Contents (continued) Paragraph Page
Page xlix
10-22.......................................................................................INSTALLATION OF BALLAST
.10-20
FIGURE 10-19...... PERMANENT BALLAST COMPUTATION FORMULA 10-24
10-23...................................................................................................LOADING SCHEDULE
.10-24
10-24.10-34. [RESERVED.]10-24
Chapter 11. Aircraft Electrical Systems SECTION 1. INSPECTION AND CARE OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
11-1GENERAL
.11-1
11-2.................................................................... INSPECTION AND OPERATION CHECKS
.11-1
11-3.. FUNCTIONAL CHECK OF CHECK OF STAND-BY OR EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
.11-2
11-4.................................................................................CLEANING AND PRESERVATION
.11-2
11-5...................................................................... BATTERY ELECTROLYTE CORROSION
.11-2
11-6.......................................................................................... ADJUSTMENT AND REPAIR
.11-2
11-7................................................................INSULATION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
.11-2
11-8.......................................................................................................................BUS BARS
.11-3
11-9.11-14. [RESERVED.]11-3
Contents (continued) Paragraph Page
Page l SECTION 2. STORAGE BATTERIES
11-15GENERAL
.11-5
11-16.................................................................................................. BATTERY CHARGING
.11-5
11-17....................................................................................................BATTERY FREEZING
.11-5
TABLE 11-1.LEAD-ACID BATTERY ELECTROLYTE FREEZING POINTS 11-5
11-18...................................................................................TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
.11-5
TABLE 11-2............... SULF URIC ACID TEMPERATURE CORRECTION 11-6
11-19............................................................................................BATTERY MAINTENANCE
.11-6
11-20...........................................................................................ELECTROLYTE SPILLAGE
.11-8
11-21......................................................................................................... NOXIOUS FUMES
.11-9
11-22........................................................................................ INSTALLATION PRACTICES
.11-9
FIGURE 11-1. ..................................BATTERY VENTILATING SYSTEMS 11-9
11-23.11-29. [RESERVED.]11-10
SECTION 3. INSPECTION OF EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION
11-30GENERAL
.11-11
11-31............................................................... INSTALLATION CLEARANCE PROVISIONS
.11-11
11-32............................WIRES, WIRE BUNDLES, AND CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES
.11-11
11-33.......................................................................................................... OUTPUT RATING
.11-11
11-34................................................................................................ ALTERNATOR DIODES
.11-11
11-35...........................................................STATIC ELECTRICAL POWER CONVERTERS
.11-11
11-36.ACCEPTABLE MEANS OF CONTROLLING OR MONITORING THE ELECTRICAL LOAD
.11-12
11-37.................................................................DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL LOAD
.11-12
11-38..............................................................................JUNCTION BOX CONSTRUCTION
.11-13
11-39.11-46. [RESERVED.]11-13
SECTION 4. INSPECTION OF CIRCUIT-PROTECTION DEVICES
11-47GENERAL
.11-15
11-48................................................ DETERMINATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER RATINGS
.11-15
11-49.............................................................................DC CIRCUIT PROTECTOR CHART
.11-15
Contents (continued) Paragraph Page
Page li TABLE 11-3. .................. DC WIRE AND CIRCUIT PROTECTOR CHART 11-15
