Page No.
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT (continued) INDUCTION SYSTEM (continued)
AC 29.1107 Intercoolers and After -CoolersE-165
AC 29.1109 Carburetor Air CoolingE-165
EXHAUST SYSTEM
AC 29.1121 GeneralE-166
AC 29.1123 Exhaust PipingE-167
AC 29.1125 Exhaust Heat ExchangersE-169
POWERPLANT CONTROLS AND ACCESSORIES
AC 29.1141 Powerplant Controls: GeneralE-173
AC 29.1142 Auxiliary Power Unit ControlsE-174
AC 29.1143 Engine ControlsE-175
AC 29.1143A Engine ControlsE-176
AC 29.1143B Engine ControlsE-176
AC 29.1145 Ignition SwitchesE-176
AC 29.1147 Mixture ControlsE-177
AC 29.1151 Rotor Brake ControlsE-178
AC 29.1157 Carburetor Air Temperature ControlsE-179
AC 29.1159 Supercharger ControlsE-179
AC 29.1163 Powerplant AccessoriesE-180
AC 29.1165 Engine Ignition SystemsE-181
POWERPLANT FIRE PROTECTION
AC 29.1181 Designated Fire Zones: Regions IncludedE-182
AC 29.1183 Lines, Fittings, and ComponentsE-183
AC 29.1185 Flammable FluidsE-184
AC 29.1187 Drainage and Ventilation of Fire ZonesE-186
AC 29.1189 Shutoff MeansE-186
AC 29.1191 FirewallsE-187
AC 29.1193 Cowling and Engine Compartment CoveringE-191
AC 29.1193A Cowling and Engine Compartment CoveringE-192
AC 29.1194 Other SurfacesE-193
AC 29.1195 Fire Extinguishing SystemsE-194
AC 29.1197 Fire Extinguishing AgentsE-197
AC 29.1199 Extinguishing Agent ContainersE-200
AC 29.1201 Fire Extinguishing System MaterialsE-201
AC 29.1203 Fire Detector SystemsE-201
Page xiii
6/23/23AC 29-2C, Chg 9 Page No.
SUBPART F - EQUIPMENT
GENERAL
AC 29.1301 Function and InstallationF-1
AC 29.1305D Powerplant Instruments .................................................................... F-12.1 AC 29.1307 Miscellaneous Equipment ................................................................. F-12.3
AC 29.1303 Flight and Navigation InstrumentsF-1
AC 29.1305 Powerplant InstrumentsF-7
AC 29.1305A Powerplant InstrumentsF-8
AC 29.1305B Powerplant InstrumentsF-9
AC 29.1305C Powerplant InstrumentsF-12
AC 29.1309 Equipment, Systems, and InstallationsF-13
AC 29.1309A Equipment, systems, and InstallationsF-40
AC 29.1309B Equipment, systems, and Installations.............................................. F-40.1
AC 29.1316 Electrical and Electronic System Lightning ProtectionF-41
AC 29.1317 High-Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) ProtectionF-42
INSTRUMENTS - INSTALLATION
AC 29.1321 Arrangement and VisibilityF-43
AC 29.1322 Warning, Caution, and Advisory Lights ............................................. F-44.2 AC 29.1329A Automatic Pilot System. .................................................................... F-60.1 AC 29.1329B Automatic Pilot and Flight Guidance System. ................................... F-60.2a AC 29.1331 Instruments Using a Power Supply ................................................... F-60.3 AC 29.1333A Instrument Systems .......................................................................... F-61.1 AC 29.1335A Flight Director Systems ..................................................................... F-63.1 AC 29.1337 Powerplant Instruments - Fuel Gauge Calibration............................ F-63.2
AC 29.1323 Airspeed Indicating SystemF-48
AC 29.1323A Airspeed Indicating SystemF-49
AC 29.1325 Static Pressure SystemsF-50
AC 29.1327 Magnetic Direction IndicatorF-51
AC 29.1329 Automatic Pilot SystemsF-51
AC 29.1333 Instrument SystemsF-61
AC 29.1335 Flight Director SystemsF-62
AC 29.1337A Powerplant InstrumentsF-64
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
AC 29.1351 Electrical Systems and Equipment - GeneralF-66
AC 29.1353A Energy Storage Systems................................................................... F-78.1 AC 29.1359 Electrical System Fire and Smoke Protection ................................... F-82.1
AC 29.1353 Electrical Equipment and InstallationsF-74
AC 29.1355 Distribution SystemF-79
AC 29.1355A Distribution SystemF-79
AC 29.1357 Circuit Protective DevicesF-80
AC 29.1357A Circuit Protective DevicesF-82
AC 29.1363 Electrical Systems TestsF-83
Page xiv
AC 29-2C, Chg 5 Page No.
SUBPART F - EQUIPMENT (continued) LIGHTS
AC 29.1381 Instrument LightsF-84
AC 29.1383 Landing LightsF-85
AC 29.1385 Position Light System InstallationF-85
AC 29.1387 Position Light System Dihedral AnglesF-85
AC 29.1389 Position Light Distribution and IntensitiesF-85
AC 29.1391 Minimum Intensities in the Horizontal Plane of Forward and Rear
Position LightF-85
AC 29.1393 Minimum Intensities in Any Vertical Plane of Forward and Rear
Position LightsF-85
AC 29.1395 Maximum Intensities In Overlapping Beams of Forward and Rear
Position LightsF-85
AC 29.1397 Color SpecificationsF-85
AC 29.1399 Riding LightF-86
AC 29.1401 Anticollision Light SystemF-87
SAFETY EQUIPMENT
AC 29.1411 Safety Equipment - GeneralF-88
AC 29.1413 Safety Belts: Passenger Warning DeviceF-90
AC 29.1415 Ditching EquipmentF-91
AC 29.1419 Ice ProtectionF-93
MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
AC 29.1431 Electronic EquipmentF-114
AC 29.1433 Vacuum SystemsF-114
AC 29.1435 Hydraulic SystemsF-115
AC 29.1439 Protective Breathing EquipmentF-118
AC 29.1457 Cockpit Voice RecorderF-119
AC 29.1459 Flight RecordersF-120
AC 29.1461 Equipment Containing High Energy RotorsF-123
SUBPART G - OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION
AC 29.1501 Operating Limitations - GeneralG-1
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
AC 29.1503 Airspeed Limitations: GeneralG-1
AC 29.1505 Never-Exceed SpeedG-3
Page
AC 29-2C, Chg 9 6/23/23 Page No.
SUBPART G - OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION (continued) OPERATING LIMITATIONS (continued)
AC 29.1509 Rotor SpeedG-6
AC 29.1517A Limiting Height-Velocity Envelope..................................................... G-9.1 AC 29.1519 Weight and Center of Gravity............................................................ G-9.2 AC 29.1521 Powerplant Limitations...................................................................... G-9.2
AC 29.1517 Limiting Height-Speed EnvelopeG-8
AC 29.1521A Powerplant LimitationsG-10
AC 29.1521B Powerplant LimitationsG-11
AC 29.1522 Auxiliary Power Unit LimitationsG-12
AC 29.1523 Minimum FlightcrewG-12
AC 29.1525 Kinds of OperationsG-16
AC 29.1527 Maximum Operating AltitudeG-17
AC 29.1529 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness (Maintenance Manual)G-17
AC 29.1529A Instructions for Continued Airworthiness (Maintenance Manual)G-22
MARKINGS AND PLACARDS
AC 29.1541 Marking and Placards - GeneralG-23
AC 29.1545 Airspeed Indicator ............................................................................. G-27.6 AC 29.1545A Airspeed Indicator ............................................................................. G-27.7 AC 29.1547 Magnetic Direction Indicator.............................................................. G-27.9 AC 29.1549 Powerplant Instruments .................................................................... G-27.9 AC 29.1549A Powerplant Instruments .................................................................... G-27.9
AC 29.1543 Instrument Markings: GeneralG-23
AC 29.1543A Instrument Markings: General.......................................................... G-27.1 AC 29.1549B Powerplant Instruments .................................................................... G-27.10
AC 29.1551 Oil Quantity IndicatorsG-28
AC 29.1553 Fuel Quantity IndicatorG-28
AC 29.1555 Control MarkingsG-29
AC 29.1555A Control Markings............................................................................... G-29.2
AC 29.1557 Miscellaneous Markings and PlacardsG-30
AC 29.1559 Limitations PlacardG-31
AC 29.1561 Safety EquipmentG-32
AC 29.1565 Tail RotorG-33
ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL
AC 29.1581 Rotorcraft Flight Manual - GeneralG-34
AC 29.1583 Operating LimitationsG-42
AC 29.1583A Operating LimitationsG-45
AC 29.1585 Operating ProceduresG-45
AC 29.1587 Performance InformationG-47
AC 29.1587A Performance InformationG-51
AC 29.1587B Performance InformationG-51
AC 29.1589 Loading Information AC 29.1587C Performance Information.................................................................. G-54.1
.G-51
Page
Page No.
