NTSB investigations, 1995
320 cases where the phase of flight was Maneuvering.
Cases per year
| 1964 | 415 |
|---|---|
| 1965 | 419 |
| 1966 | 366 |
| 1967 | 410 |
| 1968 | 394 |
| 1969 | 360 |
| 1970 | 330 |
| 1971 | 384 |
| 1972 | 359 |
| 1973 | 407 |
| 1974 | 410 |
| 1975 | 407 |
| 1976 | 480 |
| 1977 | 443 |
| 1978 | 433 |
| 1979 | 384 |
| 1980 | 377 |
| 1981 | 374 |
| 1982 | 416 |
| 1983 | 476 |
| 1984 | 462 |
| 1985 | 402 |
| 1986 | 357 |
| 1987 | 357 |
| 1988 | 349 |
| 1989 | 313 |
| 1990 | 307 |
| 1991 | 350 |
| 1992 | 309 |
| 1993 | 315 |
| 1994 | 322 |
| 1995 | 320 |
| 1996 | 279 |
| 1997 | 262 |
| 1998 | 259 |
| 1999 | 267 |
| 2000 | 281 |
| 2001 | 257 |
| 2002 | 241 |
| 2003 | 263 |
| 2004 | 224 |
| 2005 | 212 |
| 2006 | 203 |
| 2007 | 222 |
| 2008 | 234 |
| 2009 | 208 |
| 2010 | 222 |
| 2011 | 250 |
| 2012 | 236 |
| 2013 | 216 |
| 2014 | 199 |
| 2015 | 217 |
| 2016 | 177 |
| 2017 | 201 |
| 2018 | 187 |
| 2019 | 197 |
| 2020 | 165 |
| 2021 | 186 |
| 2022 | 186 |
| 2023 | 191 |
| 2024 | 165 |
| 2025 | 145 |
| 2026 | 90 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c.\"eventDate\") = 1995
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 450)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c."eventDate") = 1995
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 450)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB MIA96LA050Accident · 2 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportNanchang China CJ6A · Planterville, SCfailure of the pilot to maintain sufficient altitude or clearance from trees.NTSB ATL96FA027Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper J-3-C65 · Belzoni, MSfailure of the student pilot to maintain adequate airspeed, while maneuvering, which resulted in a stall/spin and subsequent collision with the ground.NTSB SEA96FA034Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18-150 · Kapowsin, WAthe pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control and terrain clearance. Turbulence was a factor.NTSB CHI96FA065Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportMumm Lancair · Morris, MNthe partially blocked elevator and improper installation of the elevator bob weight by the owner/builder which prevented full travel of the elevator control system. Factors relating to this accident were the intentional stall and inability to adequately…NTSB LAX96FA076Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportHughes 369D · Feather Falls, CAthe pilot's failure to jettison his external load after it came in contact with trees and terrain. The pilot's failure to maintain altitude/clearance above trees and hilly terrain was a related factor.NTSB ATL96LA025Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportMoravan Zlin Z50 LA · Springfield, TNthe pilot's failure to maintain control of the aircraft.NTSB LAX96FA075Accident · Serious injuriesField investigationFinal reportGreat Lakes 2T-1A-2 · Fillmore, CAfailure of the pilot to take proper remedial action to recover from an intentional spin.NTSB MIA96FA047Accident · 3 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 205 · Culebra, PRFailure of the pilot to maintain sufficient altitude/clearance above the terrain, while maneuvering at night. Factors relating to the accident were: darkness with no visible horizon, and the pilot's lack of recent experience in night flight.NTSB MIA96LA043Accident · 2 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportPro Star PRO Tech · Sebring, FLthe pilot-in-command(CFI) allowed the airplane's design limits to be exceeded which resulted in the overload failure and separation of the right wing.NTSB MIA96LA042Accident · 2 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportOtis King COBRA-B · Newberry, FLan in-flight loss of control for undetermined reasons.NTSB FTW96FA071Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 150M · S Padre Island, TXVFR flight by the pilot into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), and his failure to maintain sufficient altitude (or clearance) above the surface of the water. Factors relating to the accident were: the adverse weather conditions (low ceiling and…NTSB FTW96LA070Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGrumman G-164B · Pawnee, OKThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate clearance from the terrain.NTSB ATL96LA020Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAerospatiale SA 315 · Manning, SCThe loss of engine power during takeoff for undetermined reason(s).NTSB FTW96FA060Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportMcDonnell Douglas 369E · Thibodaux, LAfailure of the pilot to maintain clearance from the power line and utility pole. The gusty/crosswind (weather) condition was a related factor.NTSB ATL96FA018Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportNavion D · Canton, GAThe pilot's impairment of judgement and performance due to drugs which led to his overconfidence of personal ability and continued flight into known adverse weather conditions. The weather conditions and dark night were factors.NTSB NYC96FA035Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Rush Township, PAthe pilot's continued flight into adverse weather conditions which resulted in becoming lost and disorientated and subsequent impact with rising terrain. Factors in this accident were fog and a dark night.NTSB MIA96FA033Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 150M · Burlington, NCthe pilot's engagement in a low altitude ostentatious display from which he stalled the airplane.NTSB FTW96FA058Accident · 3 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 172P · Hallett, OKThe flight instructor's intentional low altitude flight maneuver. Factors were the static wire and the bright night condition.NTSB BFO96FA027Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportGraichen Christen Eagle II · Malinta, OHfailure of the pilot to maintain proper altitude, while performing aerobatic maneuvers.NTSB SEA96LA025Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportHughes 369D · Scotts Mills, ORThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate clearance from the ground.NTSB LAX96LA066Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoeing B75-N1 · Chino, CAthe pilot's failure to see and avoid light poles. A poorly planned approach was a factor.NTSB MIA96LA029Accident · 2 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportBellanca BL-17-30A · Kings Bay, GAa loss of control due to pilot spatial disorientation. Contributing to the accident was: the dark night condition and the pilot's improper decision to turn to an easterly heading with no ground reference lights available.NTSB LAX96LA053Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRobinson R22HP · Fresno, CAfailure of the pilot to maintain proper control of the helicopter, while in a hover.NTSB NYC96FA027Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportBeech A36 · Atlantic City, NJthe pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane. A factor was the pilot's diverted attention due to an open aft cargo door.NTSB SEA96FA022Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Provo, UTpilot suicide (intentional in-flight collision with rising terrain). A factor relating to the accident was: pilot anxiety/apprehension.NTSB SEA96FA021Accident · 3 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 210D · Yellow Pine, IDimproper planning/decision by the pilot, his resultant VFR flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), and his failure to maintain altitude and clearance from mountainous terrain. Factors relating to the accident were: the adverse weather…NTSB SEA96LA020Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSnow S2C · Dufer, ORA loss of engine power due to a cracked cylinder head. A factor was the evasive maneuver to avoid a ditch.NTSB LAX96FA045Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportBell 47D1 · Shafter, CAthe pilot misjudged the altitude and ground clearance while performing an unwarranted low altitude flight maneuver.NTSB LAX96TA044Accident · Minor injuriesFinal reportMcDonnell Douglas 369D · Mather, CAFuel starvation due to the right seat safety pilot's inadvertent engine shutdown when he closed the throttle to simulate an engine failure, and his failure to perform the throttle rigging check before takeoff. Contributing to the accident was the improper…NTSB FTW96LA042Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportLodge RV-4 · Mcckinney, TXthe pilot's failure to refuel the airplane which led to a loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion, and the pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed.NTSB CHI96LA032Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportHughes 369D · Crystal, MIfuel contamination resulting in the loss of engine power, and improper fuel sump screen installation on the nurse truck resulting in contamination of the fuel supply.NTSB LAX96LA040Accident · 2 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 180 · Placerville, CAthe pilot's intentional buzzing, his failure to identify an obstruction (inadequate visual lookout), and his failure to maintain adequate altitude/clearance from the obstruction (utility pole). Factors relating to the accident were: dust generated by farm…NTSB LAX96LA037Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportNorth American AT-6D · Richvale, CAthe attempt by the pilot to execute an aerobatic maneuver with inadequate altitude to effect recovery before impacting terrain.NTSB LAX96LA149Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell 47G-4A · Pacific Ocean (Pacific Ocean)failure of the pilot to maintain lateral control of the helicopter, while hovering in preparation for a precautionary landing next to a ship at sea. Factors relating to the accident were: the passenger's premature evacuation from the helicopter, and the…NTSB FTW96LA031Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182TR · Boulder, COThe pilot's failure to determine the amount of fuel aboard the aircraft during preflight, and his failure to refuel the aircraft.NTSB LAX96LA027Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-150 · Mecca, CAthe pilot/applicant's failure to maintain a glide path angle sufficient to maintain adequate clearance from all obstructions, and the examiner's inadequate supervision of the flight.NTSB LAX96LA023Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGreat Lakes 2T-1A-2 · Chandler, AZthe improper installation of an intake manifold tube assembly during engine overhaul which permitted leakage into the induction system resulting in detonation and piston failure in the associated cylinder.NTSB FTW96FA028Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportMbb BO-105S · League City, TXthe pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control. Factors were the pilot's lack of total experience in the MBB BO-105 helicopter and the dark night light conditions.NTSB FTW96FA027Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportBeech 65-B80 · Paint Rock, TXThe pilot's impairment of judgment and performance due to alcohol which resulted in his improper decision to shutdown an engine, and his failure to maintain adequate airspeed for single-engine flight.NTSB FTW96LA025Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28R-180 · Dibble, OKan overload failure of the #1 connecting rod bolt and resulting connecting rod fatigue failure. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.NTSB SEA96FA010Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportMaule M-5-235C · Alta, WYthe corrosion, consequent fatigue cracking and ultimate separation of the right wing forward lift strut.NTSB NYC96LA016Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSchweizer SGS 2-33 · Barre, MAThe pilot's improper inflight planning/decision, which resulted in his failure to return to the airport after encountering an area of no thermal lift, and his failure to maintain adequate airspeed, while maneuvering to avoid an obstruction during an off…NTSB MIA96LA012Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportGlasflugel Mosquito · Dunlap, TNthe failure of the pilot to maintain airspeed resulting in a spin at an altitude insufficient for recovery.NTSB LAX96LA003Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportFallbeck Dyke Delta JD2 · Safford, AZImproper planning/decision by the owner/builder (pilot), which resulted in his failure or inability to recover from a stall/mush condition.NTSB FTW96LA022Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna T188C · Tahoka, TXthe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from wires. Factors were the loss of aileron control and the lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing.NTSB LAX96LA012Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGrumman G-164B · Lost Hills, CAthe pilot misjudged the aircraft's altitude.NTSB NYC96LA011Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBurkhart Grob G-102CS · Lake Placid, NYthe pilot's inadequate evaluation of the weather. Contributing factors were the high winds and downdrafts.NTSB BFO96FA007Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · Norwich, VTloss of engine power for undetermined reason(s), during a low altitude operation. A factor relating to the accident was: the lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing.NTSB FTW96FA012Accident · 3 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 172RG · Bayfield, COThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate terrain clearance. A factor was the pilot diverting attention while looking for game.NTSB SEA96LA005Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportChard RV-3A · Forest Grove, ORThe pilot exceeded the design stress limit of the aircraft, followed by the failure of the right wing main spar.