NTSB investigations

20,559 cases where the phase of flight was Initial climb.

Cases, newest first

Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
    crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
    current_codes AS (
      SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
        row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
      FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
      WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
        AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
    ),
    phases AS (
      SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
      FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
      UNION ALL
      SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
      FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
      WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
    ),
    case_phases AS (
      SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
      FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
      LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
      WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
    )
  SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
  FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
  WHERE c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 350)
  ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"

Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.

NTSB MKC85FCD02Accident · Serious injuriesFinal reportCessna 172 M · Emmetsburg, IAThe acft crashed in a turkey farm field after losing alt during takeoff. A witness said the acft settled as though the plt was raising the flaps after takeoff. The acft lost alt in a rt turn, and landed 1 mile south of the arpt post acc investigation showed…Sep 8, 1985 · N20517 · Substantial damageNTSB LAX85LA383Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150K · Huntington Beac, CAAcft lost power on takeoff from Huntington beach, CA, and crashed landed on the arpt. The acft was destroyed and the plt was not hurt. Examination of the fuel system revealed only 1.6 gals of fuel present.Sep 6, 1985 · N6436G · DestroyedNTSB LAX85FA384Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportBeech A36TC · Carson, CAThe acft lost pwr at 1500 ft shortly after departure from compton, CA. The plt performed an emergency landing on a dirt road and the acft contacted a concrete curb. The eng had a Beech mandatory service bulletin no. 2033 completed the day before the accident…Sep 6, 1985 · N3801Z · Substantial damageNTSB DEN85FTK03Accident · No injuriesFinal reportCessna 152 · Tea, SDThe student & instructor plt (CFI) were practicing landings. After making 3 touch-&-go landings, the eng lost power at aprx 200 ft AGL as they were on their 4th takeoff. The CFI reported that he turned the acft about 25 deg in an attempt to glide to a bean…Sep 6, 1985 · N69125 · Substantial damageNTSB DCA85AA036Accident · 31 fatalFinal reportDouglas DC-9-14 · Milwaukee, WIThe Safety Board's full report on this investigation is provided as Aviation Accident Report number AAR-87/01. To obtain a copy of this report, or to view the executive summary online, please see the Web site at http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/publictn.htm Drg…Sep 6, 1985 · N100ME · DestroyedNTSB CHI85LA372Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-24-250 · Washington, ILThe plt attempted to takeoff on the 1800 ft long grass airstrip with 3 passengers on board. A 90 deg, 12 kt x-wind was present and the OAT was 91 deg f. after liftoff, the acft settled back on the airstrip and continued off the end into a bean fld where the…Sep 6, 1985 · N7767P · Substantial damageNTSB CHI85FEM02Accident · Minor injuriesFinal reportCessna 170A · Fruitport, MIThe acft was destroyed during a precautionary landing after the left side of the eng cowling opened shortly after takeoff. The plt reported the cowling opened at an alt of aprx 50 ft AGL. A climb to 300 ft was made and the acft was turned onto downwind. The…Sep 6, 1985 · N4169U · DestroyedNTSB ANC85IA172Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportCessna C-172P · Scammon Bay, AKThe pilot elected to takeoff from the taxiway because it aligned into the wind. After takeoff and accelerating to climb airspeed, the airplane's controls felt mushy and the pilot elected to land on the road/taxiway. Prior to touchdown, a gust of wind forced…Sep 6, 1985 · N65798 · Minor damageNTSB ANC85LA170Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 180F · Cordova, AKThe plt reported that immediately after taking off, he seemed to lose aileron control. He decided to abort the takeoff & land on the remaining rwy. After touching down near the departure end, he elected to turn the acft to the left toward an access road…Sep 4, 1985 · N25722 · Substantial damageNTSB SEA85LA206Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Langley, WAAn aborted takeoff from a 2600 foot sod runway as done at about 40 feet AGL. The airstrip is surrounded by high trees. The pilot stated