NTSB investigations
20,559 cases where the phase of flight was Initial climb.
Cases, newest first
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 350)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 350)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB GAA16CA180Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportLamb-Robin Bowers FLY Baby · Guthrie, OKThe pilot's exceedance of the airplane's critical angle of attack during the initial climb, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall and a collision with terrain.NTSB ERA16WA136Accident · 7 fatalForeign investigationComp Air CA9 · Sao Paulo, BrazilOn March 19, 2016, about 1853 coordinated universal time, an experimental amateur-built Comp Air CA9, Brazilian registration PR-ZRA, was destroyed by impact and fire after collision with a building shortly after takeoff in Sao Paulo, Brazil. There was a…NTSB ERA16LA135Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 210L · Myrtle Beach, SCA complete loss of electrical power, which resulted from the separation of an alternator wire due to corrosion. Contributing to the accident was the failure of the emergency landing gear extension system due to a lack of hydraulic fluid, which resulted in…NTSB ERA16FA133Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 340 · Tampa, FLThe intentional low altitude maneuvering during takeoff in response to a near-miss with an airplane departing from a converging runway, which resulted in an exceedance of the airplane's critical angle of attack and a subsequent aerodynamic stall.NTSB CEN16LA128Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGrumman AA5 · Longview, TXThe noninstrument-rated pilot's decision to depart into instrument meteorological conditions, which resulted in a loss of control.NTSB ERA16LA130Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGrumman Acft ENG Cor-Schweizer G-164 · Myakka, FLA total loss of engine power for reasons that could not be determined because postaccident examination of the engine revealed no mechanical anomalies that would have precluded normal operation.NTSB CEN16WA124Incident · No injuriesForeign investigationCessna 525 · Lugano, SwitzerlandNTSB WPR16FA084Accident · 4 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 182A · Alpine, WYThe noninstrument-rated pilot's failure to maintain airspeed during the initial climb in dark night conditions with no visual reference, which resulted in a stall and collision with terrain.NTSB WPR16LA088Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportThomas D. Parkes Lancair ES · Prescott, AZA partial loss of engine power due to an over-temperature event, which thermally damaged the blade tips of the turbocharger wheel and resulted in a slowing or stoppage in the rotation of the turbocharger.NTSB ERA16LA126Accident · Serious injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportMooney M20 · Pottstown, PAThe pilot’s inadequate preflight inspection, which resulted in a total loss of engine power due to fuel contamination and a subsequent off-airport landing.NTSB ERA16WA339Accident · 2 fatalForeign investigationPiper PA28 · Johannesburg, South AfricaOn March 7, 2016, about 1410 coordinated universal time, Piper PA28-140, South African registration ZS-EXV, was destroyed when it impacted terrain during an emergency landing to Mountain View Airfield (FAMV), Johannesburg, South Africa. The pilot and a…NTSB WPR16LA080Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportNorth Wing Apache · Queen Creek, AZA loss of control for reasons that could not be determined because postaccident examination did not reveal any anomalies that would have precluded normal operation. Contributing to the accident was the noncertificated pilot’s lack of experience in the…NTSB ERA16LA116Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150L · Gettysburg, PAA partial loss of engine power during initial climb for undetermined reasons because examination of the engine and a successful test-run did not reveal any anomalies that would preclude normal operation.NTSB ERA16LA115Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech 95 C55 · Plymouth, MAThe pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane during an aborted takeoff in gusting wind conditions.NTSB WPR16LA074Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMooney M20J · Pacoima, CAA total loss of engine power for reasons that could not be determined because postaccident examination did not reveal any evidence of preimpact mechanical failures or malfunctions that would have precluded normal operation.NTSB CEN16WA110Accident · No injuriesForeign investigationPiper PA23 · Saint François, GuadeloupeOn February 22, 2016, a Piper PA-23-250 airplane, N539EG, sank after ditching near the Saint François Airport (TFFC), Saint François, Guadeloupe (France). The pilot was not injured.This investigation is under the jurisdiction and control of the French…NTSB DCA16WA087Incident · No injuriesForeign investigationBoeing 777 · Punta Cana, Dominican RepublicThe Dominican Republic Comisión Investigadora de Accidentes de Aviación (CIAA) has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a BOEING 777-200 that occurred on February 10, 2016. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the CIAA…NTSB CEN16LA096Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportRaymond Z Brown Condor · Centralia, ILThe failure of the prerotator belt, which impeded the engine's timing belt and resulted in a loss of engine power at low altitude.NTSB ERA16FA097Accident · 3 fatalField investigationFinal reportBrook Aaron D Lancair IV P · Albany, GAThe pilots' failure to maintain control during a takeoff attempt in a high-performance airplane. Contributing to the accident were the pilots' decision to operate the airplane above its maximum gross weight and with an aft center of gravity and their lack of…NTSB DCA16WA084Incident · No injuriesForeign investigationBoeing 747 · London, United KingdomThe Air Accidents Investigation Branch of the United Kingdom has notified the NTSB of an incident involving a Boeing 747 airplane that occurred on January 30, 2016. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the AAIB investigation under…NTSB WPR16LA057Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportEnstrom 280 · Phoenix, AZA total loss of engine power for reasons that could not be determined because postaccident examination of the engine did not reveal any anomalies that would have precluded normal operation.NTSB WPR16LA056Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRobinson Helicopter R22 · Las Vegas, NVThe loss of helicopter control as a result of the loss of tail rotor effectiveness.NTSB WPR16LA050Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportMoore Onex · Fresno, CAThe pilot/builder's failure to properly align the Force One Main Bearing, which resulted in a blockage of the oil transfer hole and culminated with a total engine power loss. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's failure to arrest the bank and sink…NTSB ERA16LA086Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportWayland John H Avid Mark IV · Minneola, FLA total loss of engine power for reasons that could not be determined because postaccident examination revealed no anomalies that would have precluded normal operation. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's exceedance of the airplane’s critical angle…NTSB ERA16FA084Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportEros 1600 · Lebanon, TNA failure of the front cylinder piston due to the pilot's improper maintenance, which resulted in a total loss of engine power after takeoff. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's decision to return to the runway at low altitude following the loss of…NTSB ERA16LA082Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPilatus PC-12 · Savannah, GAThe pilots’ failure to follow proper procedures in response to a crew alerting system warning for high engine torque values, which necessitated an off-runway emergency landing during which the airplane sustained substantial damage due to postimpact fire.…NTSB WPR16LA043Accident · Serious injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportAerostar Acft Corp Of Texas M20F · Nogales, AZThe airplane’s impact with a hillside shortly after takeoff for reasons that could not be determined.NTSB ERA16LA078Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-46 · Corinth, MSThe pilot's inadequate preflight inspection and his subsequent failure to maintain airplane control, which resulted in an access door opening after takeoff, and the airplane exceeding its critical angle of attack and experiencing an aerodynamic stall.NTSB ERA16LA077Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech A36 · Myerstown, PAThe pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane during climbout due to his distraction with raising the landing gear.NTSB ANC16LA010Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRobinson Helicopter R44 II · Valdez, AKThe overhaul facility’s improper and excessive use of an approved lubricant during overhaul of the fuel injection servo, which resulted in a disruption of fuel flow and a total loss of engine power.NTSB WPR16LA039Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMooney M20E · Corona, CAA partial loss of engine power during initial climb for reasons that could not be determined based on available information. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s decision to conduct the takeoff with observed engine deficiencies.NTSB ERA16LA068Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportMccorkle Robert B Rans S-12 Airaile · Benton, TNThe pilot's failure to maintain airplane control during the initial climb, which resulted in the airplane exceeding its critical angle of attack and an aerodynamic stall/spin.NTSB ERA16LA065Accident · No injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportDehavilland Tiger Moth DH 82A · Modena, NYA partial loss of engine power due to a stuck No. 1 cylinder exhaust valve.NTSB CEN16LA061Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGlobe GC 1B · Lake Elmo, MNA loss of engine power due to the carburetor’s primary venturi, fuel nozzle, or both separating after takeoff.NTSB ERA16LA062Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech D35 · Vine Grove, KYThe pilot’s failure to ensure that the fuel selector was properly positioned before takeoff, which resulted in the subsequent total loss of engine power due to fuel starvation.NTSB ERA16LA061Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-24 · Millville, NJThe total loss of engine power during initial climb for reasons that could not be determined because postaccident examination of the engine revealed no anomalies that would have precluded normal operation.NTSB ERA16LA053Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-32 · Opa Locka, FLMaintenance personnel's inadequate inspection of the exhaust system, which resulted in the escape of exhaust gases into the engine compartment and a subsequent total loss of engine power.NTSB ERA16LA051Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA28 · Lawrenceville, GAThe flight instructor's inadequate fuel management, which resulted in a total loss of engine power during initial climb due to fuel starvation and a subsequent forced landing.NTSB ERA16LA046Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMooney M20 · Fort Meade, MDA partial loss of engine power for reasons that could not be determined because postaccident examination of the engine revealed no mechanical malfunctions or failures that would have precluded normal operation.NTSB ERA16FA043Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportBeech A36TC · Orlando, FLThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed while turning to join the final approach leg of the airport traffic pattern with full airplane-nose-up trim, which resulted in the airplane exceeding its critical angle of attack and experiencing an…NTSB WPR16LA031Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 210 · Coalinga, CAA partial loss of engine power during takeoff for reasons that could not be determined, because postaccident examination revealed no mechanical malfunctions or failures that would have precluded normal operation.NTSB ERA16WA047Accident · 2 fatalForeign investigationCessna 402B · Choco, ColombiaOn November 17, 2015, about 1550 coordinated universal time, a Cessna 402B, Colombian registration HK4981G, was destroyed when it descended and impacted the ground in a residential area, during takeoff from Acandi Airport (SKAD), Choco, Colombia. The pilot…NTSB ERA16LA041Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportWoodrow Larry W Sonex · Morganton, NCThe pilot/owner’s inadequate maintenance inspection following a propeller strike, which resulted in the subsequent in-flight propeller separation due to propagation of fatigue cracks in the crankshaft.NTSB WPR16LA023Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportThorp T 18 · Independence, ORA separation of the canopy mechanism during flight, which resulted in the pilot’s precautionary landing and the airplane’s subsequent collision with a fence post.NTSB CEN16LA033Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 120 · Gonzales, LAMaintenance personnel’s improper installation of the carburetor during recent maintenance, including the omission of a required cotter pin, which resulted in a total loss of engine power.NTSB GAA16CA067Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportTaylorcraft BC12 65 · New Lisbon, WIThe pilot's exceedance of the airplane's critical angle of attack, resulting in an inadvertent aerodynamic stall and impact with terrain.NTSB DCA16WA081Accident · No injuriesForeign investigationGulfstream G1159 · Kinshasa, Congo - KinshasaThe government of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has notified the NTSB of an accident involving a Gulfstream G1159 airplane that occurred on November 01, 2015. The NTSB has appointed a U.S. Accredited Representative to assist the government of DRC's…NTSB CEN16LA025Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportChampion 7ECA · Sheridan, ARThe partial loss of engine power due to carburetor icing.NTSB CEN16FA024Accident · 4 fatalField investigationFinal reportRaytheon A36 · Pottsville, ARThe pilot's failure to maintain a sufficient climb rate during departure in instrument meteorological conditions, which resulted in controlled flight into terrain.NTSB ERA16FA023Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportMooney M20M · Worcester, MAA total loss of engine power during the initial climb due to a fatigue failure of the engine's crankshaft. Contributing to the accident was the pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall.