CONTENTS Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. WOOD STRUCTURE SECTION 1. MATERIALS AND PRACTICES
1-1. General1-1
1-2. Woods1-1
Figure 1-1. Relative Shrinkage of Wood Member Due to Drying1-1
Table 1-1. Selection and Properties of Aircraft Wood1-3
Figure 1-2. Tapering of Faceplate1-3
1-3. Modified Wood Products1-3
1-4. Adhesives1-3
1-5. Bonding Precautions1-5
1-6. Preparation of Wood Surfaces for Bonding1-5
1-7. Applying the Adhesive1-6
1-8. Assembly Time in Bonding1-6
1-9. Bonding Temperature1-6
1-10. Clamping Pressure1-7
1-11. Method of Applying Pressure1-7
1-12.1-17. [RESERVED.]1-8
SECTION 2. HEALTH AND SAFETY
1-18. General1-9
1-19. Sanding in Areas of Existing Bond Joints and Finishes1-9
1-20. Handling of Adhesives and Finishes1-9
1-21.1-26. [RESERVED.]1-9
SECTION 3. INSPECTION
1-27. General1-11
1-28. Types of Deterioration and Damage1-11
1-29. Inspection Methods1-11
Figure 1-3. Likely Areas to Incur Structural Damage1-13
1-30.1-35. [RESERVED.]1-14
SECTION 4. REPAIRS
1-36. General1-15
1-37. Replacement of Drain Holes and Skin Stiffeners1-15
1-38. Control Surface Flutter Precautions1-15
1-39. Scarf Joints1-15
Figure 1-4. Consideration of Grain Direction When Making Scarf Joints1-15
1-40. Splicing of Spars1-15
Figure 1-5. Method of Splicing Solid or Laminated Rectangular Spars1-17
Figure 1-6. Method of Splicing Solid “I” Spars1-18
Figure 1-7. Repairs to Built-Up “I” Spar1-19
Figure 1-8. Method of Splicing Box Spar Flanges (Plate Method)1-20
1-41. Spar Replacement1-16
1-42. Splicing of Box Spar Webs1-16
Figure 1-9. Method of Splicing Box Spar Webs1-21
1-43. Replacing Solid-Type Spars With Laminated-Type Spars1-16
Page iii
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page
1-44. Spar Longitudinal Cracks and Local Damage1-16
Figure 1-10. Method of Reinforcing a Longitudinal Crack and/or Local Damage in a Solid Spar1-22
1-45. Elongated Holes in Spars1-18
1-46. Rib Repairs1-18
Figure 1-11. Repair of Wood Ribs1-23
Figure 1-12. Typical Wing Compression Rib Repairs1-24
1-47. Plywood Skin Repair1-20
1-48. Determination of Single or Double Curvature1-20
1-49. Repairs to Single Curvature Plywood Skin1-20
Table 1-2. Minimum Recommended Bend Radii for Aircraft Plywood1-25
1-50. Repairs to Double Curvature Plywood Skin1-22
1-51. Types of Patches1-25
Figure 1-13. Splayed Patch1-27
Figure 1-14. Surface Patches1-28
Figure 1-15. Scarf Patches (Back of Skin Accessible)1-29
Figure 1-16. Scarf Patches (Back of Skin Not Accessible)1-30
Figure 1-17. Oval Plug Patch Assembly1-32
Figure 1-18. Round Plug Patch Assembly1-33
1-52. Fabric Patch1-31
1-53.1-63. [RESERVED.]1-33
SECTION 5. FINISHING WOOD STRUCTURES
1-64. General1-35
1-65. Acceptable Finishes1-35
1-66. Precautions1-35
1-67. Finishing of Interior Surfaces1-36
1-68. Finishing of Exterior Surfaces1-36
1-69. Finishing of End Grain Surfaces1-36
1-70. Finishing with Fabric or Tape1-37
1-71. Sealing of Bolt Holes1-37
1-72.1-79. [RESERVED.]1-37
CHAPTER 2. FABRIC COVERING SECTION 1. PRACTICES AND PRECAUTIONS
2-1.
