CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 - FAR 21 CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR PRODUCTS AND PARTS
Page No.
AC 21.16 Special Conditions ....................................................................................... FAR 21-1 AC 21.31 Type Design................................................................................................. FAR 21-2 AC 21.33 Inspection and Tests.................................................................................... FAR 21-2 AC 21.35 Flight Tests .................................................................................................. FAR 21-2 AC 21.39 Flight Test Instrument Calibration ................................................................ FAR 21-6 and Correction Report
CHAPTER 2 - FAR 29 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY
ROTORCRAFT
SUBPART A - GENERAL
GENERAL
AC 29.1 ApplicabilityA-1
AC 29.1A ApplicabilityA-2
AC 29.2 Special Retroactive RequirementsA-3
SUBPART B - FLIGHT
GENERAL
AC 29.21
Proof of ComplianceB-1
AC 29.21A Proof of ComplianceB-3
AC 29.25 Weight LimitsB-3
AC 29.27 Center of Gravity LimitsB-4
AC 29.29 Empty Weight and Corresponding Center of GravityB-6
AC 29.31 Removable BallastB-7
AC 29.33 Main Rotor Speed and Pitch LimitsB-7
PERFORMANCE
AC 29.45
Performance - GeneralB-10
AC 29.45A Performance - GeneralB-20
AC 29.45B Performance - GeneralB-20
AC 29.49 Performance at Minimum Operating Speed. Hover PerformanceB-27
for Rotorcraft
AC 29.51 Takeoff Data - GeneralB-29
AC 29.51A Takeoff Data - GeneralB-30
AC 29.53 Takeoff: Category AB-31
AC 29.53A Takeoff: Category AB-34
SUBPART B - FLIGHT (continued)
AC 29-2C, Chg 2 4/25/06
PERFORMANCE (continued)
Page No.
AC 29.55 Takeoff Decision Point: Category AB-36
AC 29.59 Takeoff Path: Category AB-36
AC 29.59A Takeoff Path, Distance and Rejected Takeoff, Ground Level andB-46
Elevated Heliport: Category A
AC 29.63 Takeoff: Category BB-57
AC 29.65 Climb: (All Engines Operating)B-60
AC 29.65A Climb: (General and All Engines Operating)B-61
AC 29.67 Climb: One Engine InoperativeB-63
AC 29.67A Climb: One Engine InoperativeB-65
AC 29.71 Rotorcraft Angle of Glide: Category BB-66
AC 29.73 Performance at Minimum Operating SpeedB-69
AC 29.75 LandingB-71
AC 29.75A LandingB-80
AC 29.77 Balked Landing: Category AB-91
AC 29.79 Limiting Height - Speed EnvelopeB-92
AC 29.85 Balked Landing: Category AB-100
AC 29.87 Limiting Height - Speed EnvelopeB-101
FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
AC 29.141 Flight Characteristics - GeneralB-102
AC 29.143 Controllability and ManeuverabilityB-103
AC 29.151 Flight ControlsB-108
AC 29.161 Trim Control........................................................................................................B -109
AC 29.161A Trim ControlB-110
AC 29.171 Stability: GeneralB-110
AC 29.173 Static Longitudinal StabilityB-111
AC 29.175 Demonstration of Static Longitudinal StabilityB-112
AC 29.177 Static Directional StabilityB-116
AC 29.181 Dynamic Stability: Category A RotorcraftB-117
GROUND AND WATER HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS
AC 29.231 General (Ground and Water Handling Characteristics)B-118
AC 29.235 Taxiing Condition................................................................................................B-11 8
AC 29.239 Spray CharacteristicsB-119
AC 29.241 Ground ResonanceB-120
MISCELLANEOUS FLIGHT REQUIREMENTS
AC 29.251 VibrationB-125
SUBPART C - STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
Page No.
