CONTENTS Page No.
CHAPTER 1 - PART 21 CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR
PRODUCTS AND PARTS AC 21.16 Special Conditions .......................................................................... FAR 21-1 AC 21.31 Type Design.................................................................................... FAR 21-2 AC 21.33 Inspection and Tests....................................................................... FAR 21-2 AC 21.35 Flight Tests ..................................................................................... FAR 21-2 AC 21.39 Flight Test Instrument Calibration and Correction Report ............... FAR 21-6 CHAPTER 2 - PART 29 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS:
TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT
SUBPART A - GENERAL
GENERAL
AC 29.1 ApplicabilityA-1
AC 29.1A ApplicabilityA-2
AC 29.2 Special Retroactive RequirementsA-3
SUBPART B - FLIGHT
GENERAL
AC 29.21 Proof of ComplianceB-1
AC 29.21A Proof of ComplianceB-3
AC 29.25 Weight LimitsB-3
AC 29.25A Weight LimitsB-4
AC 29.27 Center of Gravity LimitsB-5
AC 29.29 Empty Weight and Corresponding Center of GravityB-6
AC 29.31 Removable BallastB-8
AC 29.33 Main Rotor Speed and Pitch LimitsB-8
PERFORMANCE
AC 29.45 Performance - GeneralB-10
AC 29.45A Performance - GeneralB-20
AC 29.45B Performance - GeneralB-20
AC 29.49 Performance at Minimum Operating Speed...................................... B-26.2
AC 29-2C, Chg 5 6/13/2014 Page No.
SUBPART B - FLIGHT (continued) PERFORMANCE (continued)
AC 29.51 Takeoff Data - GeneralB-29
AC 29.51A Takeoff Data - GeneralB-30
AC 29.53 Takeoff: Category AB-31
AC 29.53A Takeoff: Category AB-34
AC 29.55 Takeoff Decision Point: Category AB-36
AC 29.59 Takeoff Path: Category AB-36
AC 29.59A Takeoff Path, Distance and Rejected Takeoff, Ground Level and ... B-46 Elevated Heliport: Category A
AC 29.63 Takeoff: Category BB-57
AC 29.65 Climb: (All Engines Operating)B-60
AC 29.65A Climb: (General and All Engines Operating)B-61
AC 29.67 Climb: One Engine InoperativeB-63
AC 29.67A Climb: One Engine InoperativeB-65
AC 29.71 Rotorcraft Angle of Glide: Category BB-66
AC 29.73 Performance at Minimum Operating SpeedB-69
AC 29.75 LandingB-71
AC 29.75A LandingB-80
AC 29.77 Balked Landing: Category AB-91
AC 29.79 Limiting Height - Speed EnvelopeB-92
AC 29.85 Balked Landing: Category AB-100
AC 29.87 Limiting Height - Speed EnvelopeB-101
FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
AC 29.141 Flight Characteristics – GeneralB-102
AC 29.143 Controllability and ManeuverabilityB-104
AC 29.143A Controllability and ManeuverabilityB-106
AC 29.151 Flight ControlsB-108
AC 29.161 Trim ControlB-109
AC 29.161A Trim ControlB-110
AC 29.171 Stability: GeneralB-110
AC 29.173 Static Longitudinal StabilityB-111
AC 29.173A Static Longitudinal StabilityB-111
AC 29.175 Demonstration of Static Longitudinal Stability................................... B-112.2
AC 29.175A Demonstration of Static Longitudinal StabilityB-116
AC 29.177 Static Directional Stability.................................................................. B- AC 29.177A Static Directional Stability.................................................................. B-116.5