2-2.
2-3.
2-4.
2-5.
2-6.
2-7.
2-8.
General2-1
Problem Areas2-1
Aircraft Fabric-Synthetic2-1
Aircraft Fabric-Natural2-2
Table 2-1. Cotton and Linen Fabrics2-3
Recovering Aircraft2-2
Table 2-2. Cotton and Linen, Tapes and Threads2-4
Preparation of the Structure for Covering2-2
Fabric Seams2-5
Figure 2-1. Fabric Seams2-7
Figure 2-2. Typical Methods of Attaching Fabric2-8
Covering Methods2-9
Page iv
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page
2-9. Reinforcing Tape2-10
Figure 2-3. Exploded Side View of Rib2-10
2-10. Lacing2-11
Figure 2-4. Standard External Modified Seine Knot Used for Single and Double Rib Lacing2-11
Figure 2-5. Starting Stitch for Rib Lacing2-12
Figure 2-6. Standard Single-Loop Lacing2-13
Figure 2-7. Standard Knot for Double-Loop Lacing2-14
Figure 2-8. Standard Double-Loop Lacing (Optional)2-15
Figure 2-9a. Alternate Sequence to Tie a Modified Seine Knot for Rib Lacing2-16
Figure 2-9b. Alternate Sequence to Tie a Modified Seine Knot for Rib Lacing2-17
Figure 2-9c. Alternate Sequence to Tie a Modified Seine Knot for Rib Lacing2-18
Figure 2-10. Splice Knot2-19
Figure 2-11. Blindstitch Lacing - Square Knot Secured with Half Hitches2-20
2-11. Stitch Spacing2-19
Figure 2-12. Fabric Attachment Spacing2-21
2-12. Fasteners2-21
2-13. Finishing Tape2-22
2-14. Inspection Rings and Drain Grommets2-22
2-15.2-19. [RESERVED.]2-23
SECTION 2. APPLICATION OF DOPE
2-20. General2-25
Table 2-3. Safety Tips for Dope/Paint2-26
Table 2-4. Tips for Doping2-26
2-21. Dope Application Procedure (Natural Fabrics)2-26
2-22. Covering Over Plywood2-28
2-23. Coating Application Defects2-29
2-24.2-29. [RESERVED.]2-31
SECTION 3. INSPECTION AND TESTING
2-30. General2-33
2-31. Fabric Identification2-34
2-32. Coating Identification2-34
2-33. Strength Criteria for Aircraft Fabric2-35
2-34. Fabric Testing2-35
2-35. Rejuvenation of Dope Film2-36
2-36.2-41. [RESERVED.]2-36
SECTION 4. REPAIRS TO FABRIC COVERING
2-42. General2-37
2-43. Repair of Tears and Access Openings2-37
Figure 2-13 Repair of Tears in Fabric2-38
2-44. Sewn-Patch Repair2-38
Figure 2-14 Hand-Stitch Detail2-39
2-45. Doped-On Patch Repair2-39
2-46.2-51. [RESERVED.]2-40
Page v
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page CHAPTER 3. FIBERGLASS AND PLASTICS SECTION 1. REPAIR OF LIGHT LOAD LAMINATE STRUCTURES
3-1. General3-1
3-2. Fiberglass Laminate Repairs3-1
Figure 3-1. Typical Laminate (Facing) Repair3-2
Figure 3-2. Typical Core and Facing Repair3-2
Figure 3-3. Typical Stepped Joint Repair3-3
3-3. Repairing Holes3-3
Figure 3-4. Preparing the Fiberglass Sandwich3-3
Figure 3-5. Scarfed Repair to a Nonstructural Laminated Fiberglass Component3-4
Figure 3-6. Balanced Layup Same as Original Number of Plies, Plus One Extra Ply3-4
Figure 3-7. Typical Scarf Joint Repair3-5
Figure 3-8. Carefully Cut Through Each Layer of Fiberglass Cloth and
Remove it From the Damaged Area3-5
3-4. Sample Bagging and Curing Process3-5
Figure 3-9. Sample Bagging Layup Cross Section3-6
3-5.3-9. [RESERVED.]3-8
SECTION 2. METALLIC SANDWICH SECONDARY STRUCTURE REPAIRS
3-10. Repairs to Metallic Sandwich Secondary Structure3-9
Figure 3-10. Typical Types of Core Replacement3-10
Figure 3-11. Typical Undercut Core Material Cavity3-10