GENERAL
AC 29.301 LoadsC-1
AC 29.303 Factor of Safety......................................................................................................C - 1
AC 29.305 Strength and DeformationC-2
AC 29.307 Proof of StructureC-2
AC 29.307A Proof of Structure.................................................................................................. .C - 3
AC 29.309 Design LimitationsC-4
FLIGHT LOADS
AC 29.321 General - Flight LoadsC-5
AC 29.337 Limit Maneuvering Load FactorC-5
AC 29.339 Resultant Limit Maneuvering LoadsC-8
AC 29.341 Gust LoadsC-8
AC 29.351 Yawing ConditionsC-10
AC 29.351A Yawing ConditionsC-13
AC 29.351B Yawing ConditionsC-15
AC 29.361 Engine TorqueC-18
CONTROL SURFACE AND SYSTEM LOADS
AC 29.391 Control Surface and System Loads - GeneralC-20
AC 29.391A Control Surface and System Loads - GeneralC-20
AC 29.395 Control SystemC-20
AC 29.395A Control SystemC-22
AC 29.397 Limit Pilot Forces and TorquesC-22
AC 29.399 Dual Control SystemC-23
AC 29.401 Auxiliary Rotor AssembliesC-23
AC 29.401A Auxiliary Rotor AssembliesC-24
AC 29.403 Auxiliary Rotor Attachment StructureC-25
AC 29.403A Auxiliary Rotor Attachment StructureC-25
AC 29.411 Ground Clearance: Tail Rotor GuardC-26
AC 29.413 Stabilizing and Control SurfacesC-27
AC 29.413A Stabilizing and Control SurfacesC-29
AC 29.427 Unsymmetrical LoadsC-29
GROUND LOADS
AC 29.471 Ground Loads - GeneralC-33
AC 29.473 Ground Loading Conditions and AssumptionsC-33
AC 29.475 Tires and Shock AbsorbersC-34
AC 29.477 Landing Gear ArrangementC-34
AC 29.479 Level Landing ConditionsC-34
AC 29-2C, Chg 2 4/25/06 SUBPART C - STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS( continued)
GROUND LOADS (continued)
Page No.
AC 29.481 Tail-Down Landing ConditionsC-36
AC 29.483 One-Wheel Landing ConditionsC-36
AC 29.485 Lateral Drift Landing ConditionsC-36
AC 29.493 Braked Roll ConditionsC-37
AC 29.497 Ground Loading Conditions:C-37
Landing Gear With Tail Wheels
AC 29.501 Ground Loading Conditions:C-39
Landing Gear With Skids
AC 29.501A Ground Loading Conditions:C-40
Landing Gear With Skids
AC 29.505 Ski Landing ConditionsC-41
AC 29.511 Ground Load: Unsymmetrical Loads on Multiple-Wheel UnitsC-41
WATER LOADS
AC 29.519 Hull Type Rotorcraft: Water-Based, AmphibianC-43
AC 29.521 Float Landing ConditionsC-45
MAIN COMPONENT REQUIREMENTS
AC 29.547 Main Rotor StructureC-46
AC 29.547A Main Rotor and Tail Rotor StructureC-46
AC 29.549 Fuselage and Rotor PylonC-50
AC 29.551 Auxiliary Lifting SurfacesC-50
EMERGENCY LANDING CONDITIONS
AC 29.561 Emergency Landing Conditions - GeneralC-51
AC 29.561A Emergency Landing Conditions - GeneralC-53
AC 29.561B Emergency Landing Conditions - GeneralC-54
AC 29.562 Emergency Landing Dynamic ConditionsC-55
AC 29.563 Structural Ditching ProvisionsC-92
AC 29.563A Structural Ditching ProvisionsC-92
FATIGUE EVALUATION
AC 29.571 Fatigue Evaluation of Flight StructureC-94
AC 29.571A Fatigue Evaluation of Flight StructureC-97
SUBPART D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
GENERAL
Page No.
