NTSB investigations, 1998
153 cases where the phase of flight was Takeoff.
Cases per year
| 1962 | 4 |
|---|---|
| 1963 | 5 |
| 1964 | 352 |
| 1965 | 314 |
| 1966 | 410 |
| 1967 | 449 |
| 1968 | 327 |
| 1969 | 364 |
| 1970 | 345 |
| 1971 | 383 |
| 1972 | 265 |
| 1973 | 299 |
| 1974 | 343 |
| 1975 | 315 |
| 1976 | 281 |
| 1977 | 333 |
| 1978 | 344 |
| 1979 | 321 |
| 1980 | 251 |
| 1981 | 289 |
| 1982 | 254 |
| 1983 | 247 |
| 1984 | 238 |
| 1985 | 192 |
| 1986 | 182 |
| 1987 | 187 |
| 1988 | 168 |
| 1989 | 162 |
| 1990 | 185 |
| 1991 | 191 |
| 1992 | 146 |
| 1993 | 140 |
| 1994 | 175 |
| 1995 | 197 |
| 1996 | 145 |
| 1997 | 154 |
| 1998 | 153 |
| 1999 | 175 |
| 2000 | 162 |
| 2001 | 148 |
| 2002 | 153 |
| 2003 | 162 |
| 2004 | 129 |
| 2005 | 143 |
| 2006 | 127 |
| 2007 | 150 |
| 2008 | 170 |
| 2009 | 205 |
| 2010 | 198 |
| 2011 | 188 |
| 2012 | 184 |
| 2013 | 153 |
| 2014 | 188 |
| 2015 | 184 |
| 2016 | 191 |
| 2017 | 195 |
| 2018 | 172 |
| 2019 | 197 |
| 2020 | 193 |
| 2021 | 179 |
| 2022 | 176 |
| 2023 | 204 |
| 2024 | 216 |
| 2025 | 203 |
| 2026 | 179 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c.\"eventDate\") = 1998
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 300)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c."eventDate") = 1998
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 300)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB LAX99LA062Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech C23 · Furnace Creek, CAThe pilot's inadequate preflight inspection when he failed to remove the gust lock from the flight controls.NTSB MIA99LA055Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150 · Pembroke Pines, FLThe pilot's decision to abort the takeoff with insufficient runway remaining.NTSB NYC99LA038Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech BE-76 · Cincinnatti, OHThe flight instructor's delay in initiating remedial action. Factors include a wet runway, and the student's inability to maintain airplane directional control during a simulated, on-ground engine failure.NTSB ANC99LA017Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCasa C-212 · Mcgrath, AKThe flightcrew's inadequate compensation for wind conditions. A factor associated with the accident was a crosswind.NTSB FTW99LA050Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech BE-95-A55 · Mesquite, TXThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control during a simulated engine failure during takeoff maneuver and the instructor's inadequate supervision. Factors were; the student's lack of total flight time in multiengine airplanes, and the soft…NTSB FTW99LA048Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAerospatiale AS-350-BA · San Angelo, TXthe rollover during take off for undetermined reasons.NTSB NYC99FA037Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportTaylorcraft BC12-D · Greenville, PAThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control during touch-and-go landing, and his failure to maintain obstacle clearance. A factor was the tree.NTSB MIA99LA041Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGrumman-Schweizer G-164B · Fort Gains, GAa power loss due to internal damage to the second- and third- stage turbine rotor blades, due to thermal heat, rendering the engine incapable of producing full power, resulting in a forced landing, and subsequent impact with the terrain.NTSB IAD99LA021Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182E · Akron, OHThe pilot's inadequate preflight which resulted in a takeoff with the fuel cap unsecured.NTSB FTW99LA026Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell 206B · Matagorda 713The pilot's loss of control due to his failure to untie ground straps. A factor was his inadequate preflight inspection.NTSB LAX99LA031Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172N · Lancaster, CAThe failure of the pilot to maintain directional control of the aircraft.NTSB CHI99LA027Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Monticello, INlow altitude stall and an ostentatious display by the pilot. Factors associated with this accident were the performance of a low altitude maneuver and an abrupt pullup by the pilot.NTSB CHI99LA024Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-140 · Liberty, MOThe excessive rotation by the pilot-in-command. The climb not obtained by the pilot-in-command, the fence and the trees were contributing factors.NTSB FTW99LA019Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Tomball, TXThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane.NTSB LAX99LA021Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 185E · Tucson, AZFailure of the pilot to properly secure the seat which subsequently slid back on the takeoff roll and lead to the pilot's loss of aircraft control.NTSB CHI99LA017Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-22-20-150 · Mason, MIwas the pilot not maintaining control of the airplane. A factor in this accident was the pilots lack of total experience in the airplane.NTSB LAX99LA018Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech C90 · Sedona, AZThe instructor's failure to maintain runway alignment during the takeoff roll.NTSB MIA99LA014Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Olive Branch, MSThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control on takeoff, resulting in the airplane's excursion off the runway and collision with trees.NTSB ANC99LA006Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBritten-Norman BN-2A · English Bay, AKThe pilot-in-command's inadequate compensation for the crosswind conditions, and failure to maintain adequate clearance from the parked airplane. Factors associated with this accident were the gusty crosswinds, and the congested takeoff area due to no parking…NTSB LAX99LA012Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-32R-301T · Apple Valley, CAThe pilot's inadvertent use of the aircraft's brakes while using the rudder pedals to maintain directional alignment during the takeoff roll.NTSB ANC99LA002Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 207A · Napaskiak, AKThe pilot's inadequate preflight inspection to remove all contaminated fuel from the fuel system. Factors in the accident were the pilot's inadequate planning/decision to continue a second takeoff following an engine surge and aborted takeoff, and unsuitable…NTSB MIA99FA005Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportBoeing 727-224 · Miami, FLThe catastrophic failure of the 8th stage high pressure compressor disk from cadmium embrittlement as a result of improper adherence to the prescribed plating procedures and requirements by the company that last plated the disk. Contributing