2-xliii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
(c) failure to establish a condition that will cause a secondary stall to occur.
(d) failure to present simulated student instruction that adequately emphasizes the hazards of poor technique in recovering from a primary stall.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains secondary stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to secondary stalls in selected landing gear and flap configurations.
F. TASK: SPINS (ASEL) NOTE: At the discretion of the examiner, a logbook record attesting applicant instructional competency in spin entries, spins, and spin recoveries may be accepted in lieu of this TASK. Logbook record shall be certified by the flight instructor who conducted the spin instruction.
REFERENCES: FAR Part 23; Type Certificate;
AC 60-14, AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of spins by describing -
(a) aerodynamics of spins.
(b) airplanes approved for the spin maneuver based on airworthiness category and type certificate.
(c) relationship of various factors such as configuration, weight, center of gravity, and control coordination to spins.
(d) flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.
(e) how to recognize and recover from imminent, unintentional spins.
(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude for intentional spins.
(g) control technique to maintain a stabilized spin.
(h) orientation during a spin.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xliv
(i) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude for intentional spins.
(j) anxiety factors associated with spin instruction.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to spins by describing -
(a) failure to establish proper configuration prior to spin entry.
(b) failure to achieve and maintain a full stall during spin entry.
(c) failure to close throttle when a spin entry is achieved.
(d) failure to recognize the indications of an imminent, unintentional spin.
(e) improper use of flight controls during spin entry, rotation, or recovery.
(f) disorientation during a spin.
(g) failure to distinguish between a high speed spiral and a spin.
(h) excessive speed or accelerated stall during recovery.
(i) failure to recover with minimum loss of altitude.
(j) hazards of attempting to spin an airplane not approved for spins.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a spin (one turn) from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to spins.
G. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of maneuvering during slow flight by describing -
2-xlv FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
(a) relationship of configuration, weight, center of gravity, maneuvering loads, angle of bank, and power to flight characteristics and controllability.
(b) relationship of the maneuver to critical flight situations, such as go-arounds.
(c) performance of the maneuver in various landing gear and flap configurations during straight-and-level flight and level turns.
(d) specified airspeed for the maneuver.
(e) coordination of flight controls.
(f) trim technique.
(g) re-establishment of cruise flight.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to maneuvering during slow flight by describing -
(a) failure to establish specified configuration.
(b) improper entry technique.
(c) failure to establish and maintain the specified airspeed.
(d) excessive variations of altitude, heading, and bank when a constant altitude, heading, and bank are specified.
(e) rough or uncoordinated control technique.
(f) faulty trim technique.
(g) unintentional stall.
(h) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneousl y explains maneuvering during slow flight from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to maneuvering during slow flight.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xlvi X. AREA OF OPERATION: BASIC INSTRUMENT BASIC INSTRUMENT
MANEUVERSMANEUVERS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;
FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control, and how those instruments are used to maintain altitude, heading, and airspeed.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during altitude, heading, or airspeed corrections.
(e) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments.
2-xlvii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A B. TASK: STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;
FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the climb, and during level-off, and how those instruments are used to maintain climb heading and airspeed.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.
(e) improper entry or level-off technique.
(f) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight, constant airspeed climb, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-xlviii C. TASK: STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;
FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during entry, during the descent, and during level-off, and how those instruments are used to maintain descent heading and airspeed.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments during heading and airspeed corrections.
(e) improper entry or level-off technique.
(f) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight, constant airspeed descent, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments.
2-xlix FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;
FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments by describing -
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during turn entry, during the turn, and during the turn rollout, and how those instruments are used.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and "emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, and power adjustments during altitude, bank, and airspeed corrections.
(e) improper entry or rollout technique.
(f) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a turn to a heading, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-l E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;
FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of recovery from unusual flight attitudes by describing -
(a) conditions and situations that may result in unusual flight attitudes.
(b) the two basic unusual flight attitudes - nosehigh (climbing turn) and nose-low (diving spiral).