AC 29.181 Dynamic Stability: Category A RotorcraftB-117
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SUBPART B - FLIGHT (continued)
GROUND AND WATER HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS
AC 29.231 General (Ground and Water Handling Characteristics)B-118
AC 29.235 Taxiing ConditionB-118
AC 29.239 Spray CharacteristicsB-119
AC 29.241 Ground ResonanceB-120
MISCELLANEOUS FLIGHT REQUIREMENTS
AC 29.251 VibrationB-125
SUBPART C - STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
GENERAL
AC 29.301 LoadsC-1
AC 29.303 Factor of SafetyC-1
AC 29.305 Strength and DeformationC-2
AC 29.307 Proof of StructureC-2
AC 29.307A Proof of StructureC-3
AC 29.309 Design LimitationsC-4
FLIGHT LOADS
AC 29.321 General - Flight LoadsC-5
AC 29.337 Limit Maneuvering Load FactorC-5
AC 29.339 Resultant Limit Maneuvering LoadsC-8
AC 29.341 Gust LoadsC-8
AC 29.351 Yawing ConditionsC-10
AC 29.351A Yawing ConditionsC-13
AC 29.351B Yawing ConditionsC-15
AC 29.361 Engine TorqueC-18
CONTROL SURFACE AND SYSTEM LOADS
AC 29.391 Control Surface and System Loads - GeneralC-20
AC 29.391A Control Surface and System Loads - GeneralC-20
AC 29.395 Control SystemC-20
AC 29.395A Control SystemC-22
AC 29.397 Limit Pilot Forces and TorquesC-22
AC 29.399 Dual Control SystemC-23
AC 29.401 Auxiliary Rotor AssembliesC-23
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AC 29-2C, Chg 5 6/13/2014 Page No.
SUBPART C - STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS (continued) CONTROL SURFACE AND SYSTEM LOADS (continued)
AC 29.401A Auxiliary Rotor AssembliesC-24
AC 29.403 Auxiliary Rotor Attachment StructureC-25
AC 29.403A Auxiliary Rotor Attachment StructureC-25
AC 29.411 Ground Clearance: Tail Rotor GuardC-26
AC 29.413 Stabilizing and Control SurfacesC-27
AC 29.413A Stabilizing and Control SurfacesC-29
AC 29.427 Unsymmetrical LoadsC-29
GROUND LOADS
AC 29.471 Ground Loads - GeneralC-33
AC 29.473 Ground Loading Conditions and AssumptionsC-33
AC 29.475 Tires and Shock AbsorbersC-34
AC 29.477 Landing Gear ArrangementC-34
AC 29.479 Level Landing ConditionsC-34
AC 29.481 Tail-Down Landing ConditionsC-36
AC 29.483 One-Wheel Landing ConditionsC-36
AC 29.485 Lateral Drift Landing ConditionsC-36
AC 29.493 Braked Roll ConditionsC-37
AC 29.497 Ground Loading Conditions: Landing Gear With Tail WheelsC-37
AC 29.501 Ground Loading Conditions: Landing Gear With SkidsC-39
AC 29.501A Ground Loading Conditions: Landing Gear With SkidsC-40
AC 29.505 Ski Landing ConditionsC-41
AC 29.511 Ground Load: Unsymmetrical Loads on Multiple- Wheel UnitsC-41
WATER LOADS
AC 29.519 Hull Type Rotorcraft: Water -Based, AmphibianC-43
AC 29.521 Float Landing ConditionsC-45
MAIN COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS
AC 29.547 Main Rotor StructureC-46
AC 29.547A Main Rotor and Tail Rotor StructureC-46
AC 29.549 Fuselage and Rotor PylonC-50
AC 29.551 Auxiliary Lifting SurfacesC-50
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SUBPART C - STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS (continued)
EMERGENCY LANDING CONDITIONS
AC 29.561 Emergency Landing Conditions - GeneralC-51
AC 29.561A Emergency Landing Conditions - GeneralC-53
AC 29.561B Emergency Landing Conditions - GeneralC-54
AC 29.562 Emergency Landing Dynamic ConditionsC-55
AC 29.563 Structural Ditching ProvisionsC-92
AC 29.563A Structural Ditching ProvisionsC-92
FATIGUE EVALUATION
AC 29.571 Fatigue Evaluation of Flight StructureC-94
AC 29.571A Fatigue Evaluation of Flight StructureC-97
AC 29.571B Fatigue Tolerance Evaluation of Metallic StructureC-98
AC 29.573 Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Evaluation of CompositeC-130
Rotorcraft Structures
SUBPART D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
GENERAL
AC 29.601 DesignD-1
AC 29.602 Critical PartsD-2
AC 29.603 MaterialsD-4
AC 29.605 Fabrication MethodsD-5
AC 29.607 FastenersD-5
AC 29.609 Protection of StructureD-6
AC 29.610 Lightning and Static Electricity ProtectionD-8
AC 29.611 Inspection ProvisionsD-12
AC 29.613 Material Strength Properties and Design ValuesD-13
AC 29.613A Material Strength Properties and Design ValuesD-14
AC 29.619 Special FactorsD-17
AC 29.621 Casting FactorsD-17
AC 29.623 Bearing FactorsD-27
AC 29.625 Fitting Factors ................................................................................... D-28.1 AC 29.625A Fitting Factors .................................................................................. D-28.1
AC 29.629 FlutterD-29
AC 29.629A Flutter and DivergenceD-29
AC 29.631 Bird StrikeD-31
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AC 29-2C, Chg 5 6/13/2014 Page No.
SUBPART D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (continued) ROTORS
AC 29.653 Pressure Venting and Drainage of Rotor BladesD-32
AC 29.659 Mass BalanceD-32
AC 29.661 Rotor Blade ClearanceD-32
AC 29.663 Ground Resonance Prevention MeansD-34
AC 29.663A Ground Resonance Prevention MeansD-36
CONTROL SYSTEMS
AC 29.671 Control Systems - GeneralD-37
AC 29.672 Stability Augmentation, Automatic, and Power-Operated Systems... D-37
AC 29.673 Primary Flight ControlsD-38
AC 29.674 Interconnected ControlsD-39
AC 29.675 StopsD-39
AC 29.679 Control System LocksD-41
AC 29.681 Limit Load Static TestsD-42
AC 29.683 Operation TestsD-42
AC 29.685 Control System DetailsD-43
AC 29.687 Spring DevicesD-45
AC 29.691 Autorotation Control MechanismD-45
AC 29.695 Power Boost and Power-Operated Control SystemD-46
LANDING GEAR
AC 29.723 Shock Absorption TestsD-49
AC 29.725 Limit Drop TestD-52
AC 29.727 Reserve Energy Absorption Drop TestD-52
AC 29.727A Reserve Energy Absorption Drop TestD-53
AC 29.729 Retracting Mechanism, Landing GearD-53
AC 29.731 WheelsD-55
AC 29.733 TiresD-56
AC 29.735 BrakesD-58
AC 29.737 SkisD-59
FLOATS AND HULLS
AC 29.751 Main Float BuoyancyD-61
AC 29.753 Main Float DesignD-61
AC 29.755 Hull BuoyancyD-64
AC 29.757 Hull and Auxiliary Float StrengthD-65
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SUBPART D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (continued)
PERSONNEL AND CARGO ACCOMMODATIONS
AC 29.771 Pilot CompartmentD-67
AC 29.773 Pilot Compartment ViewD-68
AC 29.775 Windshields and WindowsD-74