AC 29.601 DesignD-1
AC 29.602 Critical PartsD-2
AC 29.603 MaterialsD-4
AC 29.605 Fabrication MethodsD-5
AC 29.607 FastenersD-5
AC 29.609 Protection of StructureD-6
AC 29.610 Lightning and Static Electricity ProtectionD-7
AC 29.611 Inspection ProvisionsD-13
AC 29.613 Material Strength Properties and Design ValuesD-14
AC 29.613A Material Strength Properties and Design ValuesD-16
AC 29.619 Special FactorsD-17
AC 29.621 Casting FactorsD-17
AC 29.623 Bearing FactorsD-27
AC 29.625 Fitting FactorsD-28
AC 29.625A Fitting FactorsD-29
AC 29.629 FlutterD-29
AC 29.629A Flutter and DivergenceD-29
AC 29.631 Bird StrikeD-31
ROTORS
AC 29.653 Pressure Venting and Drainage of Rotor BladesD-32
AC 29.659 Mass BalanceD-32
AC 29.661 Rotor Blade ClearanceD-32
AC 29.663 Ground Resonance Prevention MeansD-34
AC 29.663A Ground Resonance Prevention MeansD-36
CONTROL SYSTEMS
AC 29.671 Control Systems - GeneralD-37
AC 29.672 Stability Augmentation, Automatic,D-37
and Power-Operated Systems
AC 29.673 Primary Flight ControlsD-38
AC 29.674 Interconnected ControlsD-39
AC 29.675 StopsD-39
AC 29.679 Control System LocksD-41
AC 29.681 Limit Load Static TestsD-41
AC 29.683 Operation TestsD-42
AC 29.685 Control System DetailsD-43
AC 29.687 Spring DevicesD-45
AC 29.691 Autorotation Control MechanismD-45
AC 29.695 Power Boost and Power-Operated Control SystemD-46
AC 29-2C, Chg 2 4/25/06 SUBPART D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (continued) Page No.
LANDING GEAR
AC 29.723 Shock Absorption TestsD-49
AC 29.725 Limit Drop TestD-52
AC 29.727 Reserve Energy Absorption Drop TestD-52
AC 29.727A Reserve Energy Absorption Drop TestD-53
AC 29.729 Retracting Mechanism, Landing GearD-53
AC 29.731 WheelsD-55
AC 29.733 TiresD-56
AC 29.735 BrakesD-58
AC 29.737 SkisD-59
FLOATS AND HULLS
AC 29.751 Main Float BuoyancyD-61
AC 29.753 Main Float DesignD-61
AC 29.755 Hull BuoyancyD-64
AC 29.757 Hull and Auxiliary Float StrengthD-65
PERSONNEL AND CARGO ACCOMMODATIONS
AC 29.771 Pilot CompartmentD-67
AC 29.773 Pilot Compartment ViewD-68
AC 29.775 Windshields and WindowsD-74
AC 29.775A Windshields and WindowsD-74
AC 29.775B Windshields and WindowsD-74
AC 29.777 Cockpit ControlsD-75
AC 29.779 Motion and Effect of Cockpit ControlsD-76
AC 29.783 DoorsD-78
AC 29.783A DoorsD-82
AC 29.785 Seats, Safety Belts, and HarnessesD-83
AC 29.785A Seats, Berths, Belts, Safety Belts, and HarnessesD-85
AC 29.785B Seats, Berths, Litters, Safety Belts, and HarnessesD-87
AC 29.787 Cargo and Baggage CompartmentsD-87
AC 29.787A Cargo and Baggage CompartmentsD-88
AC 29.801 DitchingD-88
AC 29.803 Emergency EvacuationD-97
AC 29.803A Emergency EvacuationD-97
AC 29.805 Flightcrew Emergency ExitsD-98
AC 29.805A Flightcrew Emergency ExitsD-98
AC 29.807 Passenger Emergency ExitsD-99
AC 29.807A Emergency ExitsD-100
AC 29.809 Emergency Exit ArrangementD-101
AC 29.809A Emergency Exit ArrangementD-102
AC 29.811 Emergency Exit MarkingD-103
AC 29.811A Emergency Exit MarkingD-105
SUBPART D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (continued)
Page No.
