NTSB investigations, WI
260 cases where the phase of flight was Takeoff.
Cases per year
| 1964 | 7 |
|---|---|
| 1965 | 10 |
| 1966 | 9 |
| 1967 | 9 |
| 1968 | 5 |
| 1969 | 6 |
| 1970 | 3 |
| 1971 | 5 |
| 1972 | 5 |
| 1973 | 4 |
| 1974 | 1 |
| 1975 | 4 |
| 1976 | 3 |
| 1977 | 4 |
| 1978 | 7 |
| 1979 | 6 |
| 1980 | 6 |
| 1981 | 5 |
| 1982 | 5 |
| 1983 | 5 |
| 1984 | 6 |
| 1985 | 5 |
| 1986 | 1 |
| 1987 | 4 |
| 1988 | 4 |
| 1989 | 4 |
| 1990 | 1 |
| 1991 | 7 |
| 1992 | 5 |
| 1993 | 4 |
| 1994 | 1 |
| 1995 | 2 |
| 1996 | 2 |
| 1997 | 5 |
| 1998 | 2 |
| 1999 | 4 |
| 2000 | 3 |
| 2001 | 10 |
| 2002 | 3 |
| 2003 | 4 |
| 2004 | 3 |
| 2005 | 6 |
| 2006 | 3 |
| 2007 | 5 |
| 2008 | 4 |
| 2009 | 3 |
| 2010 | 4 |
| 2011 | 4 |
| 2012 | 5 |
| 2013 | 2 |
| 2014 | 3 |
| 2015 | 4 |
| 2016 | 5 |
| 2017 | 4 |
| 2018 | 5 |
| 2019 | 3 |
| 2021 | 2 |
| 2022 | 3 |
| 2023 | 2 |
| 2024 | 2 |
| 2026 | 2 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventStateOrRegion\" = 'WI' AND c.\"eventCountry\" = 'USA'
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 300)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventStateOrRegion" = 'WI' AND c."eventCountry" = 'USA'
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 300)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB CEN26LA231Accident · 1 fatalClass 3 · LimitedPreliminary reportBailey-Moyes Dragonfly · Whitewater, WIOn June 22, 2026, about 1915 central daylight time, a Bailey-Moyes Dragonfly, N3849A, was involved in an accident near Whitewater, Wisconsin. The pilot of the Dragonfly was not injured. The pilot of the hang glider in tow was fatally injured. The tow…NTSB CEN26LA198Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportCommander 114TC · Woodruff, WIThe pilot’s failure to maintain airplane control during the go-around.NTSB CEN24LA330Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportEsqual VM1 · Oshkosh, WIThe pilot’s premature rotation during takeoff which resulted in the airplane settling back to the runway and the subsequent separation of the left wheel.NTSB CEN24LA082Accident · No injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportCessna 172N · Middleton, WIThe student pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll.NTSB CEN23LA209Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportKolb Firestar SS · Lodi, WIThe pilot’s failure to maintain control during takeoff.NTSB CEN23LA098Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportCessna 120 · Eagle River, WIThe pilot’s decision to takeoff from an unsuitable surface which resulted in collision with an object.NTSB CEN22LA440Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportBeech C23 · Merrill, WIThe student pilot's failure to maintain adequate roll control during takeoff with a quartering tailwind.NTSB CEN22FA214Accident · 1 fatalClass 3 · FieldFinal reportCessna 152 · Wauwatosa, WIThe student pilot’s exceedance of the airplane’s critical angle of attack, which resulted in a stall from which the student pilot could not recover.NTSB CEN22LA103Accident · Serious injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportCessna 120 · Sturtevant, WIThe pilot’s loss of directional control during the takeoff for reasons that could not be determined based on the available evidence, which resulted in a runway excursion.NTSB CEN21FA297Accident · 1 fatalClass 3 · FieldFinal reportEarthstar Gull 2000 · Curtiss, WIThe non-instrument-rated pilot’s decision to depart into instrument meteorological conditions with dense fog and low clouds, which resulted in spatial disorientation and a loss of airplane control. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s self-imposed…NTSB CEN21LA127Accident · No injuriesClass 4 · LimitedFinal reportCessna 172N · Prairie du Sac, WIThe student pilot’s loss of directional control during takeoff, which resulted in the collision with a snowbank. Contributing to the accident was the compacted snow conditions on the runway surface.NTSB CEN20LA006Accident · No injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportBeech 36 · Waukesha, WIA total loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.NTSB CEN19LA224Accident · No injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportPiper PA18 · Osceola, WIThe failure of the right horizontal stabilizer during takeoff, resulting in a loss of control and forced landing. Contributing to the accident was the installation of an unapproved stabilizer frame and failure of maintenance personnel to identify…NTSB GAA19CA143Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 