NTSB investigations, CT
167 cases where the phase of flight was Approach.
Cases per year
| 1964 | 4 |
|---|---|
| 1965 | 5 |
| 1966 | 3 |
| 1967 | 6 |
| 1968 | 6 |
| 1969 | 4 |
| 1970 | 5 |
| 1971 | 6 |
| 1972 | 4 |
| 1973 | 6 |
| 1974 | 3 |
| 1975 | 3 |
| 1976 | 3 |
| 1977 | 4 |
| 1978 | 6 |
| 1979 | 5 |
| 1980 | 3 |
| 1981 | 2 |
| 1982 | 5 |
| 1983 | 5 |
| 1984 | 6 |
| 1985 | 6 |
| 1986 | 3 |
| 1987 | 2 |
| 1988 | 5 |
| 1989 | 1 |
| 1990 | 3 |
| 1991 | 1 |
| 1992 | 2 |
| 1993 | 4 |
| 1994 | 1 |
| 1995 | 3 |
| 1998 | 2 |
| 1999 | 2 |
| 2000 | 1 |
| 2001 | 3 |
| 2002 | 3 |
| 2004 | 1 |
| 2005 | 3 |
| 2006 | 1 |
| 2007 | 1 |
| 2008 | 2 |
| 2009 | 1 |
| 2010 | 2 |
| 2011 | 2 |
| 2012 | 3 |
| 2013 | 3 |
| 2015 | 2 |
| 2017 | 1 |
| 2018 | 2 |
| 2019 | 2 |
| 2020 | 1 |
| 2021 | 1 |
| 2023 | 1 |
| 2025 | 2 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventStateOrRegion\" = 'CT' AND c.\"eventCountry\" = 'USA'
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 500)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventStateOrRegion" = 'CT' AND c."eventCountry" = 'USA'
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 500)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB DCA26WA036Occurrence · No injuriesClass 5 · ForeignEmbraer ERJ170 · Greenwich, CTNTSB ERA26LA033Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportCessna 172 · Oxford, CTThe pilot’s failure to compensate for gusty crosswind conditions, which resulted in a loss of control of the airplane and subsequent collision with terrain.NTSB ERA23LA191Accident · Minor injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportCessna 152 · Danbury, CTThe flight instructor’s inadequate preflight fuel planning and oversight of the preflight inspection, which resulted in a total loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion.NTSB ERA21LA276Accident · Minor injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportSchweizer SGS 1-26E · Willimantic, CTThe failure of the student to achieve the proper touchdown point resulting in landing undershoot.NTSB ERA20LA287Accident · Minor injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportPiper PA34 · Groton, CTThe reported partial loss of right engine power for reasons that could not be determined based on available evidence.NTSB ERA19LA186Accident · Minor injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportAlisport Silent 2 · Danbury, CTThe pilot’s inadequate inflight management of the motor glider’s available battery power, which resulted in the inability of the electric motor to provide sufficient thrust to sustain flight in an environment where no atmospheric lift was available.NTSB ERA19LA149Accident · Serious injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportPiper PA28R · Meriden, CTThe loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.NTSB ERA18FA189Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportRutan Defiant · Plainville, CTThe pilot's loss of airplane control during climb for reasons that could not be determined based on the available information.NTSB ERA18LA071Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA28 · Meriden, CTThe pilot's inadequate preflight fuel planning and his improper in-flight decision-making, which resulted in a total loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion.NTSB GAA17CA530Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172 · Plainville, CTThe pilot’s failure to properly execute the go-around, which resulted in the airplane failing to maintain a climb, which resulted in collision with a tree.NTSB ERA16CA056Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCirrus Design SR22 · Danbury, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate clearance from obstructions while on approach to landing.NTSB ENG15IA024Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBombardier DHC 8 · Windsor Locks, CTThe arcing failure of the windshield heat power wire on the right windshield due to unknown reasons. Contributing to the severity of the fire was the lack of training or guidance provided to the crew for selecting the windshield heat to off that would cut…NTSB ERA13FA358Accident · 4 fatalField investigationFinal reportRockwell International 690B · East Haven, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain airspeed while banking aggressively in and out of clouds for landing in gusty tailwind conditions, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall and uncontrolled descent.NTSB ERA13LA276Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 170 · Plainville, CTThe pilot’s overflight of the landing runway during a forced landing after a loss of engine power. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s inadequate preflight which resulted in his failure to detect water contamination of the fuel system.NTSB ERA13LA117Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCirrus Design SR20 · Danbury, CTThe flight instructor’s inadequate preflight inspection in which he incorrectly estimated the airplane’s fuel quantity and his improper reliance on the fuel totalizer rather than the fuel quantity indicating and warning systems to determine the fuel on board,…NTSB ERA13FA064Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-180 · Canton, CTThe pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from terrain while performing a night visual approach to an airport. Contributing to the accident were the dark night and the pilot's lack of recent experience flying at night.NTSB ERA12FA483Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 172P · Plainville, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain the proper glidepath during final approach in visual meteorological conditions, resulting in collision with a berm.NTSB ERA12LA282Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRobinson Helicopter R22 Beta · Farmington, CTThe pilot's inadequate compensation for wind during a high-power, low-speed downwind turn, which resulted in a loss of control due to loss of tail rotor effectiveness and settling with power. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s decision to land…NTSB ERA12FA030Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCirrus Design SR22 · Danbury, CTThe pilot did not maintain clearance from a lighted tower during final approach in night visual conditions.NTSB ERA11CA365Accident · Serious injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA-32-300 · Bridgeport, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a blast fence on final approach to land.NTSB ERA10CA278Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172S · East Haddam, CTThe pilot's delayed decision to attempt a go-around, and his subsequent failure to maintain directional control while landing.NTSB ERA10LA113Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportFoster John Glasair III · Oxford, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain a proper approach path during visual conditions at dusk, which resulted in an in-flight collision with power lines.NTSB ERA09LA531Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportDaniel L Patrick Kolb Mark · Mystic, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain airspeed during final approach, resulting in an inadvertent stall. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's lack of total flight experience.NTSB ERA09LA064Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172S · Groton, CTThe student pilot’s failure to maintain a proper descent profile to avoid trees during the night visual approach and the flight instructor’s inadequate oversight.NTSB NYC08CA295Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 182A · Danielson, CTFuel exhaustion due to the pilot’s inadequate fuel consumption calculations.NTSB NYC07FA100Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-23-250 · Windham, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane during a go-around.NTSB NYC06FA137Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportGates Learjet 35A · Groton, CTThe crew's failure to properly monitor the airplane's altitude, which resulted in the captain's inadvertent descent of the airplane into water. Contributing to the accident were the foggy weather conditions, and the captain's decision to descend below the…NTSB NYC06LA045Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech 23 · Chaplin, CTA complete loss of engine power due to carburetor ice. A contributing factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the emergency landing.NTSB NYC05FA109Accident · 4 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 182Q · Groton, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control while executing an ILS (Instrument Landing System) approach to minimums.NTSB IAD05LA050Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-31P-350 · Ridgefield, CTThe pilot's improper IFR procedure by flying below the minimum descent altitude, which resulted in the airplane striking trees.NTSB NYC04FA127Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportMooney M20J · Oxford, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain altitude/clearance during an instrument approach, which resulted in a collision with trees prior to the runway. Factors were nighttime conditions and cloud cover.NTSB IAD02LA090Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna T210N · Glastonbury, CTA partial loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. A factor in the airplane's damage was the standing corn.NTSB IAD02FA043Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-34-200T · Oxford, CTThe pilot's failure to follow the published instrument approach procedure. Factors were the night and low ceiling conditions.NTSB NYC02FA055Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportBeech V35B · Chester, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed during the turn to final, which resulted in an inadvertent stall/spin. Factors included low ceilings and night lighting conditions.NTSB IAD02FA024Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28R-180 · Milford, CTThe pilot's failure to follow the published IFR approach procedure, which resulted in a premature descent and subsequent impact with water. A factor was the night, overwater visual conditions.NTSB IAD01FA070Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-32R-301 · Greenwich, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane while maneuvering in instrument meteorological conditions, due to spatial disorientation. Factors in the accident were the fog, and the pilot's use of a sedating medication.NTSB NYC01LA121Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSchweizer SGS 1-26E · New Milford, CTthe student pilot's improper decision to fly northeast of the airport with winds from the southwest, and his subsequent diverted attention to the glider's proximity to the airport while he searched for thermals, which resulted in an off airport landing.NTSB NYC00LA221Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA28-235 · Chester, CTThe CFI's delayed remedial action.NTSB NYC00FA004Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 182R · Killingworth, CTThe pilot's failure follow the published instrument approach procedure. A factor in the accident was the low cloud ceiling.NTSB NYC99LA139Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAero Commander 500S · Windsor Locks, CTHydraulic system contamination which prevented normal landing gear extension. A factor was the misjudged landing flare by the flying pilot.NTSB NYC98LA188Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Ellington, CTWas the flight instructors lack of supervision over the student pilot's preflight inspection of the airplane, and which resulted in fuel exhaustion. Factors were the night conditions and the soft terrain.NTSB NYC98FA095Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportMooney M20J · Bridgeport, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane during night instrument meteorological conditions. Contributing factors were dark night conditions, low ceilings, rain, and his decision to divert to an airport under instrument meteorological conditions…NTSB DCA96MA008Accident · Minor injuriesClass 1 · MajorFinal reportMcDonnell Douglas MD-83 · East Granby, CTthe flightcrew's failure to maintain the required minimum descent altitude until the required visual references identifiable with the runway were in sight. Contributing factors were the failure of the BDL approach controller to furnish the flightcrew with a…NTSB BFO95LA061Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportConsolidated-Vultee BT-13B · Oxford, CTthe pilot's failure to maintain sufficient altitude/clearance from terrain. The low ceiling was a related factor in the accident.NTSB BFO95LA060Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBronislaus Challenger II · Burlington, CTA loss of engine power for an undetermined reason(s), the 30-hour student pilot's poor judgment in allowing himself to receive dual instruction in an airplane not equipped with dual conntols, the cfi's poor judgment in attempting to give instruction to a…NTSB NYC94LA080Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportDavis DK-1 · East Haddam, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain the proper glidepath during landing approach.NTSB NYC94FA033Accident · 4 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28R-200 · New Haven, CTThe pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane during a night approach in adverse weather conditions. Factors which contributed to the accident were the weather conditions and dark night. In addition, the radar controller's vectoring of the pilot to…NTSB BFO93FA128Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportTaylorcraft BC12-65 · Danbury, CTUndetermined.NTSB NYC93LA111Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182 · Woodstock, CTA complete loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.NTSB NYC93LA108Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMooney M20J · New Haven, CTThe loss of airplane control as a result of the pilot encountering spatial disorientation. Factors in this accident were the low ambient light conditions and the lack of runway end identifier lights