PERSONNEL AND CARGO ACCOMMODATIONS( continued)
AC 29.812 Emergency LightingD-106
AC 29.813 Emergency Exit AccessD-106
AC 29.815 Main Aisle WidthD-108
AC 29.831 VentilationD-109
AC 29.833 HeatersD-110
FIRE PROTECTION
AC 29.851 Fire ExtinguishersD-112
AC 29.853 Compartment InteriorsD-113
AC 29.855 Cargo and Baggage CompartmentsD-115
AC 29.855A Cargo and Baggage CompartmentsD-117
AC 29.859 Combustion Heater Fire ProtectionD-117
AC 29.861 Fire Protection of Structure, Controls, and Other PartsD-121
AC 29.861A Fire Protection of Structure, Controls, and Other PartsD-124
AC 29.863 Flammable Fluid Fire ProtectionD-124
EXTERNAL LOAD ATTACHING MEANS
AC 29.865 External Load Attaching MeansD-129
AC 29.865A External Load Attaching MeansD-134
AC 29.865B External Load Attaching Means (SEE MG 12)D-140
MISCELLANEOUS (DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION)
AC 29.871 Leveling MarksD-165
AC 29.873 Ballast ProvisionsD-165
AC 29.877 Ice ProtectionD-166
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT
GENERAL
AC 29.901 InstallationE-1
AC 29.901A InstallationE-8
AC 29.901B InstallationE-8
AC 29.903 EnginesE-9
AC 29.903A EnginesE-11
AC 29.903B EnginesE-13
AC 29.903C Turbine Engine InstallationE-13
AC 29.907 Engine VibrationE-29
AC 29-2C, Chg 2 4/25/06
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT (continued)
Page No.
GENERAL (continued)
AC 29.908 Cooling FansE-29
AC 29.908A Cooling FansE-30
ROTOR DRIVE SYSTEM
AC 29.917 DesignE-33
AC 29.917A Design .............................................................................................................................E- 34
AC 29.921 Rotor BrakeE-37
AC 29.923 Rotor Drive System and Control Mechanism TestsE-39
AC 29.923A Rotor Drive System and Control Mechanism TestsE-45
AC 29.923B Rotor Drive System and Control Mechanism TestsE-52
AC 29.923C Rotor Drive System and Control Mechanism TestsE-53
AC 29.927 Additional TestsE-54
AC 29.927A Additional TestsE-56
AC 29.931 Shafting Critical SpeedsE-58
AC 29.935 Shafting JointsE-63
AC 29.939 Turbine Engine Operating CharacteristicsE-63
FUEL SYSTEM
AC 29.951 Fuel System - GeneralE-66
AC 29.952 Fuel System Crash Resistance .......................................................................................E- 68
AC 29.953 Fuel System IndependenceE-93
AC 29.954 Fuel System Lightning Protection....................................................................................E -94
AC 29.955 Fuel FlowE-95
AC 29.955A Fuel FlowE-99
AC 29.957 Flow Between Interconnected TanksE-103
AC 29.959 Unusable Fuel SupplyE-103
AC 29.961 Fuel System Hot Weather OperationE-104
AC 29.961A Fuel System Hot Weather OperationE-106
AC 29.963 Fuel Tanks: GeneralE-107
AC 29.963A Fuel Tanks: GeneralE-107
AC 29.963B Fuel Tanks: GeneralE-108
AC 29.965 Fuel Tank TestsE-109
AC 29.967 Fuel Tank InstallationE-111
AC 29.967A Fuel Tank InstallationE-113
AC 29.969 Fuel Tank Expansion Space..........................................................................................E- 113 AC 29.969A Fuel Tank Expansion Space..........................................................................................E -114
AC 29.971 Fuel Tank SumpE-114
AC 29.971A Fuel Tank SumpE-116
AC 29.973 Fuel Tank Filler ConnectionE-116
AC 29.973A Fuel Tank Filler ConnectionE-117
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT (continued)
Page No.