Figure 3-12. Cross Section of Bonded and Bolted Overlap Repairs3-11
Figure 3-13. Honeycomb Core Removal3-11
Figure 3-14. Removing Honeycomb Core from a Tapered Control Surface3-11
Figure 3-15. Removal of Core with Core Knife3-11
Figure 3-16. Details of Core Repair3-12
3-11. Finishing3-12
3-12.3-17. [RESERVED.]3-13
SECTION 3. TRANSPARENT PLASTICS
3-18. General3-15
3-19. Storage and Handling3-15
3-20. Forming Procedures and Techniques3-15
3-21. Heating3-16
Figure 3-17. Hanging of Acrylic Sheets3-16
3-22. Forms3-16
3-23. Forming Methods3-17
Table 3-1. Typical Temperatures for Forming Acrylic Sheets3-17
Figure 3-18. Drill Having an Included Angle of Approximately 150°,
Used to Drill Acrylic Plastics3-18
Figure 3-19. Unibit Drill for Drilling Acrylic Plastics3-18
Figure 3-20. Applying Pressure to Acrylic Plastics3-19
Page vi
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page
3-24. Repair of Plastics3-19
Figure 3-21. Stop-Drilling Cracks3-20
Figure 3-22. Surface Patches3-20
Figure 3-23. Plug Patch Repair3-21
3-25. Cleaning and Polishing Transparent Plastic3-21
3-26. Replacement Panels3-21
3-27. Installation Procedures3-22
3-28.3-39. [RESERVED.]3-22
SECTION 4. WINDSHIELDS, ENCLOSURES, AND WINDOWS
3-40. General3-23
Figure 3-24. Temporary Repairs to Cracked Windshields or Windows3-24
3-41. Protection3-24
3-42. Windshield Installation3-24
3-43.3-47. [RESERVED.]3-25
CHAPTER 4. METAL STRUCTURE, WELDING, AND BRAZING SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION OF METALS
4-1. General4-1
Table 4-1. Ferrous (Iron) Alloy Materials4-1
4-2. Identification of Steel Stock4-1
Table 4-2. Numerical System for Steel Identification4-2
Table 4-3. Examples of Stainless and Heat-Resistant Steels Nominal Composition (Percent)4-3
4-3. Interchangeability of Steel Tubing4-2
4-4. Identification of Aluminum4-2
Table 4-4. Basic Temper Designations and Subdivisions from Aluminum Alloys4-4
4-5.4-15. [RESERVED.]4-4
SECTION 2. TESTING OF METALS
4-16. Hardness Testing4-5
4-17. Rockwell Hardness Test4-5
4-18. Brinell Hardness Test4-5
4-19. Vickers Hardness Test4-6
4-20. Microhardness Testing4-6
4-21. Indentions4-7
Figure 4-1. Comparison of Indentation Made by Knoop and Vickers Indenters
in the Same Work Metal and at the Same Loads4-7
4-22. Magnetic Testing4-8
4-23. Aluminum Testing4-8
Table 4-5. Hardness Values for Aluminum Alloys. (Reference MIL-H-6088G.)4-8
4-24.4-35. [RESERVED.]4-8
Page vii
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page SECTION 3. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
4-36. Flutter and Vibration Precautions4-9
4-37. Load Factors for Repairs4-10
4-38. Transfer of Stresses Within a Structure4-10
4-39.4-49. [RESERVED.]4-10
SECTION 4. METAL REPAIR PROCEDURES
4-50. General4-11
Table 4-9. Number of Rivets Required for Splices (Single-Lap Joint)
in Bare 2014-T6, 2024-T3, 2024-T3, and 7075-T6 Sheet, Clad 2014-T6,
2024-T3, 2024-T36, and 7075-T6 Sheet, 2024-T4, and 7075-T6 Plate,
Table 4-10. Number of Rivets Required for Splices (Single-Lap Joint)
in 2017, 1017 Alclad, 2024-T3 Alclad Sheet, Plate, Bar, Rod,
Table 4-11. Number of Rivets Required for Splices (Single-Lap Joint)
4-51. Riveted (or Bolted) Steel Truss-Type Structures4-11
4-52. Aluminum Alloy Structures4-11
