NTSB investigations, 1982

254 cases where the phase of flight was Takeoff.

Cases per year

19622026
NTSB investigations, 1982 per year, 1962–2026: 14,034 cases
19624
19635
1964352
1965314
1966410
1967449
1968327
1969364
1970345
1971383
1972265
1973299
1974343
1975315
1976281
1977333
1978344
1979321
1980251
1981289
1982254
1983247
1984238
1985192
1986182
1987187
1988168
1989162
1990185
1991191
1992146
1993140
1994175
1995197
1996145
1997154
1998153
1999175
2000162
2001148
2002153
2003162
2004129
2005143
2006127
2007150
2008170
2009205
2010198
2011188
2012184
2013153
2014188
2015184
2016191
2017195
2018172
2019197
2020193
2021179
2022176
2023204
2024216
2025203
2026179

Latest cases

Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
    crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
    current_codes AS (
      SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
        row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
      FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
      WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
        AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
    ),
    phases AS (
      SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
      FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
      UNION ALL
      SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
      FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
      WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
    ),
    case_phases AS (
      SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
      FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
      LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
      WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
    )
  SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
  FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
  WHERE year(c.\"eventDate\") = 1982
    AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 300)
  ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"

Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.

NTSB ANC83LAG01Accident · No injuriesFinal reportCessna 152 · Chugiak, AKThe student pilot reported that he was practicing touch-and-go landings on a runway with patches of ice. He stated that on his second touch-and-go, he touched down to the right of the centerline. Reportedly, he retracted the flaps, added full power, and…Dec 31, 1982 · N68291 · Substantial damageNTSB ANC83LA038Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-32 · Nunapitchuk, AKThe aircraft was taking off from a frozen seaplane landing area when it struck several snow banks and crashed. The pilot stated that he had selected an area of ice, about 1100 ft long, and began taking off in an 8 kt crosswind with 6 passengers on board.…Dec 31, 1982 · N4246T · Substantial damageNTSB MIA83FA054Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 310R · Ft. Lauderdale, FLThe aircraft crashed while the pilot was apparently attempting to return to land after takeoff. No radio calls were made, but landing gear had been lowered. High speed and excessive rate of descent are not consistant with a normal or even emergency attempt to…Dec 30, 1982 · N4055C · DestroyedNTSB ATL83LA074Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-140 · Nelly'S Ford, VADuring takeoff roll the aircraft swerved to the left. The pilot applied full right rudder but was not able to straighten the aircraft. The pilot reduced the power and applied brakes. The aircraft collided with a fence at the end of the runway. Fifteen knot…Dec 25, 1982 · N32804 · Substantial damageNTSB SEA83IA034Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportSwearingen SA-226TC · Klamath Falls, ORDuring takeoff on runway 14 with the winds from 310 deg at 17 knots, satisfactory acceleration occurred through 70 knots followed by a slowing rate of acceleration at 80 knots. The captain then reduced power and shortly thereafter felt the left main tires…Dec 23, 1982 · N5475M · Minor damageNTSB ATL83LA072Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Ft. Benning, GAStudent was doing a touch and go landing. While changing flap, carb heat and applying full throttle aircraft veered left. Recovery was attempted throttle off but aircraft left runway and collapsed nose gear, before flipping over.Dec 23, 1982 · N129SC · Substantial damageNTSB NYC83LA046Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech 56TC · Gasport, NYDuring the takeoff roll from a snow covered runway the aircraft slid to the left of the runway and into a snow bank. The left main and nose gear collapsed.Dec 21, 1982 · N12WB · Substantial damageNTSB DEN83LA036Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSwearingen SA-227AC · Gillette, WYDirectional control was lost in the early stage of the takeoff roll. The acft departed the rwy 400 ft down the rwy & travelled 85 ft off the side of the rwy. One rwy light was destroyed. The acft had come from the factory equipped with an anti-skid brake…Dec 21, 1982 · N2671V · Substantial damageNTSB LAX83LVW02Accident · No injuriesFinal reportPiper PA-28-161 · Beatty, NVThe pilot landed on a 1700 long strip at the elevation of about 3500 ft MSL. He elected to takeoff to the north in calm wind conditions and avoid sun glare off the cover of his engine and on the windshield. He stated that soft field procedures were used in…Dec 19, 1982 · N8154X · Substantial damageNTSB MIA83LA052Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBellanca 7GCBC · New Port Richey, FLAccording to the instructor (CFI), the tail wheel equipped aircraft veered left and headed toward trees after the tail rose, but while the main wheels were still on the ground. He attempted to recover with right rudder and brakes. Fearing a ground loop, the…Dec 18, 1982 · N88214 · Substantial damageNTSB ATL83FA063Accident · Serious injuriesField investigationFinal reportMitsubishi MU-2B · Louisville, KYA takeoff was initiated from a 3539 ft wet/upsloping rwy. The gross wt of the acft was about 9300 lbs (300 lbs under themax gross wt). The plt stated the acft accelerated, but never reach '107.' After using about 2700 ft, the plt decided to abort the takeoff,…Dec 15, 1982 · N5589S · Substantial damageNTSB NYC83LA042Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna T303 · Newburgh, NYSimulated engine-out emergencies were being practiced. During takeoff the CFI failed the right eng. The student hesitated & the acft swerved to the right. The CFI was unsuccessful in gaining directional control & the acft ran off the rwy into a ditch.Dec 11, 1982 · N9742T · Substantial damageNTSB MKC83LA037Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 195B · Lewellen, NEPilot collided with a dirt mound during takeoff from a field and groundlooped the aircraft. Landing gear collapsed.Dec 8, 1982 · N3091B · Substantial damageNTSB MIA83IA043Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBoeing 727-225 · Sarasota, FLCatastrophic failure of the nr 2 engine occurred drg tkof roll. Tkof was aborted and the aircraft was stopped on the runway. There was no fire although engine parts penetrated the engine case and cowling severing coil and hydraulic lines and electrical wires…Dec 6, 1982 · N8871Z · Minor damageNTSB DEN83LA030Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182F · Olathe, COAircraft ran off end of runway during takeoff during abort. Pilot heard stall warning and aborted takeoff. He also said he forgot 10 degrees of flaps.Dec 5, 1982 · N3273U · Substantial damageNTSB FTW83LA050Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 185 · Venice, LAPilot making water takeoff pass piers collided with a tug that appeared out of a slip. Aircraft sank.Dec 2, 1982 · N1829R · Substantial damageNTSB SEA83LA026Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportStinson 108-2 · Hood River, ORThe aircraft was heavily loaded and took longer than normal for takeoff. The acceleration was marginal. At the end of the runway, when the pilot pulled up over the wires, the airspeed decayed. The pilot maneuvered to avoid houses and large trees and flew into…Dec 1, 1982 · N9415K · Substantial damageNTSB MIA83FA036Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportBoeing 707-323C · Miami, FLAccording to the flight crew, a loud explosion was heard a few seconds after reaching takeoff power and the takeoff was aborted. While taxiing, the tower informed the flight crew that flames were coming from the no. 4 engine. The aircrew stopped the aircraft…Nov 27, 1982 · HK284 · Substantial damageNTSB SEA83LA025Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-32R-300 · Gustavus, AKThe pilot reported that slush accumulation on the runway prevented the aircraft from reaching takeoff speed. He aborted the takeoff and with braking action "nil" slid off the end of the runway. Gustavus airport is owned and operated by the state of Alaska and…Nov 26, 1982 · N6104J · Substantial damageNTSB FTW83LA038Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-151 · Sanderson, TXThe pilot became disoriented and made a precautionary landing on a highway. After verifying his location the pilot tookoff, made a sharp pullup to avoid a roadside reflector, settled back to the road surface and hit a pole. The pilot veered off the highway…Nov 19, 1982 · N5914F · DestroyedNTSB DCA83AA005Accident · 3 fatalFinal reportCessna 551 · Mountain View, MOThe plt called from home at 0909 for an IFR clearance which became valid until 0930. He said he needed 15 min to get to the arpt. The call ended at 0914. The chief plt preflighted the acft while the plt was enroute to the arpt. The plt arrived between 0920 &…Nov 18, 1982 · N2CA · DestroyedNTSB CHI83LA041Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150 · Middletown, OHThe student pilot was practicing touch-and-go landings on her second solo flight. As she applied power to takeoff (after landing), the aircraft veered to the left. It continued into a muddy/sodded area, struck a shallow ditch and nosed over.Nov 18, 1982 · N714PW · Substantial damageNTSB MKC83LA021Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150J · Wahoo, NEPlt thought