11-50.......................................................RESETTABLE CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICES
.11-15
11-51.........................................................................................CIRCUIT BREAKER USAGE
.11-15
11-52........................................................................... CIRCUIT BREAKER MAINTENANCE
.11-16
11-53SWITCHES
.11-16
TABLE 11-4............................................ SWITCH DERATING FACTORS 11-17 TABLE 11-5................................ SEL ECTION OF CONTACT MATERIAL 11-17
11-54RELAYS
.11-19
11-55............................................................................................LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
.11-20
11-56......................................OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR SWITCHES AND RELAYS
.11-20
11-57.11-65. [RESERVED.]11-20
SECTION 5. ELECTRICAL WIRE RATING
11-66GENERAL
.11-21
TABLE 11-6..... TABULATION CHART (ALLOWABLE VOLTAGE DROP) 11-21 TABLE 11-7.EXAMPLES OF DETERMININ G REQUIRED WIRE SIZE USING FIGURE 11-2 11-22 TABLE 11-8.EXAMPLES OF DETERMINING MAXIMUM RUN LENGTH USING FIGURE 11-3 11-22
Contents (continued) Paragraph Page
Page lii FIGURE 11-2.................... CONDUCTOR CHART, CONTINUOUS FLOW 11-23 FIGURE 11-3................. CONDUCTOR CHART, INTERMITTENT FLOW 11-24 TABLE 11-9. CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY AND RESISTANCE OF COPPER WIRE 11-25 TABLE 11-10.CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY AND RESISTANCE OF
ALUMINUM WIRE11-25
11-67..... METHODS FOR DETERMINING CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF WIRES
.11-26
FIGURE 11-4A. ............................ SINGLE COPPER WIRE IN FREE AIR 11-29 FIGURE 11-4B. ............................ SINGLE COPPER WIRE IN FREE AIR 11-30 FIGURE 11- 5............................................ BUNDLE DERATING CURVES 11-31 FIGURE 11-6. ...........................................ALTITUDE DERATING CURVE 11-32
11-68......................................INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF ELECTRICAL WIRE CHART
.11-27
11-69.......................................................COMPUTING CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY
.11-33
11-70.11-75. [RESERVED.]11-34
SECTION 6. AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL WIRE SELECTION
11-76GENERAL
.11-35
11-77......................................................................................AIRCRAFT WIRE MATERIALS
.11-35
11-78SUBSTITUTIONS
.11-36
11-79.11-84. [RESERVED.]11-37
SECTION 7. TABLE OF ACCEPTABLE WIRES
11-85...............................................................................................AIRCRAFT WIRE TABLE
.11-39
TABLE 11- 11......................................................................OPEN WIRING 11-40 TABLE 11- 12..........................................................PROTECTED WIRING 11-41
11-86. OPEN AIRFRAME IN TERCONNECTING WIRE11-39
11-87. PROTECTE D WIRE11-39
11-88. SEVERE WIND AND MOISTURE PROBLEMS (SWAMP)11-39
11-89. SHIELDED WIRE11-39
11-90.11-95. [RESERVED.]11-41
SECTION 8. WIRING INSTALLATION INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS
11-96GENERAL
.11-43
11-97..............................................................................................WIRING REPLACEMENT
.11-45
11-98....................................................................... TERMINALS AND TERMINAL BLOCKS
.11-46
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Page liii
11-99......................................................................................FUSES AND FUSE HOLDERS
.11-46
11-100CONNECTORS
.11-47
11-101...........JUNCTION BOXES, PANELS, SHIELDS, AND MICROSWITCH HOUSINGS
.11-48
11-102...CONDUIT-RIGID METALLIC, FLEXIBLE METALLIC AND RIGID NONMETALLIC
.11-48
11-103JUNCTIONS
.11-48
11-104.................................................................................................. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
.11-49
11-105.............................................................................................. SYSTEM SEPARATION
.11-49
