2-xix FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-13, AC 91-55; FAA -S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of engine starting, as appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing -
(a) safety precautions related to starting.
(b) use of external power.
(c) effect of atmospheric conditions on starting.
(d) importance of following the appropriate checklist.
(e) adjustment of engine controls during start.
(f) prevention of airplane movement during and after start.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to engine starting by describing -
(a) failure to use or the improper use of the checklist.
(b) excessively high RPM after starting.
(c) improper preheat of the engine during severe cold weather conditions.
(d) failure to assure proper clearance of the propeller.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains engine starting from an instructional standpoint.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xx D. TASK: TAXIING - LANDPLANE (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of landplane taxiing by describing -
(a) proper brake check and correct use of brakes.
(b) compliance with airport surface marking, signals, and clearances.
(c) how to control direction and speed.
(d) control positioning for various wind conditions.
(e) techniques used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to landplane taxiing by describing -
(a) improper use of brakes.
(b) improper positioning of the flight controls for various wind conditions.
(c) hazards of taxiing too fast.
(d) failure to comply with markings, signals, or clearances.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains landplane taxiing from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to landplane taxiing.
E. TASK: TAXIING - SEAPLANE (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of seaplane taxiing by describing -
(a) wind effect.
(b) prevention of porpoising and skipping.
2-xxi FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
(c) selection of the most suitable course for taxiing, following available marking aids.
(d) conditions where idle, plowing, and step taxiing are used.
(e) techniques for idle, plowing, and step taxiing.
(f) control positioning for various wind conditions.
(g) use of water rudders.
(h) techniques used to avoid other aircraft and hazards.
(i) techniques used to avoid excessive water spray into the propeller.
(j) 180° and 360° turns in idle, plowing, and step positions.
(k) application of right-of-way rules.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to seaplane taxiing by describing -
(a) improper positioning of flight controls for various wind conditions.
(b) improper control of speed and direction.
(c) failure to prevent porpoising and skipping.
(d) failure to use the most suitable course and available marking aids.
(e) failure to use proper clearing procedures to avoid hazards.
(f) failure to apply right-of-way rules.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains seaplane taxiing from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to seaplane taxiing.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xxii F. TASK: SAILING (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of sailing by describing -
(a) techniques used in sailing (eng ine idling or shut down, as appropriate).
(b) conditions and situations where sailing would be used.
(c) selection of the most favorable course to follow.
(d) use of flight controls, flaps, doors, and water rudders to follow the selected course.
(e) techniques used to change direction from downwind to crosswind.
(f) control of speed.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to sailing by describing -
(a) failure to select the most favorable course to destination.
(b) improper use of controls, flaps, and water rudders.
(c) improper technique when changing direction.
(d) improper technique for speed control.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains sailing from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to sailing.
2-xxiii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A G. TASK: PRETAKEOFF CHECK (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the pretakeoff check by describing -
(a) positioning the airplane with consideration for other aircraft, surface conditions and wind.
(b) division of attention inside and outside the cockpit.
(c) importance of following the checklist and responding to each checklist item.
(d) reasons for assuring suitable engine temperatures and pressures for run-up and takeoff.
(e) method used to determine that airplane is in a safe operating condition.
(f) importance of reviewing takeoff performance airspeeds, expected takeoff distances, and emergency procedures.
(g) method used for assuring that the takeoff area or path is free of hazards.
(h) method used for assuring adequate clearance from other traffic.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to the pretakeoff check by describing -
(a) failure to use or the improper use of the checklist.
(b) improper positioning of the airplane.
(c) acceptance of marginal engine performance.
(d) an improper check of flight controls.
(e) hazards of failure to review takeoff and emergency procedures.
(f) failure to check for hazards and other traffic.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a pretakeoff check from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a pretakeoff check.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xxiv VI. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT OPERATIONS AIRPORT OPERATIONS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of radio communications and ATC light signals by describing -
(a) selection and use of appropriate radio frequencies.
(b) recommended procedure and phraseology for radio voice communications.
(c) receipt, acknowledgement of, and compliance with, ATC clearances and other instructions.
(d) interpretation of, and compliance with, ATC light signals.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to radio communications and ATC light signals by describing -
(a) use of improper frequencies.
(b) improper procedure and phraseology when using radio voice communications.
(c) failure to acknowledge, or properly comply with, ATC clearances and other instructions.
(d) failure to understand, or to properly comply with, ATC light signals.
B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-23;
AIM; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of traffic patterns by describing -
2-xxv FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
(a) operations at controlled and uncontrolled airports and seaplane bases.
(b) adherence to traffic pattern procedures, instructions, and rules.
(c) how to maintain proper spacing from other traffic.
(d) how to maintain the desired ground track.
(e) wind shear and wake turbulence.