AC 29.775A Windshields and WindowsD-74
AC 29.775B Windshields and WindowsD-74
AC 29.777 Cockpit ControlsD-75
AC 29.779 Motion and Effect of Cockpit ControlsD-76
AC 29.783 DoorsD-78
AC 29.783A DoorsD-82
AC 29.785 Seats, Safety Belts, and HarnessesD-83
AC 29.785A Seats, Berths, Belts, Safety Belts, and HarnessesD-85
AC 29.785B Seats, Berths, Litters, Safety Belts, and HarnessesD-87
AC 29.787 Cargo and Baggage CompartmentsD-88
AC 29.787A Cargo and Baggage CompartmentsD-88
AC 29.801 DitchingD-89
AC 29.803 Emergency EvacuationD-97
AC 29.803A Emergency EvacuationD-97
AC 29.805 Flightcrew Emergency ExitsD-98
AC 29.805A Flightcrew Emergency ExitsD-98
AC 29.807 Passenger Emergency ExitsD-99
AC 29.807A Emergency ExitsD-100
AC 29.809 Emergency Exit ArrangementD-101
AC 29.809A Emergency Exit ArrangementD-102
AC 29.811 Emergency Exit MarkingD-103
AC 29.811A Emergency Exit MarkingD-105
AC 29.812 Emergency LightingD-106
AC 29.813 Emergency Exit AccessD-106
AC 29.815 Main Aisle WidthD-108
AC 29.831 VentilationD-109
AC 29.833 HeatersD-110
FIRE PROTECTION
AC 29.851 Fire ExtinguishersD-112
AC 29.853 Compartment InteriorsD-113
AC 29.855 Cargo and Baggage CompartmentsD-115
AC 29.855A Cargo and Baggage CompartmentsD-117
AC 29.859 Combustion Heater Fire ProtectionD-117
AC 29.861 Fire Protection of Structure, Controls, and Other PartsD-121
AC 29.861A Fire Protection of Structure, Controls, and Other PartsD-124
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SUBPART D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (continued) FIRE PROTECTION (continued)
AC 29.863 Flammable Fluid Fire ProtectionD-124
EXTERNAL LOAD ATTACHING MEANS
AC 29.865 External Load Attaching MeansD-129
AC 29.865A External Load Attaching MeansD-134
AC 29.865B External Load Attaching Means (SEE MG 12)D-140
MISCELLANEOUS (DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION)
AC 29.871 Leveling MarksD-165
AC 29.873 Ballast ProvisionsD-165
AC 29.877 Ice ProtectionD-166
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT
GENERAL
AC 29.901 InstallationE-1
AC 29.901A InstallationE-8
GENERAL (continued)
AC 29.901B InstallationE-8
AC 29.903 EnginesE-9
AC 29.903A EnginesE-11
AC 29.903B EnginesE-12
AC 29.903C Turbine Engine InstallationE-13
AC 29.907 Engine VibrationE-29
AC 29.908 Cooling FansE-29
AC 29.908A Cooling FansE-30
ROTOR DRIVE SYSTEM
AC 29.917 DesignE-33
AC 29.917A DesignE-34
AC 29.921 Rotor Brake....................................................................................... E-37.2
AC 29.923 Rotor Drive System and Control Mechanism Tes tsE-39
AC 29.923A Rotor Drive System and Control Mechanism TestsE-45
AC 29.923B Rotor Drive System and Control Mechanism TestsE-52
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6/23/23 AC 29.923C AC 29.927 AC 29.927A AC 29.931 AC 29.935 AC 29.939 AC 29.951 AC 29.952 AC 29.953 AC 29.954 AC 29.955 AC 29.955A AC 29.955B AC 29.957 AC 29.959 AC 29.961 AC 29.961A AC 29.963 AC 29.963A AC 29.963B AC 29.965 AC 29.967 AC 29.967A AC 29.969 AC 29.969A AC 29.971 AC 29.971A AC 29.973 AC 29.973A AC 29.975 AC 29.975A AC 29.975B AC 29.977 AC 29.979 AC 29-2C, Chg 9 Page No.