11-106.......................................................... ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI)
.11-49
11-107.............................................................................................INTERFERENCE TESTS
.11-49
11-108.....IDENTIFICATION STENCILS AND PLACARDS ON ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
.11-50
11-109.11-114. [RESERVED.]11-50
Contents (continued) Paragraph Page
Page liv SECTION 9. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND INSPECTION
11-115..........................................................................MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS
.11-51
11-116.......................................................................................GROUP AND BUNDLE TIES
.11-51
FIGURE 11- 7................................................GROUP AND BUNDLE TIES 11-51 FIGURE 11-8.........COMB FOR STRAIGHTENING WIRES IN BUNDLES 11-51
11-117..................................................................................... MINIMUM WIRE BEND RADII
.11-51
11-118SLACK
.11-52
FIGURE 11-9. ..........................................SLACK BETWEEN SUPPORTS 11-52
11-119......................................................................................................POWER FEEDERS
.11-52
11-120....................................................................................................................RF CABLE
.11-52
11-121PRECAUTIONS
.11-52
11-122.......... MOISTURE PROTECTION, WHEEL WELLS, AND LANDING GEAR AREAS
.11-53
11-123...............................................PROTECTION AGAINST PERSONNEL AND CARGO
.11-53
11-124.................................................................................................HEAT PRECAUTIONS
.11-53
11-125..................................................... MOVABLE CONTROLS WIRING PRECAUTIONS
.11-53
11-126............................................................................FLAMMABLE FLUIDS AND GASES
.11-53
FIGURE 11-10....... SEPARATION OF WIRES FROM PLUMBING LINES 11-54
11-127.11-134. [RESERVED.]11-55
SECTION 10. SERVICE LOOP HARNESSES (PLASTIC TIE STRIPS)
11-135GENERAL
.11-55
11-136SUPPORT
.11-55
11-137.........................................................................................ANTI-CHAFING MATERIAL
.11-55
11-138...........................................................................................................STRAIN RELIEF
.11-55
11-139. .........................................................................................................SERVICE LOOP
.11-55
11-140.11-145. [RESERVED.]11-56
SECTION 11. CLAMPING
11-146GENERAL
.11-57
FIGURE 11-11. ............................... SAFE ANGLE FOR CABLE CLAMPS 11-58
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Page lv FIGURE 11-12.TYPICAL MOUNTING HARDWARE FOR MS-21919 CABLE CLAMPS 11-58 FIGURE 11-13................IN STALLING CABLE CLAMP TO STRUCTURE 11-59 FIGURE 11- 14................................. CLAMPING AT A BULKHEAD HOLE 11-60
11-147................................................................WIRE AND CABLE CLAMPS INSPECTION
.11-57
11-148.11-154. [RESERVED.]11-60
SECTION 12. WIRE INSULATION AND LACING STRING TIE
11-155GENERAL
.11-61
11-156.......................................................................................... INSULATION MATERIALS
.11-61
11-157........................................................................................... STRIPPING INSULATION
.11-61
TABLE 11-13.................ALLO WABLE NICKED OR BROKEN STRANDS 11-62
11-158...................................................................................................... LACING AND TIES
.11-61
FIGURE 11- 15..................................................... SINGLE CORD LACING 11-63 FIGURE 11- 16....................................................DOUBLE CORD LACING 11-63 FIGURE 11-17. .................................................................... MAKING TIES 11-64
11-159..................................................................................................... INSULATION TAPE
.11-62
11-160.11-166. [RESERVED.]11-64
Contents (continued) Paragraph Page
Page lvi SECTION 13. SPLICING.
11-167GENERAL
.11-65
FIGURE 11- 18.......................STAGGERED SPLICES IN WIRE BUNDLE 11-65
11-168.11-173. [RESERVED.]11-65
SECTION 14. TERMINAL REPAIRS
11-174GENERAL
.11-67
11-175..............................................................ATTACHMENT OF TERMINALS TO STUDS
.11-68
11-176.........................................................................................STUDS AND INSULATORS
.11-68
11-177................................................................ WIRE TERMINALS AND BINDING POSTS
.11-69
11-178............................................................ CRIMP ON TERMINAL LUGS AND SPLICES
.11-69
11-179............................................. LOCK WASHERS FOR TERMINALS ON EQUIPMENT
.11-70
11-180.11-184. [RESERVED.]11-70
SECTION 15. GROUNDING AND BONDING
11-185GENERAL
.11-71
11-186GROUNDING
.11-71
11-187BONDING
.11-73
11-188..............................................................................................BONDING INSPECTION
.11-73
FIGURE 11- 19.................................................... MILLIVOLT DROP TEST 11-74
11-189........................................................................BONDING JUMPER INSTALLATIONS
.11-75
TABLE 11-14...STUD BONDING OR GROUNDING TO FLAT SURFACE 11-76 TABLE 11-15.PLATE NUT BONDING OR GROUNDING TO FLAT SURFACE 11-77 TABLE 11-16.BOLT AND NUT BONDING OR GROUNDING TO FLAT SURFACE 11-78 FIGURE 11-20.COPPER JUMPER CONNECTOR TO TUBULAR STRUCTURE 11-79 FIGURE 11-21. ............................BONDING CONDUIT TO STRUCTURE 11-79 FIGURE 11-22.ALUMINUM JUMPER CONNECTION TO TUBULAR STRUCTURE 11-79
11-190.............................................................................................. CREEPAGE DISTANCE
.11-75
11-191.......................................................................................................... FUEL SYSTEMS
.11-80
11-192........................................................... ELECTRIC SHOCK PREVENTION BONDING
.11-80
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Page lvii
11-193...................................................................... LIGHTNING PROTECTION BONDING
.11-80
11-194................. LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR ANTENNAS AND AIR DATA PROBES
.11-81
11-195................................................................................. STATIC-DISCHARGE DEVICES
.11-81
11-196CLEANING
.11-81
11-197............................................................................................ HARDWARE ASSEMBLY
.11-81
11-198.11-204. [RESERVED.]11-81
SECTION 16. WIRE MARKING
11-205GENERAL
.11-83
11-206.............................................................................................. WIRE IDENTIFICATION
.11-83
11-207.IDENTIFICATION AND INFORMATION RELATED TO THE WIRE AND WIRING
DIAGRAMS11-83
11-208....................................................... PLACEMENT OF IDENTIFICATION MARKINGS
.11-83
FIGURE 11-23.SPACING OF PRINTED IDENTIFICATION MARKS (DIRECT MARKING) 11-84 FIGURE 11-24.SPACING OF PRINTED IDENTIFICATION MARKS (INDIRECT MARKING) 11-84
11-209.....................................................................................TYPES OF WIRE MARKINGS
.11-83
11-210...............................................................................................HOT STAMP MARKING
.11-84
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Page lviii
11-211............................................................................................. DOT MATRIX MARKING
.11-85
11-212...................................................................................................... INK JET MARKING
.11-85
11-213........................................................................................................LASER MARKING
.11-85
11-214....................................................................................... IDENTIFICATION SLEEVES
.11-85
11-215.............................................................................................. IDENTIFICATION TAPE
.11-86
11-216.........................................................................................OPERATING CONDITIONS
.11-86
11-217................................................................... INSTALLATION OF PRINTED SLEEVES
.11-86
TABLE 11-17. RECOMMENDED SIZE OF IDENTIFICATION SLEEVING 11-86
11-218...................................... IDENTIFICATION OF WIRE BUNDLES AND HARNESSES
.11-86
FIGURE 11-25.IDENTIFICATION OF WIRE BUNDLES AND HARNESSES 11-86
11-219...............................................................TERMINAL MARKING SLEEVE AND TAGS
.11-87
FIGURE 11- 26.........................................STANDARD SLEEVES (135 °C) 11-87 FIGURE 11-27.INSTALLATION OF HEAT-SHRINKABLE INSULATION SLEEVES 11-87
11-220....................................................... SLEEVES AND CABLE MARKERS SELECTION
.11-87