4-53. Selection of Aluminum for Replacement Parts4-12
4-54. Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Parts4-12
4-55. Bending Metal4-13
Table 4-6. Recommended Radii for 90-Degree Bends in Aluminum Alloys4-14
4-56. Setback4-13
Figure 4-2. Setback for a 90-Degree Bend4-13
Table 4-7. K-Chart for Determining Setback for Bends Other Than 90 Degrees4-15
Figure 4-3. Methods of Determining Setbacks for Bends Other Than 90 Degrees4-16
4-57. Riveting4-14
Figure 4-4. Rivet Identification and Part Number Breakdown4-16
Table 4-8. Aircraft Rivet Identification4-17
Figure 4-5. Rivet Hole Spacing and Edge Distance for Single-Lap Sheet Splices4-20
Figure 4-6. Riveting Practice and Rivet Imperfections4-21
Figure 4-7. Self Plugging Friction-Lock Cherry Rivets4-22
Figure 4-8. Mechanical-Lock (Bulbed Cherry) Cherry Rivet4-23
Figure 4-9. Cherry Max Rivet4-24
Figure 4-10. Olymic-Lok Rivet4-25
Figure 4-11. Huck Rivet4-26
4-58. Repair Methods and Precautions for Aluminum Structure4-25
Figure 4-12. Typical Repair Method for Tubular Members of Aluminum Alloy4-28
Figure 4-13. Typical Repair for Buckled or Cracked Metal Wing Rib Capstrips4-29
Figure 4-14. Typical Metal Rib Repairs (Usually Found on Small and Medium-Size Aircraft)4-30
Figure 4-15. Typical Repairs of Trailing Edges4-31
Figure 4-16. Typical Repairs of Stressed Sheet Metal Coverings4-32
Figure 4-17. Typical Stringer and Flange Splices4-33
Figure 4-18. Example of Stringer Splice (Material-2017 Alloy)4-34
Figure 4-19. Application of Typical Flange Splices and Reinforcement4-35
Bar, Rod, Tube, and Extrusions, 2014-T6 Extrusions4-37
Tube, and Extrusions4-38
in 5032 (All Hardnesses) Sheet4-39
Page viii
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page
4-59. Repairing Cracked Members4-40
Figure 4-20. Example of Intermediate Frame Stringer Splice (Material 2017-T3 AL Alloy)4-41
Figure 4-21. Typical Methods of Repairing Cracked Leading and Trailing Edges
and Rib Intersections4-42
Figure 4-22. Typical Methods of Replacing Cracked Member at Fittings4-43
Figure 4-23. Typical Methods of Repairing Cracked Frame and Stiffener Combination4-44
Figure 4-24. Typical Repairs to Rudder and to Fuselage at Tail Post4-45
4-60. Steel and Aluminum Fittings4-40
Figure 4-25. Typical Methods of Repairing Elongated or Worn Bolt Holes4-46
4-61. Castings4-40
4-62. Selective Plating in Aircraft Maintenance4-40
4-63.4-73. [RESERVED.]4-51
SECTION 5. WELDING AND BRAZING
4-74. General4-53
Table 4-12. Current and Polarity Selection for Inert Gas Welding4-54
Figure 4-26. Common Defects to Avoid when Fitting and Welding Aircraft Certification Cluster4-55
Table 4-13. Torch Tip Sizes4-55
Figure 4-27 Butt-Welding Strength Calculations4-56
4-75. Equipment Selection4-53
4-76. Accurately Identify the Type of Material to be Repaired4-54
4-77. Preparation for Welding4-54
4-78. Inspection of a Completed Weld4-54
4-79. Microfissures4-55
4-80. Nondestructive Testing4-55
4-81. Practices to Guard Against4-55
4-82. Torch Size (Oxyacetylene welding)4-55
4-83. Welding Rods and Electrodes4-56
4-84. Rosette Welds4-56
4-85. Heat-Treated Members4-56
4-86. Types of Welding4-56
Figure 4-28. Basic Gas-Welding Flames: Each has Distinctive Shape, Color and Sound.