CHAPTER 3 - MISCELLANEOUS GUIDANCE (MG),
TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT AC 29 MG 1 Certification Procedure for Rotorcraft Avionics Equipment............. MG 1-1 System Tests Interior Arrangements, and Equipment Flotation System Rotorcraft Metallic Structure (Including Flaw Tolerance) Air Conditioning Systems Systems (HUMS) Systems (NVIS) Equipment System AC 29 MG 18 Helicopter Terrain Awareness and Warning System (HTAWS) ...... MG 18-1 Installations Assessment (FHA) Installation in Part 29 Rotorcraft AC 29 MG 2 Standardized Test Procedure for Rotorcraft DC Electrical ............. MG 2-1 AC 29 MG 3 Rotorcraft and Systems Certification for Category II Operations .... MG 3-1 AC 29 MG 4 Full Authority Digital Electronic Controls (FADEC) ......................... MG 4-1 AC 29 MG 5 Agricultural Dispensing Equipment Installation ............................... MG 5-1 AC 29 MG 6 Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Systems, Installations, .......... MG 6-1 AC 29 MG 7 Structural Condition Indicators ....................................................... MG 7-1 AC 29 MG 8 Substantiation of Composite Rotorcraft Structure .......................... MG 8-1 AC 29 MG 9 Rotorcraft One- Engine-Inoperative (OEI) Power Assurance .......... MG 9-1 AC 29 MG 10 Advisory Material for Substantiation of Emergency ........................ MG 10-1 AC 29 MG 11 Fatigue Tolerance Evaluation of Transport Category ..................... MG 11-1 AC 29 MG 12 External Loads ............................................................................... MG 12-1 AC 29 MG 13 Systems Certification Considerations ............................................ MG 13-1 AC 29 MG 14 Certification Procedure for Installation of Vapor Cycle .................. MG 14-1 AC 29 MG 15 Airworthiness Approval of Rotorcraft Health Usage Monitoring ..... MG 15-1 AC 29 MG 16 Certification Procedure for Rotorcraft Night Vision Imaging .......... MG 16-1 AC 29 MG 17 Guidance on Analyzing an Advanced Flight Controls (AdFC) ........ MG 17-1 AC 29 MG 19 Guidance on Electronic Display Systems (EDS) for Rotor craft ...... MG 19-1 AC 29 MG 20 Human Factors (HF) ....................................................................... MG 20-1 AC 29 MG 21 Guidance on Creating a System Level Functional Hazard ............. MG 21-1 AC 29 MG 22 Rotorcraft One Engine Inoperative (OEI) Training Mode................ MG 22-1 AC 29 MG 23 Automatic Flight Guidance and Control Systems (AFGCS) ............ MG 23-1 Page xvii
AC 29-2C, Chg 9 6/23/23
APPENDICES AC 29 Appendix A – Instructions for Continued Airworthiness.................................. Apdx A-1 AC 29 Appendix B - Airworthiness Guidance for Rotorcraft Instrument Flight........... Apdx B-1 AC 29 Appendix C - (reserved) (Icing Certification).................................................. Apdx C-1 AC 29 Appendix D - (reserved) (Criteria for Demonstration of Emergency )............ Apdx D-1 Evacuation Procedures Under § 29.803 Page xviii
FIGURES The first digits in the figure number are the same as the related paragraph number. The digits after the hyphen are the number within the paragraph. Most figures are located at the end of the related paragraph.