(f) orientation with the runway or landing area in use.
(g) how to establish a final approach at an appropriate distance from the runway or landing area.
(h) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to traffic patterns by describing -
(a) failure to comply with traffic pattern instructions, procedures, and rules.
(b) improper correction for wind drift.
(c) inadequate spacing from other traffic.
(d) poor altitude or airspeed control.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains traffic patterns from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to traffic patterns.
C. TASK: AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of airport and runway markings and lighting by describing:
1. Identification and proper interpretation of airport, runway, and taxiway markings.
2. Identification and proper interpretation of airport, runway, and taxiway lighting.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xxvi VII. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS AND CLIMBS TAKEOFFS AND CLIMBS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing -
(a) review of wind conditions.
(b) takeoff hazards.
(c) use of wing flaps.
(d) alignment with takeoff path.
(e) initial positioning of flight controls.
(f) power application.
(g) directional control during acceleration on the surface.
(h) crosswind control technique during acceleration on the surface.
(i) lift-off attitude and airspeed.
(j) climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed (VY).
(k) crosswind correction and track during climb.
(l) use of checklist.
(m) difference between a normal and a glassywater takeoff (seaplane).
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a normal and crosswind takeoff and climb by describing -
(a) improper initial positioning of flight controls and wing flaps.
(b) improper power application
(c) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(d) poor directional control.
(e) improper use of ailerons.
2-xxvii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
(f) improper pitch attitude during lift-off.
(g) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeed.
(h) drift during climb.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or a crosswind takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a normal or a crosswind takeoff and climb.
B. TASK: SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a short-field takeoff and climb by describing -
(a) review of wind conditions.
(b) takeoff and climb hazards, particularly those related to obstacles.
(c) use of wing flaps.
(d) how to position and align the airplane for maximum utilization of available takeoff area.
(e) initial positioning of flight controls.
(f) power application.
(g) directional control during acceleration on the surface.
(h) crosswind control technique during acceleration on the surface.
(i) lift-off attitude and airspeed.
(j) initial climb attitude and airspeed (V X) until obstacle is cleared (50 feet/16 meters AGL).
(k) track during climb.
(l) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a short-field takeoff and climb by describing -
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xxviii
(a) failure to position the airplane for maximum utilization of available takeoff area.
(b) improper initial positioning of flight controls and wing flaps.
(c) improper power application.
(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(e) poor directional control.
(f) improper use of brakes.
(g) improper pitch attitude during lift-off.
(h) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeed.
(i) drift during climb.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a shortfield takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a short-field takeoff and climb.
C. TASK: SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elem ents of a soft-field takeoff and climb by describing -
(a) factors related to the transfer of airplane weight from the landing gear to the wings as rapidly as possible.
(b) review of wind conditions and takeoff surface.
(c) use of wing flaps.
(d) how to align the airplane with the takeoff path without stopping.
(e) initial positioning of flight controls.
(f) power application.
(g) directional control during acceleration on the surface.
(h) crosswind control technique during acceleration on the surface.
(i) lift-off attitude and airspeed.
(j) acceleration in ground effect to climb airspeed (VY).
2-xxix FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
(k) track during climb.
(l) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a soft-field takeoff and climb by describing -
(a) improper initial positioning of the flight controls or wing flaps.
(b) hazards of allowing the airplane to stop on the takeoff surface prior to initiating takeoff.
(c) improper power application.
(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(e) poor directional control.
(f) improper use of brakes.
(g) improper pitch attitude during lift-off.
(h) hazards of settling back to takeoff surface after becoming airborne.
(i) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeed.
(j) drift during climb.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a softfield takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated c ommon errors related to a soft-field takeoff and climb.
D. TASK: ROUGH-WATER TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rough-water takeoff and climb by describing -
(a) review of wind conditions.
(b) takeoff hazards.
(c) factors which should be considered i n the selection of the most suitable takeoff area.
(d) use of wing flaps.
(e) alignment with proposed takeoff path.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xxx
(f) initial positioning of flight controls.
(g) power application.
(h) directional control.
(i) most efficient planing angle.
(j) lift-off attitude and airspeed.
(k) climb attitude, power setting, and airspeed.
(l) track during climb.
(m) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a rough-water takeoff and climb by describing -
(a) poor judgment in the selection of a suitable takeoff area.
(b) improper initial positioning of flight controls and wing flaps.
(c) improper power application.
(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(e) poor directional control.
(f) improper correction for porpoising, skipping, or an unusual increase in water drag.
(g) improper pitch attitude during takeoff run and lift-off.
(h) hazards of inadvertent contact with the water after becoming airborne.
(i) failure to establish and maintain proper climb configuration and airspeed.
(j) drift during climb.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rough-water takeoff and climb from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a rough-water takeoff and climb.