he heard an unusual noise just after lift-off & aborted. The acft ran off the end of the rwy & overturned. The owner examined the acft & was unable to determine the source of the noise. The plt later stated he didn't know what the noise was, &…Nov 16, 1982 · N61128 · Substantial damageNTSB DEN83LA031Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA28-180 · Leadville, COThe aircraft was taking off in snow with wheel pants installed. The pants filled with snow and plane pulled to left. In attempt to recover directional control and get back on the runway the aircraft hit the asphalt ridge on the edge of the runway separating…Nov 15, 1982 · N8385W · Substantial damageNTSB ATL83FA033Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportCessna 411A · Plymouth, NCThe pilot attempted a takeoff on a wet turf runway and lost control of the aircraft. The aircraft left the runway and collided with trees. Sometime later the aircraft caught fire. The pilot did not cut the switches off. The origin or destination of the flight…Nov 13, 1982 · N4411W · DestroyedNTSB DEN83LA018Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172 · St. Ignatius, MTAccording to the pilot, the passenger door opened before lift off. He attempted to brake the aircraft in wet snow and ice and slid off the end of the runway into a ditch. The investigation revealed the aircraft had a past history of the entry door latch…Nov 12, 1982 · N733UE · Substantial damageNTSB DEN83LA017Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMitsubishi MU-2B-60 · Englewood, COThe aircraft was being repositioned for an air taxi operation. The pilot began taking off on a slush covered runway. He reported that as the aircraft accelerated, the nosewheel began to sling water and slush off the runway and onto the windshield. He raised…Nov 11, 1982 · N274MA · Substantial damageNTSB CHI83LA035Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172 · Port Hope, MIThe pilot estimated that the wind was from 210 to 220 deg at 15 KTS. He reported that the grass runway was soft and wet. For takeoff on runway 18, he used 10 deg of flaps and about 1/2 of the available aileron while using a soft field takeoff procedure. The…Nov 7, 1982 · N5301D · Substantial damageNTSB SEA83LA020Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna T210G · Mccall, IDThe pilot reported that when he applied back pressure to raise the nose for takeoff, the aircraft felt sluggish, so he released some back pressure to gain airspeed. The pilot reported he then heard a loud metallic "bang" and stated that a vibration started in…Nov 6, 1982 · N6807R · Substantial damageNTSB DEN83LA015Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna T210 · Holly, COThe pilot stated that during takeoff a piece of wood was picked up by a wheel and tossed against the elevator jamming itand causing him to lose control. While out of control he thought he impacted the ground. A farmers irrigation pipe one quarter mile from…Nov 6, 1982 · N732FM · Substantial damageNTSB DEN83LA013Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech G35 · Cut Bank, MTThe pilot started to takeoff on runway 31 with a wind from 270 deg at 20 KTS. During the takeoff roll, the aircraft veered and went off the left side of the runway. The pilot stated that after about 400 to 500 ft in the takeoff roll, the "plane veered right…Nov 6, 1982 · N4253D · Substantial damageNTSB CHI83LA030Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-38-112 · Boonville, INOn takeoff the pilot reported the aircraft would not climb but kept settling back to the ground. The left wing hit a fence post and the aircraft nosed over.Oct 31, 1982 · N91358 · Substantial damageNTSB ANC83IA007Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportde Havilland DHC-3 · Homer, AKAfter removing the floats and reinstalling the wheels on the aircraft, the pilot received permission to take off on a roadway bridge thats spans beluga lake. The purpose of the flight was to ferry the plane to nearby Homer airport. On takeoff, the aircraft…Oct 27, 1982 · N3904 · Minor damageNTSB MIA83LA021Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-161 · Daytona Beach, FLAccording to the pilot, he lost directional control while taking off on runway 06R. The aircraft veered off the left side of the runway and collided with VASI lights. The wind was reported to be from 002 deg at 13 KTS.Oct 26, 1982 · N330FT · Substantial damageNTSB LAX83FUG05Accident · No injuriesFinal reportE.L. Craig Craigcraft · Chino, CAThe acft veered off the left side of the rwy & collided with a camera tripod.Oct 21, 1982 · N1320 · Substantial damageNTSB LAX83LA015Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportTaylorcraft BC12-65 · Ukiah, CAThe pilot began taking off in calm wind conditions. He reported that when he almost reached the airspeed for takeoff, the aircraft veered to the right. Subsequently, the aircraft hit a brush pile and a fence and was damaged.Oct 18, 1982 · N29719 · Substantial damageNTSB DCA83IA002Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportDouglas DC-9-30 · Houston, TXThe aircraft's right nose landing gear tire tread separated during the takeoff roll. The tread separation resulted in damage to the ground shift mechanism, nose gear door, taxi light and the ee compartment door. The flight returned to the departure airport.