Figure No. Title Page No.
AC 29.45-1 H-V Requirements. B-22 AC 29.45-2 IGE Controllability Requirements. B-23 AC 29.45-3 Shaft Horsepower vs. Turbine Outlet Temperature - B- 24 Sea Level Standard Day.
AC 29.45-4 Uninstalled Takeoff Power Available. B-25 AC 29.45-5 Installed Takeoff Power Available, Anti-Ice Off, 400 RPM. B-26 AC 29.45-6 Power Assurance Check Chart. B-26.1 AC 29.53-1 Takeoff Performance Category A. B-33 AC 29.53A-1 Takeoff Performance Category A. B-35 AC 29.59-1 Category A Vertical Takeoff Profile Ground Level Heliport. B-44 AC 29.59-2 Category A Vertical Takeoff Profile Pinnacle. B-45 AC 29.59A-1 Category A Vertical Takeoff Profile Ground Level Heliport. B-55 AC 29.59A-2 Category A Vertical Takeoff Profile Elevated Heliport. B-56 AC 29.63-1 Conventional Takeoff Profile Category B. B-59 AC 29.71-1 Autorotational Characteristics – Typical. B-68 AC 29.75-1 Category A Conventional Landing - Clear Heliport. B-78 AC 29.75-2 Category A Vertical Landing. B-79 AC 29.75A-1 Category A Conventional Landing - Clear Heliport. B-89 AC 29.75A-2 Category A Vertical Landing. B-90 AC 29.79-1 Height-Velocity (HV) Diagram. B-98 AC 29.79-2 Altitude/Weight Accountability. B-99 AC 29.175-1 Static Longitudinal Stability. B-115 AC 29.175A-1 Static Longitudinal Stability. B-116.3 AC 29.251-1 Demonstration Points. B-127 AC 29.337-1 Load Factor Gross Weight Curve. C-7 AC 29.351-1 Sample Yaw/Forward Speed Diagram. C-12 Page xix
AC 29-2C, Chg 7 2/4/2016 Figure No. Title Page No.
AC 29.351A-1 Sample Yaw/Forward Speed Diagram. C-14 AC 29.351B-1 Yaw/Forward Speed Diagram. C-17 AC 29.351B-2 Safety Factors for Probability of Failure. C-18 AC 29.427-1 (View Looking Forward). C-31 AC 29.427-2 (View Looking Forward). C-32 at Floor Level.
Anthropomorphic Dummy.
Bottom Cushion.
in this guidance.
AC 29.562-1 Seat Restraint System Dynamic Tests. C-58 AC 29.562-2 Schematic Floor Deformation Fixture; Seat Legs Attached C-65 AC 29.562-3 Schematic Test Fixture; Side Wall Mounted Seat. C-69 AC 29.562-4 Installation of Pelvic Lumbar Spine Load Cell in Part 572B C-73 AC 29.562-5 Measurement to be Taken Over Full Width of Seat C-85 AC 29.562-6 Post Test Condition. C-85 AC 29.562-7 Impulse Shape. C-91 AC 29.562-8 Change in Velocity. C-91 AC 29.571-1 Comparison Percent of Time in Level Flight. C-96 AC 29.571B-1 Seven Fatigue Evaluation Methods discussed C-103 AC 29.571B-2 No Growth. C-118 AC 29.571B-3 Slow Growth of Undetectable Crack. C-118 AC 29.571B-4 Slow Growth of Detectable Crack. C-119 AC 29.571B-5 Decreasing Residual Life in Secondary Load Path C-122 for Multiple Element Crack Growth with Inspections.
