NTSB investigations, NJ
163 cases where the phase of flight was Takeoff.
Cases per year
| 1964 | 7 |
|---|---|
| 1965 | 2 |
| 1966 | 6 |
| 1967 | 9 |
| 1968 | 2 |
| 1969 | 5 |
| 1970 | 3 |
| 1971 | 8 |
| 1972 | 3 |
| 1973 | 1 |
| 1974 | 5 |
| 1975 | 3 |
| 1976 | 1 |
| 1977 | 2 |
| 1978 | 5 |
| 1979 | 6 |
| 1980 | 3 |
| 1981 | 2 |
| 1982 | 1 |
| 1983 | 1 |
| 1984 | 3 |
| 1985 | 4 |
| 1986 | 3 |
| 1987 | 2 |
| 1988 | 1 |
| 1989 | 2 |
| 1990 | 5 |
| 1992 | 1 |
| 1993 | 3 |
| 1994 | 3 |
| 1995 | 2 |
| 1996 | 2 |
| 1997 | 1 |
| 1998 | 2 |
| 1999 | 2 |
| 2000 | 5 |
| 2001 | 1 |
| 2002 | 3 |
| 2003 | 2 |
| 2004 | 3 |
| 2005 | 4 |
| 2007 | 4 |
| 2008 | 1 |
| 2009 | 2 |
| 2010 | 3 |
| 2011 | 2 |
| 2012 | 1 |
| 2013 | 1 |
| 2014 | 1 |
| 2015 | 4 |
| 2016 | 2 |
| 2018 | 3 |
| 2019 | 2 |
| 2020 | 2 |
| 2021 | 1 |
| 2022 | 1 |
| 2023 | 2 |
| 2024 | 1 |
| 2026 | 1 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventStateOrRegion\" = 'NJ' AND c.\"eventCountry\" = 'USA'
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 300)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventStateOrRegion" = 'NJ' AND c."eventCountry" = 'USA'
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 300)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB ERA27LA021Accident · Serious injuriesClass 3 · LimitedInvestigation openPiper PA-28-181 · Medford, NJNTSB ERA24LA190Accident · Minor injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportBeech B24R · Lumberton Township, NJThe pilot/owner’s failure to ensure adequate maintenance of the airplane, which resulted in a partial loss of engine power during takeoff.NTSB ERA23LA339Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportCessna 172R · Princeton, NJThe pilot’s inadequate compensation for the prevailing wind conditions during takeoff, which resulted in a loss of control and subsequent collision with trees.NTSB ERA23LA296Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportPiper PA-28-181 · Lumberton, NJThe student pilot’s improper flight control inputs and the flight instructor’s delayed remedial action during takeoff, which resulted in a runway excursion and impact with the runway edge lights.NTSB ERA22LA414Accident · No injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportPiper PA-39 · Caldwell, NJThe pilot’s acute cerebrovascular event, which caused symptoms that diminished his situational awareness and prompted him to abort the takeoff, resulting in a runway excursion.NTSB ENG22LA002Incident · Minor injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportAirbus A320-271N · Atlantic City, NJThe ingestion of a bird into the right engine during the takeoff roll caused a fan blade to fracture near the blade platform resulting in high fan blade off loads and engine vibrations sufficient to result in an eventual failure of a fuel tube in the right…NTSB ERA21LA043Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportAerospatiale AS355 · Hammonton, NJThe pilot's decision to continue the takeoff with a perceived mechanical deficiency.NTSB ERA20CA252Accident · Minor injuriesClass 4 · Data collectionFinal reportFurlong CA-6 · Manville, NJA loss of directional control on takeoff for undetermined reasons.NTSB GAA19CA264Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportAero Commander 695 · Mount Holly, NJThe airplane’s impact with a deer on the runway during takeoff.NTSB GAA19CA151Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172 · Morristown, NJThe student pilot's improper rudder input and the flight instructor's delayed remedial action during takeoff, which resulted in a loss of directional control, a runway excursion, and the landing gear collapsing.NTSB GAA19CA106Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172 · Caldwell, NJThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll.NTSB ERA18FA138Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA32 · West Milford, NJAn in-flight fire and total loss of engine power after takeoff due to a loose fuel line. Contributing to the accident was the installation of an unapproved fuel line by unknown personnel.NTSB WPR18LA125Accident · Serious injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportBellanca 7GCBC · Andover, NJA partial loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.NTSB GAA16CA499Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportAlex Michael Bantum/Tercel USA TERCEL-GYROPLANE · Blairstown, NJThe student pilot’s incorrect takeoff procedure, which resulted in a loss of main rotor rpm and the subsequent loss of directional control and runway excursion.NTSB ERA16LA104Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell 206 · Linden, NJThe pilot receiving instruction's failure to maintain helicopter control during the initial takeoff, which resulted in a dynamic rollover. Contributing to the accident was the flight instructor's inadequate remedial action due to his distraction by looking…NTSB GAA15CA277Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportMooney M20M · Manville, NJThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll, which resulted in a runway excursion and collision with a fence.NTSB ERA15LA274Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172S · Linden, NJThe pilot’s delayed decision to reject the takeoff, which resulted in a runway overrun. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s failure to properly configure the flaps for maximum takeoff performance with the airplane near its maximum gross weight.NTSB GAA15CA169Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportWeatherly 201B · Pemberton, NJThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll, which resulted in the airplane's left main landing gear impacting an unknown object, and subsequent collapse during landing.NTSB GAA15CA088Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172M · Sussex, NJThe pilot's failure to remove the gust lock during the preflight inspection, resulting in a loss of control and collision with trees during takeoff.NTSB OPS14IA005Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportEmbraer EMB 145XR · Newark, NJThe local controller’s failure to comply with Federal Aviation Administration separation requirements for aircraft operating on intersecting runways.NTSB ERA13CA316Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA-28-140 · Blairstown, NJThe flight's encounter with a downdraft from a ridge shortly after takeoff resulting in a loss of lift and collision with terrain during an uncontrolled descent.NTSB ERA12IA582Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportLearjet 60 · Teterboro, NJFailure of the nosewheel steering computer strut servo for reasons that could not be determined or replicated during postincident testing.NTSB ERA11CA277Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna A185F · Ocean City, NJThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll.NTSB ERA11CA275Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportBeech A23 · Hammonton, NJThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the aborted takeoff.NTSB ERA11LA093Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182 · West Milford, NJThe pilot's delayed application of carburetor heat while taking off in weather conditions conducive to serious carburetor icing, which resulted in a partial loss of engine power.NTSB OPS11IA054Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportDassault FALCON900EX · Teterboro, NJThe pilot of the F900 overshooting of the final approach course, which conflicted with traffic in the pattern. Contributing to the accident was the lack of appropriate coordination between the tower controller and the approach controller.NTSB ENG10IA026Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportAirbus A320 · Newark, NJThe separation of both halves of the left engine fan cowl assembly due to improper latching and locking of the all the fan cowl latches. The cause of the improper latching and locking of the fan cowls was due to the failure of the mechanic to unstow and…NTSB ERA10FA062Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28R-200 · Dennisville, NJThe non-instrument-rated pilot's decision to depart into known instrument meteorological conditions, which resulted in his spatial disorientation and overcontrol of the airplane and the subsequent in-flight structural failure. Contributing to the accident was…NTSB ERA09CA192Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportDiamond Aircraft Ind DA 20-C1 · Morristown, NJThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll.NTSB NYC08LA228Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · Toms River, NJThe failure of the pilot's seat to engage or remain engaged due to the improper inspection of the worn seat tracks.NTSB OPS08IA004Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportGulfstream American G5 · Teterboro, NJThe probable cause of this incident was the TEB tower local controller's failure to ensure that the runway was free of all known ground vehicles, equipment, and personnel before permitting a departing aircraft to start takeoff roll.NTSB NYC08LA070Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182R · Pittstown, NJA loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.NTSB OPS07IA005Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportPiaggio Industrie P180 · Teterboro, NJThe TEB local controller's failure to ensure separation between two aircraft departing intersecting runways.NTSB NYC07CA054Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna R182 · Hackettstown, NJThe pilot-in-command's delayed aborted takeoff, which resulted in a runway overrun and collision with terrain. A factor was the rocks off the end of the runway.NTSB NYC06CA022Accident · Serious injuriesData collectionFinal reportCameron Balloons O-90 · Bethlehem Twp., NJThe ground crewmember's inadvertent entanglement in the balloon's vent lines.NTSB NYC06CA013Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172K · West Milford, NJA loss of aircraft control as a result of the installation of an improper pilot seat which moved during the takeoff roll/run..NTSB NYC05FA054Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportBoeing 777-200 · Newark, NJThe captain's failure to follow company procedures, which resulted in a tail strike. Contributing were the gusty crosswind and tailwind conditions, and the manufacturer's failure to provide adequate performance planning data to account for gusty crosswinds…NTSB DCA05MA031Accident · Serious injuriesClass 1 · MajorFinal reportBombardier CL-600-1A11 · Teterboro, NJthe pilots' failure to ensure the airplane was loaded within weight and balance limits and their attempt to takeoff with the center of gravity well forward of the forward takeoff limit, which prevented the airplane from rotating at the intended rotation…NTSB IAD05LA001Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-34-200T · Robbinsville, NJThe repair station's improper installation of the stabilator trim tab. A factor was the pilot's inadequate preflight inspection of the airplane.NTSB IAD04CA042Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA-24-180 · Ocean City, NJThe pilot's deliberate delay of rotation during the takeoff roll, and his subsequent loss of directional control.NTSB IAD04LA027Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGrumman G-164A · Chatsworth, NJA blocked internal oil passage, which resulted in inadequate lubrication of the blower impeller shaft, and the subsequent partial loss of engine power.NTSB NYC04IA054Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportCanadair CL-600 · Teterboro, NJThe captain's inadequate preflight planning, which resulted in an overrun during an aborted takeoff.NTSB NYC03CA170Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportBell 47G-2A · Jackson, NJPilot's inadequate preflight inspection and failure to remove a pesticide spraying hose from the helicopter prior to takeoff, which resulted in a loss of control.NTSB NYC03LA014Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172N · Morristown, NJThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control during takeoff.NTSB NYC02LA136Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportStinson 108-2 · Lincoln Park, NJThe pilot's failure to abort the takeoff when diminished performance was noted. A factor was carburetor icing, accumulated before the takeoff attempt.NTSB NYC02FA126Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18-150 · Farmingdale, NJThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control during takeoff.NTSB IAD01LA079Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoeing A75L300 · Matawan, NJThe inadequate maintenance inspection of the airplane by its owner, which resulted in a locked brake and a nose-over during the takeoff roll.NTSB NYC01LA047Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Cross Keys, NJThe overstress separation of the control yoke from the control column.NTSB NYC00LA256Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172P · Cross Keys, NJThe operator's inadequate 100-hour inspection of the airplane, and the pilot's continued operation with known deficiencies in equipment.NTSB NYC00IA250Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportMcDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 · Newark, NJThe sequential failure of the 2nd-stage low pressure turbine nozzle locks, which allowed the 2nds stage turbine nozzle segments to rotate within the low pressure turbine case, machining a hole whereby the nozzle segments exited the engine. A factor was the…