FIGURE 11-28..............................................................CABLE MARKERS 11-88 FIGURE 11- 29.................................. TIE-DOWN STRAP INSTALLATION 11-88 TABLE 11-18...............SELECTION TABLE FOR STANDARD SLEEVES 11-88 TABLE 11-19...............SELECTION TABLE FOR THIN-WALL SLEEVES 11-88 TABLE 11-20.SELECTION TABL E FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE SLEEVES 11-89 TABLE 11-21..................... SEL ECTION TABLE FOR CABLE MARKERS 11-89 TABLE 11-22.PLASTIC TIE-DOWN STRAPS (MS3367, TYPE I, CLASS 1) 11-89 FIGURE 11-30. .......................TIE-DOWN STRAP INSTALLATION TOOL 11-89 FIGURE 11-31. .......................................... COMPLETED INSTALLATION 11-90
11-221.....................................TEMPORARY WIRE AND CABLE MARKING PROCEDURE
.11-90
FIGURE 11-32.............TE MPORARY WIRE IDENTIFICATION MARKER 11-90
11-222. MARKER SLEEVE INSTALLA TION AFTER PRINTING11-90
FIGURE 11- 33.................................... INSERTING WIRE INTO MARKER 11-90
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Page lix FIGURE 11-34. ...................................... SHRINKING MARKER ON WIRE 11-90
11-223.11-229. [RESERVED.]11-90
SECTION 17. CONNECTORS
11-230GENERAL
.11-91
11-231SELECTION
.11-91
11-232.........................................................................................TYPES OF CONNECTORS
.11-91
FIGURE 11- 35.........................CONNECTOR INFORMATION EXAMPLE 11-92 FIGURE 11- 36...........................DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTORS 11-93 FIGURE 11- 37...........................................COAX CABLE CONNECTORS 11-94
11-233.......................................................................... VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RATING
.11-96
11-234....................................................................SPARE CONTACTS (FUTURE WIRING)
.11-97
11-235INSTALLATION
.11-97
11-236.................................................FEED-THROUGH BULKHEAD WIRE PROTECTION
.11-98
11-237........................................................................... SPECIAL PURPOSE CONNECTOR
.11-98
11-238.............................................................................................POTTING COMPOUNDS
.11-98
11-239...........................................................................................POTTING CONNECTORS
.11-98
.......................................... FIGURE 11-38. SPARE WIRES FOR POTTING CONNECTOR
.11-99
11-240...................................................................................................... THROUGH BOLTS
.11-99
11-241.11-247. [RESERVED.]11-99
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Page lx SECTION 18. CONDUITS
11-248GENERAL
.11-101
11-249...................................................................................................... SIZE OF CONDUIT
.11-101
11-250....................................................................................................CONDUIT FITTINGS
.11-101
11-251.......................................................................................... CONDUIT INSTALLATION
.11-101
11-252.......................................................................................................... RIGID CONDUIT
.11-101
TABLE 11-23..................................... BEND RADII FOR RIGID CONDUIT 11-101
11-253...................................................................................................FLEXIBLE CONDUIT
.11-102
TABLE 11-24.MINIMUM BENDING RADII FOR FLEXIBLE ALUMINUM OR
BRASS CONDUIT11-102
11-254.11-259. [RESERVED.]11-102
SECTION 19. PROTECTION OF UNUSED CONNECTORS
11-260GENERAL
.11-103
11-261..................................................................................... QUICK REFERENCE CHART
.11-103
TABLE 11-25.......... CONTACT CAVI TY SEALING-QUICK REFERENCE 11-104
11-262.................................................................UNPRESSURIZED AREA CONNECTORS
.11-103
FIGURE 11-39. .............................................STUB WIRE INSTALLATION 11-104 TABLE 11-26. .............................................SEALING ROD DIMENSIONS 11-104
11-263...............................................................................................PRESSURIZED AREAS
.11-103
FIGURE 11-40.SEALING UNUSED CO NTACT CAVITIES-UNPRESSURIZED
AREAS-(CUT-AWAY VIEW)11-104
11-264.11-270. [RESERVED.]11-104
SECTION 20. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC SYMBOLS
11-271GENERAL
.11-105
11-272SYMBOLS
.11-105
Table 11-27. Electronic/ Electrical Symbols................................................................................... 1 1-105
11-273.11-283. [RESERVED.]11-118
Chapter 12. Aircraft Avionics Systems SECTION 1. AVIONICS EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
12-1GENERAL
.12-1
12-2. Handling of Components12-1
12-3.12-7. [RESERVED.]12-1