that the aircraft was not developing full power. The engine was run up to full power by an a & p mechanic three days after…Sep 2, 1985 · N24867 · Substantial damageNTSB ANC85LA169Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMaule M-5 · Anchorage, AKDuring takeoff, the eng lost power as the acft was climbing thru aprx 400 ft. the plt made a 180 deg turn to land back on the arpt. However, he then realized that the acft would not reach the rwy, so he turned & landed in a swamp area. An exam of the eng…Sep 2, 1985 · N51369 · Substantial damageNTSB MKC85LA205Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150-L · Stuttgart, ARThe pilot stated that just after takeoff, he lost engine power and when the airplane was landed in a rough soy-bean field, it nosed over to the inverted position. The engine and fuel systems were inspected by an FAA inspector. No reason for the power loss…Sep 1, 1985 · N18604 · Substantial damageNTSB MKC85LA206Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGrumman American AA-1C · Montgomery City, MON39061 collided with trees at the edge of the arpt after takeoff from a 2,380 ft long, turf & gravel rwy. There was on 80' left crosswind at 10 KTS and the density alt was 3,000 ft. the arpt operator said the acft became airborne at a slower than normal speed…Aug 31, 1985 · N39061 · DestroyedNTSB MIA85IA242Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportSmith, Ted Aerostar PA-600 · Sarasota, FLWhile on takeoff initial climb the right engine hydraulic pump shaft failed and the pilot did not receive a positive uplock. The pilot then selected gear down and did obtain a gear down indication. On landing the nose gear collapsed. Nose gear down locks were…Aug 30, 1985 · N47GP · Minor damageNTSB MKC85LA196Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172 M · Gravois Mills, MOThe plt reports that he began his takeoff on rwy 07 which is 2550 ft long, has an asphalt surface and a downhill slope. Plt said the rwy is rough. He said the acft did not achieve the speed desired and he reduced power to abort. He then decided to attempt the…Aug 29, 1985 · N6982H · Substantial damageNTSB SEA85LA204Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportWelch Avid Flyer · Bonner'S Ferry, IDThe plt reported that during takeoff, the eng seized as the acft was climbing thru about 350 ft AGL over the end of the rwy. He stated that the acft was in a maximum climb when the eng seized & immediately went into a power off stall. He recovered from the…Aug 28, 1985 · N64LW · Substantial damageNTSB NYC85LA224Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-140 · Central Square, NYThe plt stated the acft would not climb out of ground effect during takeoff. He flew the acft between trees at the end of the rwy and severed the wings from the fuselage. The acft was found to be 317 lbs over gross weight.Aug 28, 1985 · N4252J · DestroyedNTSB NYC85FA222Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportErcoupe 415-C · Carlisle, PADuring the second takeoff attempt from a pvt grass strip witnesses heard the eng sputter then quit soon after liftoff. The acft then descended to ground impact and burned. The acft had not been flown adn was kept out of doors for several months while the…Aug 27, 1985 · N3064H · DestroyedNTSB LAX85LA371Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAeronca 7AC · Santa Paula, CAWitnesses stated that the acft was observed in a nose high attitude followed by an apparent stall and subsequent impact into a river bed.Aug 27, 1985 · N2877E · Substantial damageNTSB FTW85LRD04Accident · No injuriesFinal reportCessna A188B · Rayville, LAThe acft contacted the terrain in a cotton fld during an uncontrolled descent which occurred on takeoff. The plt was test flying the acft in anticipation of possibly purchasing it. The plt reported that when aprx 1/2 the way down the rwy the acft did not…Aug 27, 1985 · N731LX · DestroyedNTSB CHI85FEE04Accident · Minor injuriesFinal reportJauch Coot/Amphib · Mendota, ILThe acft touched down in a bean fld during a forced landing following a loss of pwr on takeoff. The plt reported the acft had low pwr during the takeoff run, however, he elected to continue the takeoff and make a 180 deg turn back to the airstrip. Once…Aug 26, 1985 · N81KX · DestroyedNTSB FTW85FQG02Accident · No injuriesFinal reportPiper PA-28-140 · Big Spring, TXThe acft cockpit/cabin filled with smoke after takeoff. The plt & passg smelled an odor of electrical wiring burning and saw fire at the firewall near the rudder pedals. The acft was turned 180 degrees and landed on rwy 35. The 2 occupants immediately…Aug 24, 1985 · N7401R · DestroyedNTSB LAX85IA370Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBeech B19 · Van Nuys, CAAfter departure, at about 800 feet, the right airleron became disconnected. The pilot was able to make a left turn, fly a left hand traffic pattern and land successfully. Examination of the aircraft revealed that the right inboard aileron control push rod had…Aug 23, 1985 · N9718L · Minor damageNTSB FTW85LPJ03Accident · No injuriesFinal