Neutral Flame is the Most Used4-57
Figure 4-29. Set TIG Welder to DC Current, Straight Polarity for Welding Mild Steel,
Stainless Steel and Titanium4-58
Figure 4-30. Set TIG to AC Current for Welding Aluminum and Magnesium4-58
4-87. Electric-Resistance Welding4-58
Figure 4-31. In Spot Welding, Heat is Produced by Electrical Resistance Between
Copper Electrodes. Pressure is Simultaneously Applied to Electrode Tips
to Force Metal Together to Complete Fusing Process. Spot-Weld-Nugget Size
is Directly Related to Tip Size4-58
4-88. Brazing4-59
Table 4-14. Calculated Allowable Strength of Base Metal4-60
Figure 4-32. Silver Brazing Joints4-60
Figure 4-33. Electric Soldering Iron4-61
4-89. Aircraft Parts Not to be Welded4-62
4-90. Welding Rod Selection4-62
Table 4-15. Chart Showing Welding Filler Rod Selection4-63
4-91. Repair of Tubular Members4-62
Figure 4-34. Finger Patch Repairs for Members Dented at a Cluster4-64
4-92. Repair by Welded Sleeve4-65
Figure 4-35. Members Dented in a Bay (Repairs by Welded Sleeve)4-66
Page ix
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page
4-93. Repair by Bolted Sleeve4-65
4-94. Welded-Patch Repair4-65
Figure 4-36. Welded Patch Repair4-67
4-95. Splicing Tubing by Inner-Sleeve Method4-65
Figure 4-37. Splicing by Inner-Sleeve Method4-67
4-96. Splicing Tubing by Outer-Sleeve Method4-65
Figure 4-38. Splicing by Outer-Sleeve Method (Replacement by Welded Outside Sleeve)4-69
Figure 4-39. Tube Replacement at a Station by Welded Outer Sleeves4-69
Page ix-a
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page
4-97. Splicing Using Larger Diameter Replacement Tubes4-68
Figure 4-40. Splicing Using Larger Diameter Replacement Tube4-70
4-98. Repairs at Built-In Fuselage Fittings4-71
Figure 4-41. Repairs at Built-In Fuselage Fittings4-72
4-99. Engine-Mount Repairs4-71
4-100. Built-Up Tubular Wing or Tail-Spars4-73
Figure 4-42. Streamline Tube Splice Using Round Tube (Applicable to Landing Gear)4-74
4-101. Wing-Brace Struts and Tail-Brace Struts4-73
Figure 4-43. Streamline Tube Splice Using Split Sleeve
(Applicable to Wing and Tail Surface Brace Struts and Other Members)4-75
4-102. Landing Gear Repair4-73
Figure 4-44. Streamline Tube Splice Using Split Insert (Applicable to Landing Gear)4-76
Figure 4-45. Streamline Tube Splice Using Plates (Applicable to Landing Gear)4-77
Figure 4-46. Representative Types of Repairable Axle Assemblies4-78
Figure 4-47. Landing Gear Assemblies that Cannot be Repaired by Welding4-79
4-103. Repairs to Welded Assemblies4-74
4-104. Stainless Steel Structure4-75
4-105.4-110. [RESERVED.]4-79
SECTION 6. WELDING AND BRAZING SAFETY
4-111. General4-81
4-112. Fire and Explosion Safety4-81
4-113. Welding Work Area4-81
4-114. Fire Protection4-81
4-115. Protective Apparel4-82
4-116. First-Aid Kits4-82
