Section 7. Emergency Provisions ___________________________________________ 176
73. Ditching - § 25.801. _______________________________________________ 176
74. Emergency Egress Assist Means and Escape Routes - § 25.810. _____________ 176
75. - 83. [Reserved] _____________________________________________________ 177 Section 8. Ventilation and Heating __________________________________________ 177
84. Ventilation - § 25.831. _____________________________________________ 177
85. Cabin Ozone Concentration - § 25.832. [Reserved] ______________________ 178
86. Combustion Heating Systems - § 25.833. [Reserved] _____________________ 178 Section 9. Pressurization __________________________________________________ 178
87. Pressurized Cabins - § 25.841. _______________________________________ 178
88. Tests For Pressurized Cabins - § 25.843. _______________________________ 180 Section 10. Fire Protection [Reserved] ______________________________________ 182 Section 11. Miscellaneous [Reserved] _______________________________________ 182 Chapter 5 - Powerplant ______________________________________________________ 183 Section 1. General _______________________________________________________ 183
89. Installation - § 25.901. [Reserved] ____________________________________ 183
90. Engines - § 25.903. ________________________________________________ 183
91. Automatic Takeoff Thrust Control System (ATTCS) - § 25.904. ____________ 187
92. Propellers - § 25.905. [Reserved] ____________________________________ 188
93. Propeller Vibration and Fatigue - 25.907. [Reserved] ____________________ 188
94. Propeller Clearance - § 25.925. [Reserved] _____________________________ 188
95. Propeller Deicing - § 25.929. ________________________________________ 189
96. Reversing Systems - § 25.933. _______________________________________ 189
97. Turbojet Engine Thrust Reverser System Tests - § 25.934. [Reserved] 192
v Table of Contents (continued)
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98. Turbopropeller-Drag Limiting Systems - § 25.937. _______________________ 192
99. Turbine Engine Operating Characteristics - § 25.939. _____________________ 194
100. Inlet, Engine, and Exhaust Compatibility - § 25.941. [Reserved] ____________ 194
101. Negative Acceleration - § 25.943. ____________________________________ 194
102. Thrust or Power Augmentation System § 25.945. [Reserved] ______________ 195 Section 2. Fuel System ____________________________________________________ 195 [103. - 108.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 195
109. Unusable Fuel Supply - § 25.959. _____________________________________ 195
110. Fuel System Hot Weather Operation - § 25.961. _________________________ 197 [111. - 116.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 200
117. Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor Vents - § 25.975. __________________ 200 [118. - 120.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 201 Section 3. Fuel System Components _________________________________________ 201 [121. - 126.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 201
127. Fuel Jettisoning System - § 25.1001. __________________________________ 201 Section 4. Oil System [Reserved] ___________________________________________ 204 Section 5. Cooling ________________________________________________________ 204 [128. - 129.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 204
130. Cooling Test Procedures - § 25.1045. __________________________________ 204 Section 6. Induction System _______________________________________________ 210
131. Air Induction - § 25.1091.___________________________________________ 210
132. Induction System Icing Protection - § 25.1093. __________________________ 212 [133. - 136.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 215 Section 7. Exhaust System _________________________________________________ 215
vi Table of Contents (continued)
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137. General - § 25.1121. _______________________________________________ 215 [138. - 140.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 215 Section 8. Powerplant Controls and Accessories ______________________________ 215 [141. - 154.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 215 Section 9. Powerplant Fire Protection _______________________________________ 215 [155. - 158.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 215
159. Drainage and Ventilation Of Fire Zones - § 25.1187. _____________________ 215 [160. - 164.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 216
165. Fire Extinguishing Systems - § 25.1197. _______________________________ 216 [166. - 169.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 217 Chapter 6 - Equipment _______________________________________________________ 218 Section 1. General _______________________________________________________ 218
170. Equipment - Function and Installation - § 25.1301. _______________________ 218
171. Flight and Navigation Instruments - § 25.1303. __________________________ 251
172. Powerplant Instruments - § 25.1305. [Reserved]_________________________ 252
173. Miscellaneous Equipment - § 25.1307. [Reserved] _______________________ 252
174. Equipment, Systems, and Installations - § 25.1309. _______________________ 252 Section 2. Instruments: Installation ________________________________________ 253
175. Arrangement and Visibility - § 25.1321. [Reserved] ______________________ 253
176. Warning, Caution, and Advisory Lights - § 25.1322. [Reserved] ____________ 253