reportJames/Viking Dragonfly · Okmulgee, OKThe acft bounced 3 times during a landing after the engine failed to preduce full power for takeoff. After the 3rd bounce the rt canard broke off at the fuselage. The plt stated that the fuel filter was found to be blocked by some type of residue.Aug 23, 1985 · N45CJ · Substantial damageNTSB DEN85FTM06Accident · Minor injuriesFinal reportMitchell/Bede BD-4 · Woods Cross, UTThe acft crashed after the eng quit during takeoff. The acft hit the ground off the arpt in a left descending bank which collapsed the left lndg gear. Investigation revealed corrosion of the carburetor float bowl. The plt was using auto fuel. The fuel tanks…Aug 23, 1985 · N711JK · Substantial damageNTSB MIA85LA237Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell 47D1 · Panama City Bch, FLThe helicopter contacted a fence and slid nose down into a ravine during a forced landing. The plt reported that after takeoff at an alt of 35 to 40 ft AGL, a load bang was heard and gray/white smoke was emitted from the transmission/eng area. The throttle…Aug 22, 1985 · N4253A · Substantial damageNTSB CHI85FEM01Accident · Serious injuriesFinal reportSkyranger Silver Cloud · Bellaire, MIThe acft crashed after colliding with wires during a forced landing after a power loss during climbout. The plt. Builder had rigged a temporary plastic fuel container on the cockpit floor because the main wing tanks had not been installed. This floor tank was…Aug 22, 1985 · N210JT · Substantial damageNTSB NYC85LA218Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18-95 · Millinocket, METhe plt reported that he was departing from south twin lake in winds that were from 270 deg at 12 gusting 20 KTS. After the acft lifted off the water, he started a slight turn. He stated that at about that time, a gust of wind simultaneously lifted the nose &…Aug 21, 1985 · N3287Z · Substantial damageNTSB FTW85LA329Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBellanca 17-30A · Coushatta, LAAcft experienced a complete engine failure shortly after takeoff while at an altitude of approx 500' AGL. It was substantially damaged when it ran thru 2 fences during the ensuing forced landing. Investigation revealed that the eng fuel pump ejector nozzle…Aug 21, 1985 · N4026B · Substantial damageNTSB FTW85FRD03Accident · Minor injuriesFinal reportAdvanced Technology Predator 480 · Welsh, LAThe acft impacted the terrain in an uncontrolled descent during the initial takeoff climb. The plt reported that after takeoff at an alt of aprx 20 ft AGL, the acft rolled 20 to 25 degs to the right. After correcting for the roll, the plt stated, the acft…Aug 21, 1985 · N480AG · DestroyedNTSB FTW85LA326Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-24-250 · Farmerville, LAThe plt took off and started his climbout with the fuel selector on a fuel tank which was virtually empty. The eng stopped reaching an alt of 200 feet AGL. The plt made forced landing in trees. There was an ample supply of fuel (about 70 gallons) distributed…Aug 20, 1985 · N8050P · Substantial damageNTSB BFO85LA069Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182P · Holly Grove, VAAfter takeoff, the acft lost pwr approximately 150 feet AGL. The plt added carburetor heat and turned the acft back towards gvm spring airport, gum spring, Virginia, but an emergency landing was executed in a short pasture, approximately 100 yards short of…Aug 20, 1985 · N69814 · Substantial damageNTSB NYC85LA216Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-32-300 · Provincetown, MAPlt experience eng pwr loss during tke climb at a height of about 350 ft. the plt headed toward a beach and ditched about 50 yards offshore in order to avoid crowd. The acft submerged underwater afterwards. Examination of the acft disclosed leadlike…Aug 18, 1985 · N15805 · Substantial damageNTSB NYC85LA215Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell BH206L-1 · Hawley, PAThe helicopter arrived at a private residence to transport race car drivers to the pocono raceway. During departure the pilot failed to see powerlines in the flight path that contacted the main rotor system. The main rotor system failed and the helicopter…Aug 18, 1985 · N100FH · Substantial damageNTSB LAX85LA354Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182Q · Safford, AZThe aircraft experienced a partial engine power loss after departing Safford municipal airport on a VFR personal flt to sky harbor arpt, phoenix, AZ. The plt negotiated an emerg lndg in a flt brush area. Prior to touchdown the acft struck a mesquite tree and…Aug 18, 1985 · N735TQ · Substantial damageNTSB ANC85LA153Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportStinson 10A · Wasilla, AKThe acft contacted trees during a forced landing following a loss of pwr which resulted from fuel exhaustion during an initial takeoff climb. The plt attempted to land on a road, however, when a car pulled onto the road, the plt flew the acft into trees. Only…Aug 18, 1985 · N34656 · Substantial damageNTSB MKC85LA190Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPezetel M18 Dromader · Wilmot, ARAt lift-off fm a private ag-strip the plt experienced an abrupt right yaw. The plt stated he compensated with left pedal to maintain straight and level flt. The plt stated he was unable to maintain altitude and dropped his load of chemical during which the…Aug 17, 1985 · N2620N · Substantial damageNTSB FTW85LA324Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportDouglas TB-26B · Pattonville, TXThe acft had not flown for two years and was being checked out for a ferry flt to the U.S. Air force air museum in fargo, ND. During initial climb from cox field at paris, TX, the left eng lost total pwr and the right eng lost partial pwr. An off arpt forced…Aug 17, 1985 · N190M · DestroyedNTSB ANC85LA152Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-12 · Anchorage, AKThe plt reported sufficient alt could not be obtained to clear trees during takeoff. The acft stalled and the right wing contacted the water resulting in the acft cartwheeling. Investigation revealed the acft was over gross weight and CG was beyond the aft…Aug 17, 1985 · N3365M · Substantial damageNTSB CHI85LA349Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-20 · Bay City, MIThe acft was damaged during a hard forced landing following a loss of pwr shortly after takeoff. The plt reported that at an alt of aprx 250 ft AGL, the eng quit. Post accident inspection revealed the fuel selector was positioned on the right tank which…Aug 16, 1985 · N7665K · Substantial damageNTSB FTW85LA322Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna A188B · Cushing, OKThe plt was test flying the acft after a major eng overhaul.a left turn was made away from the arpt after takeoff and immediately thereafter the eng lost pwr. With no suitable landing area within gliding distance, the acft was manuevered straight ahead where…Aug 15, 1985 · N21814 · DestroyedNTSB DEN85LA219Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna C-172 · Killdeer, NDThe plt said he measured the length of the r/w prior to t/o. the t/o was normal on a downsloping r/w with trees at the FAR end. The plt said that as the a/c lifted off the r/w the a/c struck the trees. He said a gust of wind caused the a/c to settle into the…Aug 15, 1985 · N7202A · Substantial damageNTSB CHI85LA345Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 140 · Almont, MIAfter takeoff and about 300 ft AGL the plt said his eng stopped briefly restarted then stopped. He landed in a cow pasture and to avoid hitting the cows landed hard on the left gear and engine. The acft then nosed over inverted.Aug 14, 1985 · N76465 · DestroyedNTSB ATL85LA247Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 188 · Dyersburg, TNDuring the third takeoff the pilot failed to obtain and maintain flying speed and crashed in a field off the departure end of the ag strip.Aug 14, 1985 · N8295G · Substantial damageNTSB BFO85FA068Accident · 4 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-20-125 · Culpeper, VAWitnesses stated that the takeoff roll began about 2000 ft from the departure end of the 2300 ft sod rwy. The a/c lifted off from a 3-point attitude and climbed at a high angle of attack, 'mushing along' until it fell off on the rt wing and struck the ground…Aug 13, 1985 · N7372K · DestroyedNTSB SEA85LA195Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportStinson 108-3 · Vashon, WAPlt reported a loss of power on initial climb from takeoff; stalled acft while manuvering for best lndg place in orchard. Fire broke out as occupants evacuated the act. Consuming most of the cabin/fuselage. Investigation failed to reveal cause of power loss.Aug 11, 1985 · N6162M · DestroyedNTSB DEN85FA214Accident · Serious injuriesField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-60-600 · Denver, COPilot in command stated that he waited aprx 90 seconds after a B-727 departed on rwy 8R due to possible wake turbulence. Plt continued to state that he used a short field takeoff procedure to climb above the flt path of the B-727. He stated that during…Aug 11, 1985 · N3643R · DestroyedNTSB ATL85FA243Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 150G · Selma, ALAcft took off from sod strip on hot humid day near max weight. PIC said he used 10 degrees flaps and was airborne. At about runway mid point. When over first tree line after passing threshold acft descended. When over brown terrain acft climbed. When over…Aug 11, 1985 · N4608X · DestroyedNTSB FTW85LA311Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · Pearland, TXThe acft contacted a ditch during a forced landing. According to the plt, the takeoff and climb were normal until the acft reached aprx 120 ft AGL when the eng quit as if the ignition key was turned off. The arpt elevation is 51 ft MSL. The rwy is asphalt…Aug 10, 1985 · N1518V · DestroyedNTSB DEN85LA216Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSchempp-Hirth Ventus B · Colorado Sprgs, CODuring takeoff the glider left wing touched the ground. The glider then cartwheeled sustaining substantial damage.Aug 10, 1985 · N25RN · Substantial damage