AC 29.571B-6 Multiple Load Path Structure Analytical Evaluation To C-123 Support Inspection for a Failed Load Path.
AC 29.571B-7 Multiple Load Path Structure Evaluation by Test to C-125 Support Inspection for a Failed Load Path.
AC 29.571B-8 Multiple Load Path Structure Analytical Evaluation to C-126 Support Inspection for Less than a Failed Load Path.
Page xx
AC 29-2C, Chg 7 2/4/2016 Figure No. Title Page No.
AC 29.573-1 Schematic Diagram of Building Block Tests. C-144 AC 29.573-2 Characterization of Impact Damage. C-150 AC 29.573-3 Residual Strength vs. Time. C-154 AC 29.573-4 Illustration of Residual Strength and Damage Size. C-155 Relationships for Fail-Safe Substantiation.
AC 29.621-1 Example of Casting Load Sheet Retract Actuator D-24 Support-Landing Gear.
Certifiable Under § 29.865.
Combination vs. Applicable Cargo Type Data And Definition Summary.
AC 29.903C -4 Blade Fragment Definition.
AC 29.621-2 Castings to be Static Tested for Model XYZ. D-26 AC 29.773-1 Cockpit Visibility. D-73 AC 29.801-1 Sea State Code - World Meteorological Organization. D-96 AC 29.863-1 Flammable Fluids Fire Protection Flow Chart. D-128 AC 29.865-1 Summary of Part 133 Rotorcraft Load Combinations D-136 AC 29.865B-1 U.S. Operational (Part 133) Rotorcraft-Load D-146 AC 29.877-1 Continuous Icing-Temperature vs. Altitude Limits. D-181 AC 29.877-2 Intermittent Icing-Temperature vs. Altitude Limits. D-182 AC 29.877-3 Mean Effective Drop Diameter-Microns. D-183 AC 29.877-4 Intermittent Icing-Liquid Water Content vs. Drop Diameter. D-184 AC 29.877-5 Supercooled Clouds. D-185 AC 29.903C-1 Estimated Path of Fragments. E-23 AC 29.903C -2 Single One-Third Disc Fragment. E-24 AC 29.903C -3 Intermediate and Small Pieces of Debris. E-25 E-26 AC 29.903C -5 Distribution of Translational and Rotational Kinetic. E-27 Energy of Rotor-Component Fragments as a Function of Fragment Size.
AC 29.903C -6 Cross Section through Aircraft at Plane of Rotation of E-28 the Engine Disk Fragment.
AC 29.923A-1 Rotor Drive System Endurance. E-48 Page xxi
AC 29-2C, Chg 7 2/4/2016 Figure No. Title Page No.
AC 29.923A-2 Takeoff Run Portion of Rotor Drive System EnduranceE-49
Test If 2 ½ Minute OEI Rating is Requested.
AC 29.923A-3 Takeoff Run Portion of Rotor Drive System EnduranceE-50
Test If 30 Second/2 Minute OEI Rating is Requested.
AC 29.931-1 Cantilevered Shaft, First Critical SpeedE-62
AC 29.931-2 Shaft Between Support Bearings, First Critical SpeedE-62
AC 29.952-1 Static Tension and Shear Loading ModesE-87
AC 29.952-2 Hose Assembly TestsE-88
AC 29.952-3 Minimum Average and Individual Loads for Hose andE-89
Hose-End Fitting Combinations.
AC 29.952-4 Typical Method of Breakaway Fuel Fitting Load Calculations. E-90
AC 29.952-5 Typical Methods of Frangible or Deformable AttachmentE-91
Load Calculations (Frangible Bolts).
AC 29.952-6 Typical Methods of Frangible or Deformable AttachmentE-92
Load Calculations (Frangible Baffle).
AC 29.955A-1 Fuel Flow. E-102
AC 29.1041-1 Additional Cooling Test PointE-139
AC 29.1045-1 All-Engine-Critical Altitude Additional Cooling Test PointE-146
AC 29.1191-1 Table of Materials and Gages Acceptable for FireproofE-190
Protective Devices with Flat Surface Geometries.
