Final NTSB investigations
162 cases where the phase of flight was Other.
Cases per year
| 1982 | 11 |
|---|---|
| 1983 | 8 |
| 1984 | 10 |
| 1985 | 4 |
| 1986 | 8 |
| 1987 | 4 |
| 1988 | 1 |
| 1989 | 5 |
| 1990 | 7 |
| 1991 | 8 |
| 1992 | 7 |
| 1993 | 3 |
| 1995 | 3 |
| 1996 | 3 |
| 1997 | 3 |
| 1998 | 4 |
| 1999 | 3 |
| 2000 | 2 |
| 2001 | 5 |
| 2002 | 4 |
| 2003 | 2 |
| 2004 | 5 |
| 2005 | 1 |
| 2006 | 4 |
| 2007 | 1 |
| 2008 | 5 |
| 2009 | 4 |
| 2010 | 4 |
| 2011 | 4 |
| 2012 | 5 |
| 2013 | 3 |
| 2014 | 2 |
| 2015 | 1 |
| 2016 | 4 |
| 2017 | 1 |
| 2018 | 3 |
| 2019 | 1 |
| 2020 | 4 |
| 2021 | 3 |
| 2022 | 1 |
| 2025 | 1 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"completionStatus\" = 'Completed'
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 800)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."completionStatus" = 'Completed'
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 800)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB WPR25LA077Incident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportBombardier Inc., Canadair CL-215-6B11 · Los Angeles, CAThe NTSB did not determine the probable cause of this event and does not plan to issue a report or open a public docket. The investigation of this event is being conducted under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.NTSB WPR22LA158Accident · No injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportEuropa XS Mono · Eastsound, WAThe pilot inadvertently shut off the engine control unit, which resulted in the engine turning off before the runway landing was attained.NTSB ANC22LA006Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportCub Crafters CC-18-180 · Yukon Charlie River, AKThe pilot’s selection of an unsuitable landing site, which resulted in a nose-over.NTSB CEN21LA295Accident · Serious injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportFlight Design Ctls · Ray, MIThe flight instructor’s improper decision to direct the student pilot to exit the airplane with the engine running, which resulted in serious injury when the student walked into the propeller arc.NTSB CEN21LA224Accident · Serious injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportDJI Matrice · Young Harris, GAThe remote pilot-in-command’s (RPIC) decision to physically hold onto the drone’s landing gear in flight, which resulted in the rotors striking his hand and causing serious injury. Contributing to the accident was the RPIC’s inadequate preflight planning and…NTSB WPR21LA155Accident · Serious injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportAerostar International RX 8 · St. George, UTThe pilot’s failure to maintain control of the balloon and a member of the ground crews entanglement with a tether rope, which resulted in a serious injury when they fell to the ground after the balloon unexpectedly ascended.NTSB DCA21LA024Accident · Serious injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportBombardier CL600 2C10 · Phoenix, AZThe flight attendant’s use of improper procedures when opening the main cabin door.NTSB CEN21FA043Accident · 1 fatalClass 3 · FieldFinal reportBeech J35 · Fredericksburg, TXThe pilot of the J35’s failure to maintain clearance from the M35, which resulted in a midair collision and the J35 pilot’s subsequent loss of control and impact with terrain.NTSB CEN20CA111Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna P206 · Hill City, MNThe pilot's failure to maintain the proper altitude and airspeed during the approach and his delayed addition of power to go around and the flight instructor’s delayed remedial action, which resulted in a nose-over after landing on the closed snow-covered…NTSB WPR19LA228Accident · Serious injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportHead AX9-118 · Galt, CAA loss of control following an adverse wind encounter.NTSB CEN18FA326Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 525 · Payson City, UTThe pilot's intentional flight into his residence.NTSB WPR18FA220Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportDe Havilland DHC8 · Steilacoom, WAThe NTSB did not determine the probable cause of this event and does not plan to issue an investigative report or open a public docket. The investigation of this event is being conducted under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.NTSB CEN18LA162Accident · Minor injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportCessna 182 · Broomfield, COThe overstress fracture of the upper link of the nose landing gear torque link assembly, which resulted in the pilot’s inability to maintain directional control during landing.NTSB ERA17LA158Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172 · Euharlee, GAThe NTSB did not determine the probable cause of this event and does not plan to issue a report or open a public docket. The