4-117.4-128. [RESERVED.]4-82
CHAPTER 5. NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION (NDI) SECTION 1. GENERAL
5-1. General5-1
5-2. Approved Procedures5-1
5-3. NDT Levels5-1
5-4. Training, Qualification, and Certification5-2
5-5. Flaws5-2
5-6. Selecting the NDI Method5-5
Table 5-1. Advantages and Disadvantages of NDI Methods5-7
5-7. Types of Inspections5-6
5-8.5-14. [RESERVED.]5-7
SECTION 2. VISUAL INSPECTION
5-15. General5-9
5-16. Simple Visual Inspection Aids5-9
5-17. Borescopes5-10
Figure 5-1. Typical Borescope Designs5-11
Page ix-b (and x)
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page
5-18. Visual Inspection Procedures5-10
Figure 5-2. Using a flashlight to Inspect for Cracks5-13
5-19.5-24. [RESERVED.]5-13
SECTION 3. EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION
5-25. Eddy Current Inspection5-15
Figure 5-3. Generating an Eddy Current5-15
Figure 5-4. Detecting an Eddy Current5-15
Figure 5-5. Typical Instrument Displays5-16
5-26. Eddy Current Coils and Probes5-15
5-27. Field Application of Eddy Current Inspection5-15
5-28. Surface Inspection5-16
Figure 5-6. Typical Surface Cracks5-16
5-29. Subsurface Inspection5-17
Figure 5-7. Typical Subsurface Cracks5-18
5-30. Corrosion Inspection5-17
Figure 5-8. Typical Structural Corrosion5-18
5-31. Establishing Eddy Current Inspection Procedures5-17
5-32.5-39. [RESERVED.]5-18
SECTION 4. MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION
5-40. General5-19
5-41. Principles of Operation5-19
Figure 5-9. Magnetic field Disrupted5-19
Figure 5-10. Crack Detection by Magnetic Particle Inspection5-19
5-42. Applications5-20
5-43. Electrical Magnetizing Equipment5-20
5-44. Materials Used in Magnetic Particle Inspection5-20
Table 5-2. Listing of Commonly Accepted Standards and
Specifications for Magnetic Particle Inspection5-21
5-45. Preparation of Surface5-22
5-46. Methods of Examination5-22
5-47. Application of Magnetic Particles5-22
5-48. Magnetization5-23
Figure 5-11. Circular Magnetization5-23
Figure 5-12. Longitudinal Magnetization5-24
5-49. Determination of Field Strength5-25
5-50. Special Examination Techniques5-25
5-51. Demagnetization and Post-Examination Cleaning5-27
5-52.5-59. [RESERVED.]5-28
SECTION 5. PENETRANT INSPECTION
5-60. General5-29
Figure 5-13. Penetrant and Developer Action5-30
5-61. Equipment Used in the Penetrant Inspection Process5-29
Table 5-3. Classification of Penetrant Inspection Materials Covered by MIL-I-25135E5-30
Page xi
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page
5-62. Basic Steps to Perform Penetration Inspection5-29
Table 5-4. Fluorescent and Visible Penetrant Inspection
General Processing Procedures Flowsheet5-31
Table 5-5. Pre-Cleaning Methods for Penetrant Inspection5-32
5-63. Cleaners and Applicators5-33
5-64. Technical Standards5-34