AC 29.1309-1 Relationship Between Probability and Severity of Failure.......F-1 7 / F-40.5 Condition Effects.
AC 29.1309-2 Failure Condition Categories and Probability Definitions. .......F-18 / F-40.6
AC 29.1309-3 Failure Condition ConversionF-19
AC 29.1309-4 Safety Assessment Process Overview....................................F-24 / F-40.10 AC 29.1309-5 Depth of Analysis Flowchart....................................................F-2 5 / F-40.11
AC 29.1321-1 Primary Fields of ViewF-43
AC 29.1321-1 Secondary Fields of ViewF-44
AC 29.1329-1 Height Loss MethodF-54
AC 29.1329-2 Deviation ProfileF-58
AC 29.1329-3 Deviation ProfileF-60
AC 29.1419-1 Continuous Icing-Temperature vs. Altitude LimitsF-110
Page xxii
AC 29-2C, Chg 7 2/4/2016 Figure No. Title Page No.
AC 29.1419-2 Intermittent Icing-Temperature vs. Altitude LimitsF-111
Dispensing Equipment Design.
Fail-Safe Substantiation.
AC 29 MG 11-1 Crack Growth for Single Element Structure ............................MG 11-14 AC 29 MG 11-2 Crack Growth for Remaining Elements of Multiple..................MG 11-16 Element Structure.
AC 29 MG 11-3 No Crack Growth Scenario. ....................................................MG 11-18 AC 29 MG 11-4 Slow Crack Growth Scenario. .................................................MG 11-18 AC 29 MG 11-5 Detectable Crack Growth Scenario.........................................MG 11-19 Reduction of Software Level.
with a Ground Base that uses COTS Software for Operational Software
AC 29.1419-3 Continuous Icing-Liquid Water Content vs Drop DiameterF-112
AC 29.1419-4 Intermittent Icing-Liquid Water Content vs Drop DiameterF-113
AC 29.MG 3-1 Category II Approach Evaluation.............................................MG 3-5 AC 29.MG 3-2 Category II Approach Evaluation. (cont.) ................................MG 3-6 AC 29.MG 5-1 Acceptable Ultimate Load Factor for Agricultural ....................MG 5-3 AC 29.MG 5-2 Sketch of Tank Pressure Test.................................................MG 5-7 AC 29.MG 6-1 Typical Liquid Oxygen System................................................MG 6-22 AC 29.MG 6-2 Typical Liquid Oxygen System - Using Combination Valve.....MG 6-23 AC 29 MG 8-1 Schematic Diagram of Building Block Tests............................MG 8-16 AC 29 MG 8-2 Characterization of Impact Damage........................................MG 8-20 AC 29 MG 8-3 Residual Strength vs. Time. ....................................................MG 8-23 AC 29 MG 8-4 Residual Strength and Damage Size Relationships for...........MG 8-24 AC 29 MG 9-1 Installed Engine Fuel Flow Capacity Check ............................MG 9-8 AC 29 MG 14-1 Refrigeration Cycle..................................................................MG 14-7 AC 29 MG 15-1 Flow Chart for Use of Mitigating Actions Applied for ...............MG 15-8 AC 29 MG 15-2 Flow Chart for Application of HUMS Specific Software...........MG 15-11 AC 29 MG 17-1 Verification Methodology.........................................................MG 17-4 AC 29 MG 19-1 Primary Field of View ..............................................................MG 19-15 AC 29 MG 19-2 Secondary Field of View .........................................................MG 29-16 AC 29 MG 20-1 Primary and Secondary Horizontal Fields of View ..................MG 20-18 Page xxiii
AC 29-2C, Chg 7 2/4/2016 AC 29 MG 20-2 Primary and Secondary Vertical Field of View ........................MG 20-19 AC 29 MG 20-3 Sample HF Compliance Matrix................................................MG 20-27 AC 29 MG 21-1 Generic Examples by ATA ......................................................MG 21-5 AC 29.APX B-1 Rotorcraft Dynamic Stability Requirements for IFR............... Apdx B-27 Page xxiv