investigation of this event is being conducted under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.NTSB ERA17FA011Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA 34-200 · East Hartford, CTThe NTSB did not determine the probable cause of this event and does not plan to issue a report or open a public docket. The investigation of this event is being conducted under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.NTSB GAA16CA512Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportAir Tractor AT802 · Wilson, ARThe pilot’s failure to adequately survey the area of operation and his subsequent failure to maintain clearance from power lines during an agricultural application flight.NTSB GAA16CA451Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportAyres S 2R · Cordele, GAThe pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from power lines during an agricultural application flight while flying toward the sun.NTSB GAA16CA156Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportRolladen-Schneider LS8 · Pine Grove, PAThe pilot's inability to maintain the glider's descent rate and glide path after encountering a downdraft, resulting in a collision with trees during an off airport landing.NTSB ERA16LA054Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRobinson Helicopter R44 II · Destin, FLThe overstress fracture between the tail rotor driveshaft and intermediate flex plate for reasons that could not be determined based on the available evidence.NTSB DCA15MA019Accident · 1 fatalClass 1 · MajorFinal reportScaled Composites 339 · Koehn Dry Lake, CAScaled Composites' failure to consider and protect against the possibility that a single human error could result in a catastrophic hazard to the SpaceShipTwo vehicle. This failure set the stage for the copilot's premature unlocking of the feather system as a…NTSB CEN15CA065Accident · Serious injuriesData collectionFinal reportHughes Aero Predator · Branson, MOThe pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control when executing a landing with a tailwind, resulting in impact with a retaining wall.NTSB WPR14LA049Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportFirefly Balloons Firefly 10 · Temecula, CAThe pilot's failure to follow the Landing checklist and his inadvertent contact with the blast valve after landing, which released propane that was then ignited by an undetermined source.NTSB WPR13FA294Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 172 · Birdseye, UT***This report was modified on August 18, 2015. Please see the docket for this accident to view the original report.*** The operator's improper installation of a supplemental electrical power supply, which caused a short circuit due to inadequate vibration…NTSB DCA13IA037Incident · No injuriesClass 1 · IncidentFinal reportBoeing 787 · Boston, MAan internal short circuit within a cell of the auxiliary power unit (APU) lithium-ion battery, which led to thermal runaway that cascaded to adjacent cells, resulting in the release of smoke and fire. The incident resulted from Boeing's failure to incorporate…NTSB WPR13FA058Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-160 · Tacna, AZThe pilot’s failure to maintain airplane control. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s impairment due to acute psychosis with paranoid thoughts.NTSB ERA12CA587Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportBuckeye 582 Dream Machine · North Huntingdon, PAThe operation of a powered parachute by a noncertificated pilot. Contributing to the accident was the noncertificated pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during the climb following an aborted landing.NTSB ERA12TA251Accident · Minor injuriesFinal reportBell 407 · Delray Beach, FLThe pilot’s improper response to a simulated engine failure and the instructor’s delayed and improper remedial action.NTSB ENG12IA024Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBeech 1900D · Hays, KSA failure of the nose landing gear end cap due to fatigue. Contributing to the failure were the ineffective inspection and the unknown effect of grain direction on fatigue life.NTSB ENG12IA014Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBeech 1900D · Denver International Airport, COA failure of the nose landing gear end cap due to fatigue. Contributing to the failure were the ineffective inspection and the unknown effect of grain direction on fatigue life.NTSB ENG12IA013Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBeech 1900D · Denver International Airport, COA failure of the nose landing gear end cap due to fatigue. Contributing to the failure were the ineffective inspection and the unknown effect of grain direction on fatigue life.NTSB ANC11CA066Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportBellanca 8GCBC · Kantishna, AKThe pilot's inadequate decision to make contact with an unsuitable landing surface, resulting in a nose over.NTSB CEN11LA365Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoeing A75N1 (PT17) · Freemont, MIThe pilot’s failure to attain a positive climb rate following takeoff for reasons that could not be determined because the propeller was not provided for further examination. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's impairment from alcohol.NTSB OPS11IA401Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportArlington, VAThe tower controller's loss of consciousness induced by lack of sleep, fatigue resulting from working successive midnight shifts, and air traffic control scheduling practices.NTSB WPR10LA354Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportRobinson Helicopter R44 II · Salt Lake City, UTThe pilot's loss of directional control while attempting to move the helicopter laterally without first lifting it fully off its landing platform.NTSB WPR10LA300Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportArbc Inc DBA Lindstrand 120A · Grants Pass, ORThe balloon ground crew member's decision to not release his hold on the basket of an ascending hot air balloon basket as it lifted off of the ground.NTSB ENG10IA037Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportDouglas DC9 · Minneapolis, MNThe failure of the facility that overhauled the 1st stage fan blade to properly restore the leading edge, which caused a flutter mode resulting in a fatigue crack and fracture of the fan blade.NTSB CEN10FA124Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-236 · Austin, TXThe pilot’s intentional flight into a building.NTSB CEN10CA013Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA-18-150 · Bingham, NEThe pilot's impairment due to alcohol consumption and failure to maintain aircraft control.NTSB CEN09IA578Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportCessna 421 · Sugar Land, TXThe improper installation of the pitch trim cable which resulted in it making improper contact with a guard pin that led to the fatigue failure of the cable.NTSB ENG09IA009Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBoeing 737-3B7 · Charlotte (CLT), NCThe failure of the left hand main landing gear was caused by heat induced cracks resulting from abusive grinding/polishing of the chrome plate that was applied during the last overhaul.NTSB CEN09FA220Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportCessna E162 · El Dorado, KSThe failure of the Ballistic Recovery System to disconnect due to twisted attachment straps.NTSB ANC09CA006Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportBellanca 7GCBC · Skwentna, AKThe pilot's selection of unsuitable terrain for landing.NTSB DFW08LA206Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportBalloon Works Firefly 7-15 · Mountain Grove, MOAn on-board fire following a propane leak. Contributing to the accident was the lack of training/experience of the non-certificated pilot.NTSB MIA08CA072Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportEurocopter France AS350B1 · Linden, NJThe pilot's improper preflight preparation and his failure to maintain control of the helicopter.NTSB DFW08CA064Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportRobinson R22 Beta · Houston, TXThe student pilot's improper use of the collective and the flight instructor's delayed remedial action, which resulted in a dynamic rollover.NTSB NYC08CA089Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 210G · Bessemer, ALThe pilot's failure to properly secure the airplane before attempting to hand-prop the engine.NTSB NYC07CA204Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172 · Julian, WVThe pilot's inadequate preflight planning. Contributing to the accident were the overcast cloud conditions and the pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the landing roll.NTSB CHI06CA266Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportMD Helicopters 369FF · Port Clinton, OHThe pilot not maintaining clearance from the water during the survey flight. A factor was the low altitude the survey flight was flown at.NTSB CHI06TA148Accident · Minor injuriesFinal reportSchweizer 269C · Schererville, INThe pilot's improper autorotation following an actual loss of engine power during a practice autorotation, which resulted in a hard landing. A factor associated with the accident was the loss of engine power at the beginning of the practice autorotation for…NTSB CHI06IA127Incident · Minor injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportCorporate Jets BAE125-800A · Lincoln, NEThe pilot-in-command's failure to maintain control during the initial roll at onset of the stall due to his improper remedial action related to the stall recovery. A contributing factor was initiation of an intentional stall with residual wing ice…