Table 5-6. Listing of Commonly Accepted Standards and Specifications for
Penetrant Inspection5-35
5-65.5-72. [RESERVED.]5-35
SECTION 6. RADIOGRAPHY (X-RAY) INSPECTION
5-73. General5-37
Figure 5-14. Radiography5-38
5-74. Limitations5-37
5-75. Film or Paper Radiography5-37
5-76. Real-Time Radiography5-37
5-77. Advantage of Real-Time Radiography Over Film Radiography5-37
5-78. Computed Tomography (CT)5-37
5-79. Uses of Radiography5-38
5-80. Comparison with Other NDI Methods5-38
5-81. Flaws5-39
5-82. Field Inspection5-39
5-83. Safety5-39
5-84.5-88. [RESERVED.]5-39
SECTION 7. ULTRASONIC INSPECTION
5-89. General5-41
Figure 5-15. Ultrasound5-42
5-90. Sound Reflection5-41
5-91. Ultrasonic Inspection Techniques5-41
Figure 5-16. Pulse-Echo and through-Transmission Ultrasonic Inspection Techniques5-42
5-92. Flaw Detection5-41
5-93. Basic Equipment5-41
Figure 5-17. Typical Portable Ultrasonic Inspection Instrument5-43
Figure 5-18. Example of Position fixture and Shoe5-44
Figure 5-19. Example of the Use if a Transducer Positioning Fixture5-44
Figure 5-20. Example of a Typical Reference Standard5-44
5-94. Inspection of Bonded Structures5-43
Figure 5-21. Examples of Bonded Structure Configurations and Suggested Inspection Coverage5-47
Table 5-7. Acceptable Ultrasonic Inspection Methods Associated with the
Example Bonded Structure Configurations Shown in Figure 5-215-48
Table 5-8. Ultrasonic Inspection Methods for Bonded Structures5-49
5-95. Bond Testing Instruments5-46
5-96. Thickness Measurements5-50
5-97. Leak Testing5-50
5-98.5-104. [RESERVED.]5-51
Page xii
CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Paragraph Page SECTION 8. TAP TESTING
5-105. General5-53
Figure 5-22. Sample of Special Tap Hammer5-53
5-106.5-111. [RESERVED.]5-53
SECTION 9. ACOUSTIC-EMISSION
5-112. General5-53
5-113. Applications5-54
5-114.5-119. [RESERVED.]5-54
SECTION 10. THERMOGRAPHY
5-120. General5-54
5-121.5-126. [RESERVED.]5-54
SECTION 11. HOLOGRAPHY
5-127. General5-54
5-128.5-133. [RESERVED.]5-54
SECTION 12. SHEAROGRAPHY
5-134. General5-55
5-135.5-140. [RESERVED.]5-55
CHAPTER 6. CORROSION, INSPECTION & PROTECTION SECTION 1. GENERAL
6-1.
6-2.
6-3.
6-4.
General6-1
Figure 6-1. Simplified Corrosion Cell Showing Conditions which Must Exist for
Electrochemical Corrosion6-2
Figure 6-2. Elimination of Corrosion by Application of an Organic Film to Metal Surface6-2
Factors Influencing Corrosion6-1
Common Corrosive Agents6-3
Micro-Organisms6-3
6-5.6-10. [RESERVED.]6-4
SECTION 2. TYPES OF CORROSION
6-11. General6-5
Figure 6-3. Corrosion Attack6-5
6-12. General Surface Corrosion6-5
Figure 6-4. General Surface Corrosion6-5
6-13. Pitting Corrosion6-5
Figure 6-5(a). Pitting Corrosion (External View)6-5
Figure 6-5(b). Pitting Corrosion (Magnified Cross Section)6-5
Page xiii