421 · Woodruff, WIThe pilot's failure to maintain to directional control during takeoff from a snow-covered runway with a right, quartering tailwind, which resulted in a runway excursion and impact with a snowbank.NTSB GAA18CA546Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA28 · De Pere, WIThe pilot's improper decision not to abort the takeoff after the airplane encountered standing water on the runway, which decreased its speed and led to its subsequent inability to climb and resulted in a runway overrun.NTSB CEN18CA293Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportJust JA30 Superstol · Oshkosh, WIThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed during the initial climb and his exceedance of the airplane's critical angle of attack, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall.NTSB GAA18CA400Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportChampion 8GCBC · Waunakee, WIThe pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from tall corn along the edge of the airstrip during takeoff.NTSB GAA18CA329Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportDobbs George Coot · Malone, WIThe pilot’s improper decision to take off with a known structural issue, which resulted in hull damage.NTSB GAA18CA221Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 120 · Iola, WIThe pilot’s decision to reject the takeoff from a snow-covered grass surface, which resulted in a nose-over.NTSB CEN17FA287Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportAerofab Lake LA 4 250 · Oshkosh, WIThe pilot's failure to properly configure the airplane for takeoff and his decision to takeoff with a tailwind in unfavorable water conditions, which resulted in the airplane entering an aerodynamic stall and the pilot losing control.NTSB CEN17LA224Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMckenna SD-1A · Juneau, WIThe pilot’s difficulty controlling the airplane due to his incorrect reinstallation of the wings, which led to a bounced precautionary landing. Contributing to the accident was the failure of the pilot and the mechanic to verify the wings’ angle of incidence.NTSB GAA17CA278Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportReims Cessna FR172 · De Pere, WIThe pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during takeoff with a tailwind.NTSB CEN17FA067Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportDemmer BD-4 · Brookfield, WIThe pilot's failure to abort the takeoff when he was not able to maintain directional control in the strong crosswind conditions.NTSB GAA17CA070Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportRobinson Helicopter R44 · Stone Lake, WIThe pilot’s failure to maintain lateral control while in a hover and the helicopter’s subsequent impact with a tree.NTSB CEN16LA302Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSonex Waiex · Fond du Lac, WIA partial loss of engine for reasons that could not be determined during an examination of the engine.NTSB CEN16LA293Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoam Larry Rans S 7 · Oshkosh, WIThe pilot's failure to maintain airplane control on takeoff, which resulted in his remedial action to induce an aerodynamic stall and the subsequent impact with terrain.NTSB CEN16LA255Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA 25-235 · Arlington, WIThe pilot’s failure to establish proper airspeed and angle-of-attack during takeoff with the airplane at its maximum gross weight in elevated density altitude and gusting tailwind conditions, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall.NTSB GAA16CA322Accident · Serious injuriesData collectionFinal reportMarks Steven Challenger · Marion, WIThe failure of the airplane engine drive belt during the takeoff, resulting in a forced landing and impact with terrain.NTSB CEN15LA418Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 421B · Platteville, WIThe partial loss of right engine power for undetermined reasons with insufficient runway remaining for the aborted takeoff.NTSB CEN15LA345Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAir Tractor AT 401 · Nekoosa, WIThe pilot’s inadequate preflight planning, which resulted in his attempt to take off for the agricultural application flight with the airplane over its maximum gross weight in high-density altitude conditions and led to the airplane’s degraded climb…NTSB GAA15CA177Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportCentrair 101A · Hartford, WIThe glider pilot's failure to connect the elevator