177. Airspeed Indicating System - § 25.1323. _______________________________ 253
178. Static Pressure Systems - § 25.1325(d) and (e). __________________________ 256
179. Pitot Heat Indication Systems - § 25.1326. [Reserved] ____________________ 257
180. Magnetic Direction Indicator - § 25.1327. [Reserved] 257
vii Table of Contents (continued)
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181. Flight Guidance System - § 25.1329. __________________________________ 257 [182. - 185.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 281 Section 3. Electrical Systems and Equipment _________________________________ 281
186. General - § 25.1351. _______________________________________________ 281
187. Electrical Equipment and Installations - § 25.1353. _______________________ 284
188. Distribution System - § 25.1355. _____________________________________ 284
189. Circuit Protective Devices - § 25.1357. [Reserved] ______________________ 284
190. Electrical System Tests - § 25.1363. ___________________________________ 284 Section 4. Lights _________________________________________________________ 285
191. Instrument Lights - § 25.1381. _______________________________________ 285
192. Landing Lights - § 25.1383. _________________________________________ 285
193. Position Light System Installation - § 25.1385. __________________________ 285 [194. - 200.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 286
201. Anti-Collision Light System - § 25.1401. _______________________________ 286
202. Wing Icing Detection Lights - § 25.1403. ______________________________ 286 Section 5. Safety Equipment _______________________________________________ 287 [203. - 207.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 287 Section 6. Miscellaneous Equipment ________________________________________ 287
208. Electronic Equipment - § 25.1431. ____________________________________ 287 [209. - 215.] [Reserved] __________________________________________________ 288
216. Equipment Standards for Oxygen Dispensing Units - § 25.1447. ____________ 288 [217. - 223.] [Reserved] __________________________________________________ 289 Chapter 7 - Operating Limitations and Information. _______________________________ 290 Section 1. General. [Reserved] _____________________________________________ 290
viii Table of Contents (continued)
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Section 2. Operating Limitations [Reserved] _________________________________ 290 Section 3. Markings and Placards [Reserved] ________________________________ 290 Section 4. Airplane Flight Manual __________________________________________ 290
224. General - § 25.1581. _______________________________________________ 290 [225. - 227.] [Reserved] _________________________________________________ 290 Chapter 8 - Airworthiness: Miscellaneous Items__________________________________ 291
228. Design and Function Of Artificial Stall Warning and Identification Systems. __ 291
229. Reduced and Derated Power or Thrust Takeoff Operations. ________________ 295
230. Runway Gradients Greater Than ± 2 Percent. ___________________________ 296
231. Criteria For Approval Of Steep Approach To Landing. ____________________ 297
232. Takeoff and Landing On Unpaved Runways. ____________________________ 300
233. Accounting for Performance Effects of Minor Design Changes and Configuration Deviation List (CDL) Items. _______________________________________________ 304
234. Configuration Deviation List. ________________________________________ 305
235. Spare Engine Pod. _________________________________________________ 307
236. Authorization For Ferry Flight With One Engine Inoperative - § 91.611. ______ 307
237. Instrument Landing System Weather Minima. ___________________________ 308
238. Takeoff Performance Credit for Alternate Forward Center Of Gravity Limits. __ 309
239. Airplane Backing Using Reverse Thrust. _______________________________ 311
ix Table of Contents (continued) Figures Figure Page No.
Figure 3-1. Weight Tolerance Limits _____________________________________________ 7 Figure 3-2. Equivalent Weight Extrapolation ______________________________________ 9 Figure 3-3. Test Parameters That Normally Can Be Corrected _______________________ 10 Figure 3-4. Wind Profile Variation _____________________________________________ 11 Figure 11-1. Accelerate-Stop Time Delays _______________________________________ 38 Figure 11-2. Accelerate-Stop Speed vs. Distance __________________________________ 40 Figure 11-3. Anti-Skid System Response Characteristics ____________________________ 45 Figure 11-4. Anti-Skid System Response Characteristics ____________________________ 46 Figure 11-5. Anti-Skid System Response Characteristics ____________________________ 48 Figure 11-6. Instantaneous Brake Force and Peak Brake Force _____________________ 51 Figure 11-7. Anti-Skid Efficiency – Wheel Slip Relationship ________________________ 53 Figure 11-8. Substantiation of The Optimal Slip Value _____________________________ 54 Figure 13-1. Takeoff Distance On a Dry Runway __________________________________ 66 Figure 13-2. Takeoff Distance _________________________________________________ 66 Figure 13-3. Takeoff Distance On A Wet Runway _________________________________ 67 Figure 13-4. Takeoff Run _____________________________________________________ 68 Figure 13-5. Takeoff Run _____________________________________________________ 68 Figure 13-6. Clearway Profiles 69
x Table of Contents (continued) Figures Figure Page No.
Figure 14-1. Takeoff Segments & Nomenclature __________________________________ 70 Figure 14-2. Net Takeoff Flight Path ___________________________________________ 71 Figure 19-1. Landing Time Delays _____________________________________________ 83 Figure 20-1. Sample Pitch Tracking Task ________________________________________ 94 Figure 20-2. PIO Rating Criteria and Comparison To MIL Standard _________________ 95 Figure 20-3. Example of Acceptable HQ Rating For PIO Tendencies _________________ 96 Figure 26-1. Longitudinal Static Stability _______________________________________ 118 Figure 26-2. Local Reversal __________________________________________________ 119 Figure 29-1. Thrust Effect On Stall Speed ______________________________________ 129 Figure 29-2. CLMAX and Load Factor ___________________________________________ 131 Figure 29-3. CLMAX vs Weight and Flap Setting __________________________________ 132 Figure 29-4. Stall Speed vs Weight and Flap Setting ______________________________ 133 Figure 31-1. Maneuvering Characteristics at Speeds up to VMO/MMO _________________ 148 Figure 33-1. Mistrimmed Maneuvering Characteristics ____________________________ 156 Figure 181-1 Altitude Loss Versus Altitude At Go-Around Mode Initiation ____________ 269 Figure 181-2 Deviation Profile Method _________________________________________ 278 Figure 181-3 Height Loss Method _____________________________________________ 279
xi Table of Contents (continued) Tables Table Page No.
Table 170-1 Radio Line-of-Sight Distance vs. Flight Level or Altitude ________________ 221 Table 170-2 Marker Beacon System ___________________________________________ 227 Table 170-3 Classification of LF/MF Radio Beacons in U.S. National Service _________ 228 Table 170-4 Types of Aural Warnings __________________________________________ 245 Appendices Appendix Page No.
Appendix 1 _______________________________________________________________ A1-1 Acronyms, Abbreviations, Symbols, and Definitions __________________________ A1-1 Appendix 2 _______________________________________________________________ A2-1 Function and Reliability Tests - § 21.35(b)(2). ________________________________ A2-1 Appendix 3 _______________________________________________________________ A3-1 Historical Development of Accelerate-Stop Time Delays _______________________ A3-1 Figure 1. Accelerate-Stop Time Delays _________________________________ A3-2 Figure 2. Accelerate-Stop Time Delays _________________________________ A3-3 Appendix 4 _______________________________________________________________ A4-1 History Of Jet Transport Performance Standards ____________________________ A4-1 Special Civil Air Regulation No. SR-422 ____________________________________ A4-2 Performance A4-5
xii Table of Contents (continued )
Appendices (continued) Appendix Page No.
Airplane Flight Manual _________________________________________________ A4-13 Operating Rules ______________________________________________________ A4-14 Special Civil Air Regulation No. SR-422A __________________________________ A4-17 Performance _________________________________________________________ A4-23 Airplane Flight Manual _________________________________________________ A4-33 Operating Rules ______________________________________________________ A4-34 Special Civil Air Regulation No. SR-422B __________________________________ A4-38 Performance _________________________________________________________ A4-41 Airplane Flight Manual _________________________________________________ A4-53 Operating Rules ________________________________ ________________________________ __ A4-53 Appendix 5 _______________________________________________________________ A5-1 FAA Handling Qualities Rating Method (HQRM) ____________________________ A5-1 Figure 1. Overall HQRM Process _____________________________________ A5-2 Figure 2. Handling Qualities Ratings ___________________________________ A5-2 Figure 3. Sample Tasks for Evaluating Airplane Handling Qualities __________ A5-4 Figure 4. Probability of Occurrence Guidelines ___________________________ A5-5 Figure 5. Flaps UP Flight Envelopes ___________________________________ A5-7 Figure 6. Flaps DOWN Flight Envelopes _______________________________ A5-9 Figure 7. Combining Values ________________________________________ A5-10 Figure 8. Probability Guidelines to Determine HQ Requirements ___________ A5-11 Figure 9. Minimum HQ Requirements A5-12