NTSB investigations, 2005
52 cases where the phase of flight was Taxi.
Cases per year
| 1962 | 6 |
|---|---|
| 1963 | 6 |
| 1964 | 346 |
| 1965 | 306 |
| 1966 | 372 |
| 1967 | 381 |
| 1968 | 215 |
| 1969 | 200 |
| 1970 | 212 |
| 1971 | 189 |
| 1972 | 181 |
| 1973 | 177 |
| 1974 | 169 |
| 1975 | 179 |
| 1976 | 151 |
| 1977 | 156 |
| 1978 | 184 |
| 1979 | 134 |
| 1980 | 132 |
| 1981 | 113 |
| 1982 | 127 |
| 1983 | 104 |
| 1984 | 96 |
| 1985 | 73 |
| 1986 | 70 |
| 1987 | 87 |
| 1988 | 83 |
| 1989 | 73 |
| 1990 | 74 |
| 1991 | 49 |
| 1992 | 55 |
| 1993 | 60 |
| 1994 | 51 |
| 1995 | 56 |
| 1996 | 59 |
| 1997 | 64 |
| 1998 | 65 |
| 1999 | 55 |
| 2000 | 57 |
| 2001 | 57 |
| 2002 | 62 |
| 2003 | 49 |
| 2004 | 48 |
| 2005 | 52 |
| 2006 | 51 |
| 2007 | 49 |
| 2008 | 64 |
| 2009 | 45 |
| 2010 | 41 |
| 2011 | 45 |
| 2012 | 41 |
| 2013 | 44 |
| 2014 | 33 |
| 2015 | 43 |
| 2016 | 38 |
| 2017 | 45 |
| 2018 | 50 |
| 2019 | 51 |
| 2020 | 25 |
| 2021 | 47 |
| 2022 | 52 |
| 2023 | 48 |
| 2024 | 45 |
| 2025 | 58 |
| 2026 | 47 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c.\"eventDate\") = 2005
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 250)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c."eventDate") = 2005
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 250)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB NYC06CA063Accident · Serious injuriesData collectionFinal reportGulfstream Aerospace G-200 · Baltimore, MDThe passenger's improper decision to get up from her seat while the airplane was taxiing. A factor was the inadvertent excessive application of the emergency brake.NTSB ANC06CA012Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 208 · Brevig Mission, AKThe pilot's inadequate compensation for crosswind conditions, which resulted in the left wing striking the ground while taxiing. A factor in the accident was a crosswind.NTSB DFW06IA025Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBoeing 767-300ER · Houston, TXThe captain's failure to maintain clearance from a parked airplane awaiting for a gate. A contributing factor was that taxi procedures were not issued by ground control to advise the captain that the ramp area where he was taxing was designated as a…NTSB LAX06CA057Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportGrafton Rand KR-1 · El Cajon, CAThe pilot's attempt to turn off the runway at an excessive taxi speed.NTSB LAX06CA062Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportRyan Navion · Los Angeles, CAthe pilot's failure to maintain adequate clearance from a parked vehicle.NTSB DFW06LA038Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCirrus Design SR22 · Houston, TXThe pilot's excessive taxi speed and his excessive use of brakes.NTSB DEN06IA020Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportEmbraer EMB-120ER · Denver, COthe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the taxiway light. Factors contributing to the incident were the crew's inadequate visual lookout and the taxiway light.NTSB CHI06LA038Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMcDonnell Douglas MD-10 · Chicago, ILThe failure of the flight crew to see and avoid the crew stairs and the failure of unknown persons to properly secure the stairs after use. Factors associated with the accident were the dark light conditions and the gusty winds.NTSB LAX06CA025Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 182Q · Torrance, CAthe pilot's excessive taxi speed, and his failure to maintain an adequate clearance from objects.NTSB ANC06CA008Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 185 · Skwentna, AKThe pilot's selection of an unsuitable taxi area, which resulted in an encounter with a hidden obstruction, and an on-ground collision with trees while taxiing to takeoff. Factors associated with the accident were trees and a hidden obstruction.NTSB DFW06LA024Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoeing 727-225 · San Antonio, TXThe captain's improper decision to maneuver a transport category airplane in a confined and unapproved area with engine thrust, which resulted in ground damage and personal injury to an individual.NTSB LAX06LA009Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoeing 737-7H4 · Phoenix, AZThe failure of the other flight crew to maintain an adequate clearance from obstructions while taxiing.NTSB DEN06IA008Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportAirbus Industries A319-111 · Denver, COthe de-ice vehicle operator's failure to follow post de-icing procedures, resulting in a collision. Contributing factors were the fog, snow, and the de-icing vehicle.NTSB DFW06CA005Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 152 · Tupelo, MSThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate visual lookout during taxi. Contributing factors were the dark night conditions, the unmarked light pole, and the lack of taxiway centerline markings at the parking area.NTSB LAX05CA322Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172P · Reno, NVthe pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane while taxiing in gusty wind conditions.NTSB CHI05LA277Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 560XL · Columbus, OHThe collapse of the nose landing gear for undetermined reasons.NTSB SEA05LA184Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAirbus Industrie A330-223 · Portland, ORThe failure of the flightcrew of the other airplane to maintain clearance while taxiing.NTSB CHI05LA238Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoeing 757-33N · Chicago, ILThe flightcrew's failure to maintain clearance from a fence while taxiing.NTSB IAD05LA118Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoeing 737-824 · Newark, NJThe airport's failure to install markings on a parking "block" that bordered the taxiway, which failed to provide adequate clearance between taxiing airplanes and airplanes parked in the block. Factors in the accident were air traffic control's use of the…NTSB NYC05LA131Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCirrus Design SR20 · Farmingdale, NJA fire that originated at the right main landing gear brake caliper and piston, during taxi, which resulted in substantial damage to the airplane.NTSB SEA05CA159Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172M · Hoquiam, WAThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a fence. The fence was a factor.NTSB DFW05IA200Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportAirbus A320-232 · Denver, COThe captain's failure to maintain sufficient clearance while taxiing to an assigned gate, which resulted in a collision with an airplane that had been pushed back (and holding) from another gate. Also causal was the tug operator's failure to follow published…NTSB CHI05CA210Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportBarr Barr Six · Knox, INThe undetermined cause of the fire during the taxi.NTSB