to the elevator control rod during the assembly process, resulting in a loss of control, and a collision with terrain during takeoff.NTSB GAA15CA122Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportContinental Copters Tomcat MK5A · Elk Mound, WIThe pilot's failure to maintain a positive rate of climb after taking off from the service truck, which resulted in the helicopter impacting terrain.NTSB CEN14LA537Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportHughes TH 55A · Hudson, WIThe nonhelicopter-rated pilot’s operation of the helicopter and its subsequent collision with trees during takeoff for reasons that could not be determined based on the available evidence.NTSB CEN14CA291Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportJabiru USA Sport J230-SP · Middleton, WIThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control during takeoff.NTSB CEN14CA132Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportTaylorcraft BC12 D · Hartford, WIThe pilot's inadequate preflight planning and failure to inspect the runway before departure.NTSB CEN13CA528Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportBellanca 7ECA · Delavan, WIThe collision with a hawk during the takeoff roll, which resulted in a loss of directional control, runway excursion, and subsequent noseover.NTSB CEN13LA503Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182A · Concord, WIThe pilot's failure to properly plan for a maximum performance takeoff by not fully addressing the elevated density altitude or the nonstandard runway surface conditions and his failure to properly configure the airplane's flap setting for the accident…NTSB CEN13CA042Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportLuscombe 8E · West Bend, WIThe pilot‘s failure to maintain clearance from power lines at the end of the short runway, which resulted in an aborted takeoff and subsequent nose-over of the airplane.NTSB CEN12LA661Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportLake LA4 · Kenosha, WIThe loss of engine power for reasons that could not be determined because examination and test run of the engine did not reveal any anomalies that would have precluded normal operation.NTSB CEN12CA598Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportMooney M20E · Gresham, WIThe pilot's failure to maintain airplane control and clearance from field corn during takeoff.NTSB CEN12CA380Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA-28-181 · Sheboygan, WIThe pilot’s failure to maintain directional control during the takeoff roll.NTSB CEN12LA153Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSocata TBM 700 · Madison, WIThe pilot’s failure to ensure that ice and snow were removed from the airplane’s surfaces during the preflight inspection, which resulted in an inadvertent aerodynamic stall after takeoff and loss of control of the airplane.NTSB CEN11LA549Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAerosport Ikarus C42E · East Troy, WIThe flight instrctor's delayed remedial action during landing. Contributing to the accident was the student pilot’s loss of directional control when he became distracted with the open door.NTSB CEN11LA546Accident · 2 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportReinboldt Richard A Challenger II · Reedsburg, WIThe pilot did not maintain adequate airspeed during takeoff, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall.NTSB CEN11FA531Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportEdwards Douglas L SKY Ranger · Wautoma, WIThe pilot’s failure to maintain proper airspeed and attitude control of the airplane in the turn, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall.NTSB CEN11CA271Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172N · Appleton, WIThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane during takeoff.NTSB CEN10CA451Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA-12 · Wild Rose, WIThe pilot's loss of directional control during the takeoff roll.NTSB CEN10CA283Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 182A · Franksville, WIThe pilot’s inadequate preflight inspection and delay in aborting the takeoff.NTSB CEN10CA158Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172M · Waupaca, WIThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control while taking off in gusting winds.NTSB CEN10LA145Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportHawker Beechcraft A36 · Milwaukee, WIThe pilot's retraction of the landing gear prior to establishing a positive climb rate.