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT (continued) ROTOR DRIVE SYSTEM (continued)
Rotor Drive System and Control Mechanism TestsE-53
Additional Tests ................................................................................ E-54.1
Additional TestsE-56
Shafting Critical SpeedsE-58
Shafting JointsE-63
Turbine Engine Operating CharacteristicsE-63
FUEL SYSTEM
Fuel System - GeneralE-66
Fuel System Crash ResistanceE-68
Fuel System IndependenceE-93
Fuel System Lightning ProtectionE-94
Fuel FlowE-95
Fuel FlowE-99
Fuel Flow .......................................................................................... E-102.1 I
Flow Between Interconnected TanksE-103
Unusable Fuel SupplyE-103
Fuel System Hot Weather OperationE-104
Fuel System Hot Weather OperationE-106
Fuel Tanks: GeneralE-107
Fuel Tanks: GeneralE-107
Fuel Tanks: GeneralE-108
Fuel Tank TestsE-109
Fuel Tank InstallationE-111
Fuel Tank InstallationE-113
Fuel Tank Expansion SpaceE-113
Fuel Tank Expansion SpaceE-114
Fuel Tank SumpE-114
Fuel Tank SumpE-116
Fuel Tank Filler ConnectionE-116
Fuel Tank Filler ConnectionE-117
Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor VentsE-118
Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor VentsE-119
Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor VentsE-119
Fuel Tank OutletE-120
Pressure Refueling and Fueling Provisions Below Fuel LevelE-121
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AC 29-2C, Chg 9 6/23/23 Page No.
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT (continued)
FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
AC 29.991 Fuel PumpsE-123
AC 29.991A Fuel PumpsE-124
AC 29.993 Fuel System Lines and FittingsE-124
AC 29.995 Fuel ValvesE-125
AC 29.997 Fuel Strainer or FilterE-125
AC 29.997A Fuel Strainer or FilterE-126
AC 29.997B Fuel Strainer or Filter ........................................................................ E-127.1 AC 29.999 Fuel System Drains........................................................................... E-127.2 AC 29.999A Fuel System Drains........................................................................... E-127.2
AC 29.1001 Fuel JettisoningE-128
OIL SYSTEM
AC 29.1011 Oil System - GeneralE-130
AC 29.1019B Oil Strainer or Filter........................................................................... E-134.1 AC 29.1021 Oil System Drains ............................................................................. E-134.2 AC 29.1025 Oil Valves.......................................................................................... E-134.2
AC 29.1013 Oil TanksE-131
AC 29.1015 Oil Tank TestsE-131
AC 29.1017 Oil Lines and FittingsE-132
AC 29.1019 Oil Strainer or FilterE-132
AC 29.1019A Oil Strainer or FilterE-133
AC 29.1023 Oil RadiatorsE-134
AC 29.1027 Transmission and Gearboxes: GeneralE-135
COOLING
AC 29.1041 Cooling - GeneralE-137
AC 29.1043 Cooling TestsE-140
AC 29.1043A Cooling TestsE-142
AC 29.1045 Cooling Test ProceduresE-143
AC 29.1047 Takeoff Cooling Test ProceduresE-147
AC 29.1049 Hovering Cooling Test ProceduresE-149
INDUCTION SYSTEM
AC 29.1091 Air InductionE-151
AC 29.1093 Induction System Icing ProtectionE-152
AC 29.1093A Induction System Icing Protection ..................................................... E-160.2
AC 29.1101 Carburetor Air Preheater DesignE-161
AC 29.1103 Induction System Ducts and Air Duct SystemsE-161
AC 29.1105 Induction System ScreensE-164
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SUBPART E - POWERPLANT (continued) INDUCTION SYSTEM (continued)
AC 29.1107 Intercoolers and After -CoolersE-165
AC 29.1109 Carburetor Air CoolingE-165
EXHAUST SYSTEM
AC 29.1121 GeneralE-166
AC 29.1123 Exhaust PipingE-167
AC 29.1125 Exhaust Heat ExchangersE-169
POWERPLANT CONTROLS AND ACCESSORIES