…Oct 18, 1982 · N536TX · Minor damageNTSB MKC83LA010Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech E17L · Mcconnell Afb, KSAs the aircraft accelerated through 40 mph during the takeoff roll, a passenger advised the pilot that the cabin door was unlocked. The pilot reduced the engine power to idle, reached back and closed the door. While latching the door, the aircraft swerved to…Oct 16, 1982 · N15846 · Substantial damageNTSB LAX83LA013Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18 · Oceanside, CAWhile attempting a touch and go from a wheel landing the pilot lost directional control and collided with a parked aircraft and a chain fence, finally nosing over. The pilot said he did not use enough right rudder during the roll. The parked aircraft, N5515B,…Oct 16, 1982 · N7873D · DestroyedNTSB CHI83LA019Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-23-250 · Indianapolis, INThe landing gear retracted at 64 mph during the takeoff roll. The takeoff was aborted and the aircraft slid on its fuselage. The landing gear systems all operated normally when checked after the accident.Oct 15, 1982 · N6803A · Substantial damageNTSB LAX83LVD02Accident · No injuriesFinal reportCessna 172 · Gualala, CACessna 172, N29150, & Piper PA-28, N8465Y, were both departing from a pvt, unctld arpt at the same time, but from opposite drctns on the same rwy. Th rwy was crowned in the center which prevented line-of-sight to acft on opposite ends. Each plt stated that he…Oct 11, 1982 · N29150 · 2 aircraft · Substantial damageNTSB FTW83LA012Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Fort Worth, TXWhile practicing touch & go landings the student plt lost directional control, ran off the side of the rwy into a ditch collapsing the nose gear & turning over.Oct 9, 1982 · N89023 · DestroyedNTSB ATL83FA008Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportCessna 177RG · Montgomery, ALAfter advancing the throttle about 1/2 of its travel to commence the takeoff roll, the plt heard a loud explosion & felt a violent shaking of the acft. The eng quit & the acft swerved to the right side of the rwy. Post crash examinationrevealed that one…Oct 9, 1982 · N45696 · Substantial damageNTSB SEA83LA012Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 206 · 40 Nm Wnw Salmo, IDThe pilot began a takeoff from a runway covered with about six inches of wet snow and slush in calm wind conditions. He reported that during the takeoff, the right main wheel settled back to the runway and encountered an area of soft snow and slush. The…Oct 8, 1982 · N5183U · Substantial damageNTSB SEA83LA004Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech J35 · Friday Harbor, WAWhile on the takeoff roll, the engine was slow to accelerate, and just prior to rotation, it coughed and sputtered. The takeoff was abandoned, but the pilot was unable to stop the aircraft on the remaining runway. The aircraft penetrated the perimeter fence…Oct 8, 1982 · N3053C · Substantial damageNTSB ANC83FA005Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportCessna 206 · Flat, AKThe pilot made a forced landing shortly after takeoff. He stated that the aircraft lost power, but nothing was found to substantiate this. There was snow on the short runway. The pilot neglected to take a fuel sample before takeoff.Oct 4, 1982 · N9049G · Substantial damageNTSB MIA83LA003Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Orlando, FLThe student pilot was practicing touch-and-go landings. After touching down on his first landing, he configured the aircraft for takeoff. Immediately after applying power, he observed another plane (unknown make & model) landing from the opposite direction.…Oct 3, 1982 · N93286 · Substantial damageNTSB ANC83LA002Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRockwell International Stinson 108 · Near Sparrevohn, AKThe pilot stated that after shooting a moose in the morning, quartering the animal and carrying the meat to the an unimproved landing/takeoff area he walked back to his cabin for his aircraft. Upon his return, he landed and loaded 2 quarters into the back…Oct 2, 1982 · N97451 · Substantial damageNTSB SEA83LA001Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-12 · Salmon, IDThe plt reported that the strip had about 1,500 ft of usable length, the remaining 3,050 ft consisted of unpacked snow &slush. The usable width of the first 1,500 ft was reported as 8-12 ft. at the time of takeoff the first 1,500 ft was covered with hard…Sep 30, 1982 · N2343M · Substantial damageNTSB MKC82DA177Accident · No injuriesFinal reportPiper PA32RT-300 · Excelsior Sprin, MOPilot did not attain enough airspeed and aborted takeoff too late to stop before going off end of runway into bushes, damaging landing gear.Sep 30, 1982 · N39591 · Substantial damage