NTSB investigations, MA
114 cases where the phase of flight was Maneuvering.
Cases per year
| 1964 | 3 |
|---|---|
| 1965 | 2 |
| 1966 | 5 |
| 1968 | 6 |
| 1970 | 1 |
| 1971 | 4 |
| 1972 | 1 |
| 1973 | 1 |
| 1974 | 2 |
| 1975 | 3 |
| 1976 | 1 |
| 1977 | 1 |
| 1978 | 2 |
| 1979 | 1 |
| 1981 | 1 |
| 1982 | 3 |
| 1983 | 6 |
| 1984 | 3 |
| 1985 | 4 |
| 1986 | 5 |
| 1987 | 4 |
| 1989 | 2 |
| 1990 | 7 |
| 1991 | 4 |
| 1992 | 1 |
| 1993 | 5 |
| 1994 | 1 |
| 1995 | 2 |
| 1996 | 2 |
| 1997 | 2 |
| 1998 | 2 |
| 1999 | 1 |
| 2000 | 1 |
| 2001 | 1 |
| 2002 | 4 |
| 2003 | 2 |
| 2004 | 2 |
| 2005 | 2 |
| 2007 | 2 |
| 2009 | 3 |
| 2010 | 3 |
| 2011 | 1 |
| 2016 | 1 |
| 2019 | 1 |
| 2021 | 1 |
| 2024 | 1 |
| 2025 | 1 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventStateOrRegion\" = 'MA' AND c.\"eventCountry\" = 'USA'
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 450)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventStateOrRegion" = 'MA' AND c."eventCountry" = 'USA'
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 450)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB ERA25FA230Accident · 2 fatalClass 3 · FieldFinal reportMooney M20F · Beverly, MAThe pilot’s failure to maintain control of the airplane while maneuvering to return to the airport which resulted in an aerodynamic stall. Contributing to the accident was the improperly installed No. 2 cylinder bottom spark plug by maintenance personnel,…NTSB ERA24FA088Accident · 3 fatalClass 3 · FieldFinal reportBeech 95-B55 (T42A) · Leyden, MAThe flight instructor’s failure to maintain airplane control during a stall, which resulted in an inadvertent spin from which the airplane was not recovered. Contributing to the accident were the overall effect of the flight instructor’s use of multiple…NTSB ERA22LA043Accident · 1 fatalClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportPiper PA-28-236 · Orleans, MAThe pilot’s spatial disorientation and subsequent loss of airplane control while maneuvering over water in dark night conditions.NTSB ERA19LA214Accident · Minor injuriesClass 3 · LimitedFinal reportPipistrel Sinus · Haverhill, MAThe pilot's failure to utilize the proper procedure and unfeather the motorized glider’s propeller prior to an in-flight engine restart, resulting in a lack of thrust and subsequent forced landing.NTSB ERA16LA216Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRobinson Helicopter R44 · Chatham, MAThe inadequate maintenance of the lower forward clutch actuator bearing for a prolonged period of time, which resulted in a bearing failure. Contributing to the accident was an erroneous maintenance entry, which resulted in the helicopter being operated…NTSB ERA11CA235Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportRobinson R22 · Marlboro, MAThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control during takeoff.NTSB ERA10LA488Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportSchulman Mosquito XEL · Halifax, MAThe pilot's loss of control while hovering. Contributing to the accident was the pilot’s limited experience operating the helicopter make and model.NTSB ERA10LA362Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGarlick Helicopters OH-58A+ · Rowley, MAThe failure of the power turbine governor internal driveshaft bearings, resulting in the failure of the governor.NTSB ERA10FA283Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportSchweizer 269C-1 · Boxborough, MAThe FAA inspector's rapid reduction of power which resulted in a loss of engine power and his decision to initiate a turn during the autorotation without sufficient altitude to clear obstacles. Contributing to the accident was the FAA’s lack of comprehensive…NTSB ERA09LA496Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA28-151 · Mansfield, MAA loss of engine power due to carburetor icing as a result of the pilot's delayed use of carburetor heat.NTSB ERA09CA401Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportRobinson Helicopter R22 Beta · Bedford, MAThe flight instructor's inadequate remedial action while conducting hover practice with a student pilot, which resulted in the helicopter rolling over when it contacted the ground.NTSB ERA09LA194Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportHughes 369D · Lee, MAThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the overhead wire.NTSB ATL07LA115Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCirrus Design SR20 · Siassconset, MAThe non-instrument rated pilot's loss of control at night in instrument flight conditions due to spatial disorientation. A factor