AC 29.1141 Powerplant Controls: GeneralE-173
AC 29.1142 Auxiliary Power Unit ControlsE-174
AC 29.1143 Engine ControlsE-175
AC 29.1143A Engine ControlsE-176
AC 29.1143B Engine ControlsE-176
AC 29.1145 Ignition SwitchesE-176
AC 29.1147 Mixture ControlsE-177
AC 29.1151 Rotor Brake ControlsE-178
AC 29.1157 Carburetor Air Temperature ControlsE-179
AC 29.1159 Supercharger ControlsE-179
AC 29.1163 Powerplant AccessoriesE-180
AC 29.1165 Engine Ignition SystemsE-181
POWERPLANT FIRE PROTECTION
AC 29.1181 Designated Fire Zones: Regions IncludedE-182
AC 29.1183 Lines, Fittings, and ComponentsE-183
AC 29.1185 Flammable FluidsE-184
AC 29.1187 Drainage and Ventilation of Fire ZonesE-186
AC 29.1189 Shutoff MeansE-186
AC 29.1191 FirewallsE-187
AC 29.1193 Cowling and Engine Compartment CoveringE-191
AC 29.1193A Cowling and Engine Compartment CoveringE-192
AC 29.1194 Other SurfacesE-193
AC 29.1195 Fire Extinguishing SystemsE-194
AC 29.1197 Fire Extinguishing AgentsE-197
AC 29.1199 Extinguishing Agent ContainersE-200
AC 29.1201 Fire Extinguishing System MaterialsE-201
AC 29.1203 Fire Detector SystemsE-201
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6/23/23AC 29-2C, Chg 9 Page No.
SUBPART F - EQUIPMENT
GENERAL
AC 29.1301 Function and InstallationF-1
AC 29.1305D Powerplant Instruments .................................................................... F-12.1 AC 29.1307 Miscellaneous Equipment ................................................................. F-12.3
AC 29.1303 Flight and Navigation InstrumentsF-1
AC 29.1305 Powerplant InstrumentsF-7
AC 29.1305A Powerplant InstrumentsF-8
AC 29.1305B Powerplant InstrumentsF-9
AC 29.1305C Powerplant InstrumentsF-12
AC 29.1309 Equipment, Systems, and InstallationsF-13
AC 29.1309A Equipment, systems, and InstallationsF-40
AC 29.1309B Equipment, systems, and Installations.............................................. F-40.1
AC 29.1316 Electrical and Electronic System Lightning ProtectionF-41
AC 29.1317 High-Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) ProtectionF-42
INSTRUMENTS - INSTALLATION
AC 29.1321 Arrangement and VisibilityF-43
AC 29.1322 Warning, Caution, and Advisory Lights ............................................. F-44.2 AC 29.1329A Automatic Pilot System. .................................................................... F-60.1 AC 29.1329B Automatic Pilot and Flight Guidance System. ................................... F-60.2a AC 29.1331 Instruments Using a Power Supply ................................................... F-60.3 AC 29.1333A Instrument Systems .......................................................................... F-61.1 AC 29.1335A Flight Director Systems ..................................................................... F-63.1 AC 29.1337 Powerplant Instruments - Fuel Gauge Calibration............................ F-63.2
AC 29.1323 Airspeed Indicating SystemF-48
AC 29.1323A Airspeed Indicating SystemF-49
AC 29.1325 Static Pressure SystemsF-50
AC 29.1327 Magnetic Direction IndicatorF-51
AC 29.1329 Automatic Pilot SystemsF-51
AC 29.1333 Instrument SystemsF-61
AC 29.1335 Flight Director SystemsF-62
AC 29.1337A Powerplant InstrumentsF-64
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
AC 29.1351 Electrical Systems and Equipment - GeneralF-66
AC 29.1353A Energy Storage Systems................................................................... F-78.1 AC 29.1359 Electrical System Fire and Smoke Protection ................................... F-82.1
AC 29.1353 Electrical Equipment and InstallationsF-74
AC 29.1355 Distribution SystemF-79
AC 29.1355A Distribution SystemF-79
AC 29.1357 Circuit Protective DevicesF-80
AC 29.1357A Circuit Protective DevicesF-82
AC 29.1363 Electrical Systems TestsF-83
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