(c) how unusual flight attitudes are recognized.
(d) control sequence for recovery from a nosehigh attitude and the reasons for that sequence.
(e) control sequence for recovery from a nose-low attitude and the reasons for that sequence.
(f) reasons why the controls should be coordinated during unusual flight attitude recoveries.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to recovery from unusual flight attitudes by describing -
(a) failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude.
(b) consequences of attempting to recover from an unusual flight attitude by "feel" rather than by instrument indications.
(c) inappropriate control applications during recovery.
(d) failure to recognize from instrument indications when the airplane is passing through a level flight attitude.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a recovery from nose-high and a nose-low flight attitude from an instructional standpoint.
2-li FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to recovery from unusual flight attitudes.
F. TASK: RADIO AIDS AND RADAR SERVICES (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27;
FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services by describing -
(a) situations that would require the use of radio aids or radar assistance.
(b) available radio aids and radar services.
(c) how to determine minimum safe altitude.
(d) procedures to be followed when using a radio aid or radar services.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services by describing -
(a) hazards of delay in using a radio aid or in obtaining radar services.
(b) failure to properly control the airplane.
(c) failure to properly select, tune, or identify a radio facility.
(d) failure to maintain minimum safe altitude.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains the emergency use of radio aids or radar services from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-lii XI. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE
MANEUVERSMANEUVERS NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: STEEP TURNS (ASEL and ASES) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-1, FAA -S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of steep turns by describing -
(a) relationship of bank angle, load factor, and stalling speed.
(b) overbanking tendency.
(c) torque effect in right and left turns.
(d) selection of a suitable altitude.
(e) orientation, division of attention, and planning.
(f) appropriate power setting and airspeed prior to entry.
(g) entry and rollout technique.
(h) coordination of flight controls.
(i) differential wing drag.
(j) altitude, bank, and power control during the turn.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to steep turns by describing -
(a) improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry and rollout.
(b) uncoordinated use of flight controls.
(c) inappropriate control applications.
(d) improper technique in correcting altitude deviations.
(e) loss of orientation.
(f) excessive deviation from desired heading during rollout.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains steep turns from an instructional standpoint.
2-liii FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to steep turns.
B. TASK: CHANDELLES (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-2.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of chandelles by describing -
(a) selection of a suitable entry altitude.
(b) entry airspeed and power setting.
(c) entry technique, including power application.
(d) division of attention and planning.
(e) coordination of flight controls.
(f) pitch and bank attitudes at various points during the maneuver.
(g) proper correction for torque effect in right and left turns.
(h) achievement of maximum performance.
(i) completion technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to chandelles by describing -
(a) improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry or completion.
(b) uncoordinated use of flight controls.
(c) improper planning and timing of pitch and bank attitude changes.
(d) factors related to failure in achieving maximum performance.
(e) a stall during the maneuver.
(f) excessive deviation from desired heading during completion.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains chandelles from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to chandelles.
FAA-S-8081-6AFAA-S-8081-6A 2-liv C. TASK: LAZY EIGHTS (ASEL) REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
FAA-S-8081-2.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of lazy eights by describing -
(a) selection of a suitable entry altitude.
(b) selection of suitable reference points.
(c) entry airspeed and power setting.
(d) entry technique.
(e) orientation, division of attention, and planning.
(f) coordination of flight controls.
(g) pitch a nd bank attitudes at key points during the maneuver.
(h) consistent airspeed and altitude control at key points during the maneuver.
(i) proper correction for torque effect in right and left turns.
(j) loop symmetry.
(k) importance of constant rate pitch and bank attitude changes throughout the maneuver.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to lazy eights by describing -
(a) poor selection of reference points.
(b) uncoordinated use of flight controls.
(c) unsymmetrical loops resulting from poorly planned pitch and bank attitude changes.
(d) inconsistent airspeed and altitude at key points.
(e) loss of orientation.
(f) excessive deviation from reference points.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains lazy eights from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to lazy eights.