was the pilot's in-flight decision not to inform the controller that he was not instrument rated.NTSB NYC07LA077Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSchweizer 269C · Plymouth, MAThe student pilot's failure to maintain control of the helicopter during a hover, and the flight instructor's delayed remedial action.NTSB NYC06CA020Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportRobinson R44 · Bourne, MAThe inadvertent contact of a lift strap with the tail rotor during external load operations, which resulted in a forced landing and subsequent collision with terrain. A factor in this accident was the gusty wind conditions.NTSB IAD05LA107Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBrantly Helicopter B-2B · Plymouth, MAFatigue failure of the intermediate tailrotor driveshaft, which resulted in a loss of directional control at a hover.NTSB IAD05LA007Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportSanClemente Zenith CH 601HDS · Leominster, MAA loss of aircraft control for an undetermined reason.NTSB NYC04CA166Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportRobinson R-44 II · Beverly, MAThe pilot's inadequate visual lookout, which resulted in a collision with transmission wires.NTSB NYC03CA207Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportRobinson R-22A · Bedford, MAThe certified flight instructor's failure to maintain ground clearance and his delayed remedial action, which resulted in a rollover.NTSB IAD03LA033Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRotorway Exec 162F · Westford, MAThe inflight loss of control due to the loss of tail rotor effectiveness.NTSB IAD03LA022Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172H · Leeds, MAThe flight instructor's failure to ensure adequate fuel onboard, which resulted in fuel exhaustion and a total loss of engine power.NTSB NYC03LA010Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Salisbury, MAThe pilot's inadequate preflight inspection, which resulted in a loss of engine power due to fuel contamination. Factors in this accident were the corroded fuel tanks caps, and an inadequate annual inspection.NTSB IAD02LA094Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportGarlick OH-58AT · Rochester, MAThe pilot's failure to center the sling load prior to commencing forward flight. Also causal, was the pilot's improper decision to attempt a takeoff with a quartering tailwind, which resulted in an engine compressor stall.NTSB IAD02TA081Accident · 1 fatalFinal reportCrawford Widebody Long EZ · Martha's Vineyard, MAPilot incapacitation from a massive subarachnoid hemorrhage (stroke.)NTSB NYC01FA128Accident · 3 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-161 · Danvers, MAThe pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control. Factors in the accident were the dark night, low ceiling, reduced visibility, and the pilot's decision to attempt a visual flight rules flight in marginal weather conditions.NTSB IAD00FA038Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-12 · Norfolk, MAThe loss of power for undetermined reasons, which resulted in an inadvertent stall during at banner pick-up.NTSB NYC99FAMS3Accident · 1 fatalMissing aircraftFinal reportPiper PA28RT-201T · Plymouth, MAundetermined (missing airplane)NTSB NYC99LA013Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGoodyear Aerospace GZ-20-A · Bedford, MAThe separation of the pull-in-line. A factor in the accident was the gusting winds.NTSB NYC98FA117Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportMorelli Rans S9 · Taunton, MAThe pilot's operation of the aircraft in an unapproved configuration contrary to procedures resulting in diminished aircraft control, and his failure to maintain control of the aircraft resulting in a stall/spin event. Contributing factors were the…NTSB NYC98LA039Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · New Salem, MAThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate altitude/clearance above the water due to his impairment by drugs. A factor in this accident was the glassy water condition.NTSB NYC97LA108Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSchweizer SGS 135 · Pepperell, MAThe pilot's failure to maintain airspeed during a turn, which resulted in an inadvertent stall and subsequent uncontrolled descent into water.NTSB NYC96LA145Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell 47G-5 · Carver, MAthe pilot's inadequate visual look out for obstacles, which resulted in a collision with wires and the ground.NTSB NYC96LA135Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell 206B III · South Carver, MAThe pilot's failure to maintain control of the helicopter during an aerial application maneuver. This put the helicopter in a low slow down wind, high power demand turn, where it encountered a loss of tail rotor effectiveness, and the subsequent collision…NTSB NYC96LA016Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSchweizer SGS 2-33 · Barre, MAThe pilot's improper inflight planning/decision, which resulted in his failure to return to the airport after encountering an area of no thermal lift, and his failure to maintain adequate airspeed, while maneuvering to avoid an obstruction during an off…NTSB NYC95LA100Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell 47G-5A · Middleboro, MAthe pilot's failure to maintain airspeed during a low altitude aerial application turn, which resulted in inadvertent settling with power and the subsequent collision with the terrain.NTSB NYC94LA110Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell 47-G5 · Wareham, MAThe pilot's inadequate inflight planning which resulted in fuel exhaustion and the loss of engine power.NTSB NYC94LA034Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182Q · Nantucket, MAThe pilot's inability to control the airplane due to alcoholic impairment.NTSB NYC93FA166Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-25-260 · Plymouth, MAwas the failure of the pilot to attain proper alignment for the banner pickup which resulted in picking up the banner tow rope on the wing, and an inflight loss of control and uncontrolled contact with the ground.NTSB NYC93FA118Accident · 3 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna P210 · Marthas Vineyrd, MAThe pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane.NTSB NYC93FA110Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportSkillman Thorp T-18 · Chatham, MAthe pilot's performance of an aerobatic maneuver, with insufficient altitude for recovery, resulting in a collision with the waterNTSB NYC93LA086Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPitts S1T · Halifax, MADetachment of the throttle cable at the fuel injector arm. Soft terrain in the emergency landing area was a related factor.NTSB BFO92FA131Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-38-112 · Conway, MAThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance above the trees. A possible factor related to the accident was the pilot's use of a prescription drug.NTSB NYC92FA026Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper L-3 · Plymouth, MAThe improper decision by the non-instrument-rated pilot to attempt VFR flight in instrument meteorological conditions, at a low altitude, which resulted in a collision with the water. Factors related to the accident were: the overconfidence of the pilot in…NTSB NYC91DNA03Accident · Serious injuriesFinal reportBeckloff Baby ACE D · Nantucket, MANo narrative included.NTSB NYC91DNA02Accident · Minor injuriesFinal reportBell 47-G3B1 · Harwich, MAA failure of the clutch during takeoff due to improper maintenance procedures. Factors related to the accident were insufficient altitude to establish an autorotation.NTSB NYC91FA080Accident · Serious injuriesField investigationFinal reportBeech F-33A · West Brookfield, MAThe decision of the pilot to fly the airplane in conditions that prevented him from seeing and avoiding higher terrain. Factors related to the accident were the pilot's decision to not follow the instrument approach into palmer, and the reduced visibility due…NTSB NYC91LA024Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportBellanca 8KCAB · Buckland, MAThe pilot's failure to execute an aerobatic maneuver at an altitude sufficient to clear the stand of trees.NTSB NYC91LA014Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportStinson SR8C · Lakeville, MAThe pilot misjudged his altitude above the lake water and allowed the airplane to descend while making a left turn. Factor's related to the accident were: calm winds causing the lake water to be glassy.NTSB NYC90DNA05Accident · 2 fatalFinal reportNorth American P-51D · Chatham, MAThe pilot's failure to maintain flying speed which resulted in an accelerated stall and loss of airplane control.NTSB NYC90LA203Accident · 2 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Provincetown, MAThe failure of the pilot to maintain adequate airspeed, which resulted an inadvertent stall/spin. Probable factors related to the accident were: failure of the pilot to follow procedures/directives, and his lack of proper certification (qualification) for…