to the accident…NTSB LAX99FA003Accident · Minor injuriesField investigationFinal reportBell 222 · Las Vegas, NVThe pilot's failure to ensure that both throttles were in the takeoff position. Factors were the pilot's decision to takeoff with a tailwind, and his lack of recurrent emergency procedure training in this helicopter.NTSB ATL99LA001Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna C-172F · Ball Ground, GAThe pilots failure to maintain directional control of the airplane on take-off, during gusty conditions, resulting in a collision with a tree.NTSB SEA98LA189Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172D · Ronan, MTThe pilot's failure to attain adequate airspeed during liftoff from a soft field takeoff. Factors include high density alttiude.NTSB CHI98LA362Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-140 · Iowa City, IAA loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.NTSB ANC98LA161Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18 · Sleetmute, AKThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control. Contributing factors were the gusty crosswind conditions.NTSB ANC98LA158Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-20 · Mcgrath, AKThe failure of the pilot to maintain directional control during takeoff. Factors involved in the accident were a crosswind, and the trees adjacent to the takeoff area.NTSB ANC98LA155Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-12 · New Stuyahok, AKThe pilot's selection of an unsuitable takeoff area and his intentional ground loop maneuver. A factor associated with the accident was trees.NTSB CHI98LA359Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · West Lafayette, INthe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the touch and go takeoff.NTSB MIA98LA249Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Burlington, NCThe pilot's failure to abort the takeoff after recognizing that the airplane was slow to accelerate during the takeoff roll, and his not obtaining/maintaining clearance with the wire during the forced landing. Contributing factors were carburetor icing…NTSB CHI98LA357Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182K · Baldwin, WIThe pilot's inadequate preflight planning and preparation, and his failure to stop on the wet, grassy runway. A related factor was the wet grass.NTSB ANC98LA157Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportde Havilland DHC-2 · Iliamna, AKThe pilot's inadequate compensation for the gusty wind conditions, and his attempted flight into adverse weather. Factors associated with the accident are high and gusty winds.NTSB SEA98LA182Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportCora Allegro · Cresent Lake, ORThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from trees located off the departure end of the runway. Factors include strong, variable, gusty winds, terrain-induced turbulence, a high density altitude, and trees off the departure end of the runway.NTSB ANC98LA153Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 180 · Chalkitsik, AKThe pilot's failure to identify an unsafe/hazardous condition. A factor associated with the accident was soft terrain conditions.NTSB ANC98LA151Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 185F · Fairbanks, AKThe pilot's selection of unsuitable terrain for takeoff and his failure to maintain adequate obstacle clearance.NTSB CHI98LA335Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172 · Harrisburg, ILthe loss of engine power for undetermined reasons.NTSB ANC98LA149Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 207 · Sleetmute, AKThe pilot's selection of unsuitable terrain for departure. A factor in the accident was a narrow runway.NTSB NYC98FA185Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 170A · Lagrangeville, NYThe pilot's failure to maintain airspeed during the takeoff, which resulted in an inadvertent stall/spin.NTSB LAX98LA290Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportWeber-Mustang II Diamond · Taft, CAThe pilot's inadequate compensation for the crosswind condition and failure to maintain proper runway alignment during the takeoff roll.NTSB FTW98LA397Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportStinson 108-1 · Tahlequah, OKThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the aircraft during takeoff. A factor was the gusty wind conditions at the time of the accident.NTSB LAX98LA288Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRyan ST3KR · Los Banos, CAThe pilot's decision to takeoff in adverse wind conditions and inadequate compensation for the existing crosswind conditions, which resulted in a failure to maintain runway alignment.NTSB LAX98LA287Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 170B · San Jose, CAThe pilot's inadequate compensation for the existing crosswind condition and failure to maintain directional controlNTSB MIA98TA243Accident · No injuriesFinal reportBell BHT-47-G3B1 · Buckhead Ridge, FLThe failure of the pilot to adequately compensate for a tailwind condition on liftoff from the helipad.NTSB ANC98LA144Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-11 · Willow, AKThe pilot's selection of an unsuitable takeoff area from the lake. Factors were the obstruction (point of land) hidden in the glare from the rising sun.NTSB CHI98LA336Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150F · Eaton Rapids, MIthe pilot's improper decision to abort the takeoff while in the air and beyond the point where the pilot could execute a landing on the remaining airstrip runway area. A factor which contributed to this accident was the soybean crop.NTSB FTW98LA385Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportJobe'S TE-1 · Alamogordo, NMThe improper maintenance procedures (failure to preserve the engine during numerous storage periods over 30 days) and the lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing. Factors were the pilot's lack of experience in type of aircraft and the high density…NTSB FTW98LA389Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 401 · Lancaster, TXThe pilot's inadvertent retraction of the landing gear while intending to retract the flaps. A factor was the pilots lack of total experience in the type of aircraft.NTSB NYC98LA178Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMaule MX-7-160 · Skaneateles, NYThe pilot's failure maintain directional control and his delayed decision to abort the takeoff. Contributing factors were trees.NTSB ANC98LA135Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18-150 · Anchorage, AKThe pilot's selection of an unsuitable area for takeoff. A factor associated with the accident is the pilot's premature liftoff.