FUEL SYSTEM (continued)
AC 29.975 Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor VentsE-118
AC 29.975A Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor VentsE-119
AC 29.975B Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor VentsE-119
AC 29.977 Fuel Tank OutletE-120
AC 29.979 Pressure Refueling and Fueling Provisions Below Fuel LevelE-121
FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
AC 29.991 Fuel Pumps..........................................................................................................E -123
AC 29.991A Fuel PumpsE-124
AC 29.993 Fuel System Lines and FittingsE-124
AC 29.995 Fuel ValvesE-125
AC 29.997 Fuel Strainer or FilterE-125
AC 29.997A Fuel Strainer or FilterE-126
AC 29.999 Fuel System DrainsE-127
AC 29.999A Fuel System Drains..............................................................................................E-12 7
AC 29.1001 Fuel JettisoningE-128
OIL SYSTEM
AC 29.1011 Oil System - General............................................................................................E-13 0
AC 29.1013 Oil TanksE-131
AC 29.1015 Oil Tank TestsE-131
AC 29.1017 Oil Lines and FittingsE-132
AC 29.1019 Oil Strainer or FilterE-132
AC 29.1019A Oil Strainer or FilterE-133
AC 29.1021 Oil System DrainsE-134
AC 29.1023 Oil RadiatorsE-134
AC 29.1025 Oil ValvesE-134
AC 29.1027 Transmission and Gearboxes: GeneralE-135
COOLING
AC 29.1041 Cooling - General.................................................................................................E- 137
AC 29.1043 Cooling TestsE-140
AC 29.1043A Cooling TestsE-142
AC 29.1045 Cooling Test ProceduresE-143
AC 29.1047 Takeoff Cooling Test ProceduresE-147
AC 29.1049 Hovering Cooling Test ProceduresE-149
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT (continued)
Page No.
INDUCTION SYSTEM
AC 29.1091 Air InductionE-151
AC 29.1093 Induction System Icing ProtectionE-152
AC 29.1093A Induction System Icing ProtectionE-161
AC 29.1101 Carburetor Air Preheater DesignE-162
AC 29.1103 Induction System Ducts and Air Duct SystemsE-162
AC 29.1105 Induction System ScreensE-164
AC 29.1107 Intercoolers and After-CoolersE-165
AC 29.1109 Carburetor Air CoolingE-165
EXHAUST SYSTEM
AC 29.1121 GeneralE-166
AC 29.1123 Exhaust PipingE-167
AC 29.1125 Exhaust Heat ExchangersE-169
POWERPLANT CONTROLS AND ACCESSORIES
AC 29.1141 Powerplant Controls: GeneralE-173
AC 29.1142 Auxiliary Power Unit ControlsE-174
AC 29.1143 Engine ControlsE-175
AC 29.1143A Engine ControlsE-176
AC 29.1143B Engine ControlsE-176
AC 29.1145 Ignition SwitchesE-176
AC 29.1147 Mixture ControlsE-177
AC 29.1151 Rotor Brake ControlsE-178
AC 29.1157 Carburetor Air Temperature ControlsE-179
AC 29.1159 Supercharger ControlsE-179
AC 29.1163 Powerplant AccessoriesE-180
AC 29.1165 Engine Ignition SystemsE-181
POWERPLANT FIRE PROTECTION
AC 29.1181 Designated Fire Zones: Regions IncludedE-182
AC 29.1183 Lines, Fittings, and ComponentsE-183
AC 29.1185 Flammable FluidsE-184
AC 29.1187 Drainage and Ventilation of Fire ZonesE-186
AC 29.1189 Shutoff MeansE-186
AC 29.1191 FirewallsE-187
AC 29.1193 Cowling and Engine Compartment CoveringE-191
AC 29.1193A Cowling and Engine Compartment CoveringE-192
AC 29.1194 Other SurfacesE-193
AC 29.1195 Fire Extinguishing SystemsE-194
AC 29.1197 Fire Extinguishing AgentsE-197
SUBPART E - POWERPLANT (continued)
Page No.
POWERPLANT FIRE PROTECTION (continued)
AC 29.1199 Extinguishing Agent ContainersE-200
AC 29.1201 Fire Extinguishing System MaterialsE-201
AC 29.1203 Fire Detector SystemsE-201
SUBPART F - EQUIPMENT
GENERAL
AC 29.1301 Function and Installation..........................................................................................F -1
AC 29.1303 Flight and Navigation InstrumentsF-1
AC 29.1305 Powerplant InstrumentsF-7
AC 29.1305A Powerplant InstrumentsF-8
AC 29.1305B Powerplant InstrumentsF-9
AC 29.1305C Powerplant InstrumentsF-12
AC 29.1307 Miscellaneous EquipmentF-12
AC 29.1309 Equipment, Systems, and InstallationsF-12
INSTRUMENTS - INSTALLATION
AC 29.1321 Arrangement and VisibilityF-43
AC 29.1322 Warning, Caution, and Advisory LightsF-44
AC 29.1323 Airspeed Indicating SystemF-48
AC 29.1323A Airspeed Indicating SystemF-49
AC 29.1325 Static Pressure SystemsF-50
AC 29.1327 Magnetic Direction IndicatorF-51
AC 29.1329 Automatic Pilot SystemsF-51
AC 29.1331 Instruments Using a Power SupplyF-60
AC 29.1333 Instrument SystemsF-61
AC 29.1335 Flight Director Systems..........................................................................................F-6 2
AC 29.1337 Powerplant Instruments - Fuel Gauge CalibrationF-63
AC 29.1337A Powerplant InstrumentsF-64
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
AC 29.1351 Electrical Systems and Equipment - General ........................................................F-6 7
AC 29.1353 Electrical Equipment and InstallationsF-74
AC 29.1355 Distribution SystemF-79
AC 29.1355A Distribution SystemF-79
AC 29.1357 Circuit Protective DevicesF-79
AC 29.1357A Circuit Protective DevicesF-81
AC 29.1359 Electrical System Fire and Smoke ProtectionF-82
AC 29.1363 Electrical Systems TestsF-83
AC 29-2C, Chg 1 2/12/03 SUBPART F - EQUIPMENT (continued)
Page No.
LIGHTS
AC 29.1381 Instrument LightsF-84
AC 29.1383 Landing LightsF-85
AC 29.1385 Position Light System InstallationF-85
AC 29.1387 Position Light System Dihedral AnglesF-85
AC 29.1389 Position Light Distribution and IntensitiesF-85
AC 29.1391 Minimum Intensities in the HorizontalF-85
Plane of Forward and Rear Position Light
AC 29.1393 Minimum Intensities in Any VerticalF-85
Plane of Forward and Rear Position Lights
AC 29.1395 Maximum Intensities In OverlappingF-85
Beams of Forward and Rear Position Lights
AC 29.1397 Color SpecificationsF-85
AC 29.1399 Riding LightF-86
AC 29.1401 Anticollision Light SystemF-87
SAFETY EQUIPMENT
AC 29.1411 Safety Equipment - GeneralF-88
AC 29.1413 Safety Belts: Passenger Warning DeviceF-90
AC 29.1415 Ditching EquipmentF-91
AC 29.1419 Ice ProtectionF-93
MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
AC 29.1431 Electronic EquipmentF-114
AC 29.1433 Vacuum SystemsF-114
AC 29.1435 Hydraulic SystemsF-115
AC 29.1439 Protective Breathing EquipmentF-118
AC 29.1457 Cockpit Voice RecorderF-119
AC 29.1459 Flight RecordersF-120
AC 29.1461 Equipment Containing High Energy RotorsF-123
SUBPART G - OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
AC 29.1501 Operating Limitations - GeneralG-1
AC 29.1503 Airspeed Limitations: GeneralG-1
AC 29.1505 Never-Exceed SpeedG-3
AC 29.1509 Rotor SpeedG-6
AC 29.1517 Limiting Height-Speed EnvelopeG-8
AC 29.1519 Weight and Center of GravityG-9