ANC05CA113Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA-18-150 · Wasilla, AKThe pilot's selection of unsuitable terrain for taxi, which resulted in the airplane encountering a ditch, and the collapse of the main landing gear. A factor associated with the accident was the ditch.NTSB DEN05LA118Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBellanca 8GCBC · Englewood, COthe pilot not maintaining clearance from the portable helipad during taxi after landing resulting in the airplane colliding with it. Factors contributing to the accident were the pilot's selection of a taxi route through a non-movement area, his inability to…NTSB MIA05CA134Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportBell 206B · San Juan, PRThe inadequate preflight/planning by the pilot for his initiation of the flight with inadequate fuel supply, and his failure to maintain main rotor rpm following a total loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion which resulted in a hard landing.NTSB LAX05CA230Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA-28-161 · Tucson, AZthe student pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a fuel truck, and the flight instructor's inadequate supervision.NTSB ANC05CA089Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 207A · Excursion Inlet, AKThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a building during taxi from landing, which resulted in structural damage to the left wing when it struck the building.NTSB DEN05IA098Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBoeing 737-524 · Salt Lake City, UTthe left wing walker's failure to maintain an adequate visual lookout. Contributing factors were his inadequate initial training, and the failure of other ground personnel to follow company procedures/directives.NTSB DEN05LA091Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 340A · Santa Fe, NMtotal failure of the main landing gear due to improper installation of the push-pull tubes by maintenance personnel, and their failure to follow proper procedures/directives.NTSB LAX05LA199Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · Carlsbad, CAthe other pilot's inadequate visual lookout and failure to maintain separation while taxiing.NTSB SEA05CA104Accident · Minor injuriesData collectionFinal reportHiller UH-12E · Estacada, ORThe failure of the pilot to maintain landing skid clearance during hover taxi, which resulted in a dynamic rollover. A factor was the gusty wind condition.NTSB LAX05CA182Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA-28-181 · Oxnard, CAthe pilot's failure to maintain an adequate clearance from the building. The pilot's diverted attention was a factor.NTSB NYC05LA123Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172P · Islip, NYThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a parked vehicle while taxiing.NTSB DEN05IA076Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBoeing 737-322 · Denver, COthe improper use of procedure used by the ground personnel resulting in the right wing of the aircraft colliding with the left wing of another aircraft. A factor in this incident was the failure to maintain clearance by the flight crew of the other aircraft.NTSB IAD05CA059Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 152 · Millville, NJThe pilot's misjudgment of the airplane's distance to the restaurant sundeck.NTSB ANC05CA069Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 170 · Anchorage, AKThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a sign while taxiing from landing, which resulted in an on ground collision with the sign.NTSB DEN05IA071Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBoeing 737-282 · Denver, COthe improper operation of the loading bridge which resulted in the loading bridge impacting the airplane. Contributing factors were the failure of the ground personnel to marshal the airplane on the assigned aircraft stop line, lack of supervision and…NTSB ANC05TA058Accident · Minor injuriesFinal reportde Havilland DHC-2 · Talkeetna, AKThe pilot's selection of unsuitable terrain for taxi after landing, which resulted in the collapse of the main landing gear and structural damage to the right wing and forward fuselage. A factor associated with the accident was the rough and uneven terrain.NTSB CHI05CA090Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172R · Kalamazoo, MIThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control and the excessive taxispeed.NTSB LAX05LA130Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 421B · Lake Havasu Cit, AZthe fracture of the landing gear shaft roll pin that resulted in a main gear collapse during the taxi.NTSB LAX05LA124Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportNorth American AT-6C · Chino, CAthe pilot of the other airplane's failure to maintain an adequate clearance from obstacles while taxiing.NTSB NYC05LA061Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoeing 737-72T · Newark, NJThe Boeing flightcrew's misjudged clearance of the parked Gulfstream during taxi, which resulted in a ground collision.NTSB ANC05CA071Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportAerospatiale AS350-B2 · Valdez, AKThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from an object while hover taxiing, which resulted in the main rotor blades striking a sign.NTSB SEA05CA062Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172 · Gooding, IDThe pilot's inadequate compensation for the wind conditions which resulted in a loss of control during taxi. A contributing factor was the wind gusts.NTSB IAD05LA043Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172N · Frederick, MDThe inadequate visual lookout of the pilots in each airplane, which resulted in a ground collision.NTSB ANC05CA047Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 172B · South Naknek, AKThe pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions during taxi after landing, which resulted in the airplane nosing over. A factor associated with the accident was the gusty wind condition.NTSB IAD05LA044Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoeing 757-232 · Boston, MAThe first officer's misjudgment of a perceived threat, which resulted in the captain's excessive braking and subsequent injury to a flight attendant. A factor was the night lighting conditions.NTSB ANC05LA044Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-22 · Anchorage, AKThe pilot's excessive taxi speed during a turn while taxiing from landing, which resulted in the collapse of the left main landing gear, and structural damage to the fuselage.NTSB ANC05CA024Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportPiper PA-19 · Big Lake, AKThe pilot's selection of an unsuitable takeoff/landing/taxi area, which resulted in an on-ground encounter with a berm, a loss of control on the ground, and collapse of the main landing gear. Factors associated with the accident were flat light conditions,…