NTSB investigations, 2002
62 cases where the phase of flight was Taxi.
Cases per year
| 1962 | 6 |
|---|---|
| 1963 | 6 |
| 1964 | 346 |
| 1965 | 306 |
| 1966 | 372 |
| 1967 | 381 |
| 1968 | 215 |
| 1969 | 200 |
| 1970 | 212 |
| 1971 | 189 |
| 1972 | 181 |
| 1973 | 177 |
| 1974 | 169 |
| 1975 | 179 |
| 1976 | 151 |
| 1977 | 156 |
| 1978 | 184 |
| 1979 | 134 |
| 1980 | 132 |
| 1981 | 113 |
| 1982 | 127 |
| 1983 | 104 |
| 1984 | 96 |
| 1985 | 73 |
| 1986 | 70 |
| 1987 | 87 |
| 1988 | 83 |
| 1989 | 73 |
| 1990 | 74 |
| 1991 | 49 |
| 1992 | 55 |
| 1993 | 60 |
| 1994 | 51 |
| 1995 | 56 |
| 1996 | 59 |
| 1997 | 64 |
| 1998 | 65 |
| 1999 | 55 |
| 2000 | 57 |
| 2001 | 57 |
| 2002 | 62 |
| 2003 | 49 |
| 2004 | 48 |
| 2005 | 52 |
| 2006 | 51 |
| 2007 | 49 |
| 2008 | 64 |
| 2009 | 45 |
| 2010 | 41 |
| 2011 | 45 |
| 2012 | 41 |
| 2013 | 44 |
| 2014 | 33 |
| 2015 | 43 |
| 2016 | 38 |
| 2017 | 45 |
| 2018 | 50 |
| 2019 | 51 |
| 2020 | 25 |
| 2021 | 47 |
| 2022 | 52 |
| 2023 | 48 |
| 2024 | 45 |
| 2025 | 58 |
| 2026 | 47 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c.\"eventDate\") = 2002
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 250)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c."eventDate") = 2002
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 250)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB ATL03LA027Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182S · Nashville, TNThe pilot's failure to maintain visual lookout and his inattentiveness during taxi that resulted in an on ground collision with an embankment. A factor was the fog.NTSB ATL03LA022Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-161 · Eastman, GAThe pilots failure to maintain a visual lookout resulting in the subsequent on ground collision with a hangar.NTSB FTW03LA039Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportLarson Kitfox III · Little Rock, ARThe pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control during an intentional taxi resulting in the inadvertent lift-off of the airplane and subsequent inadvertent stall. Contributing factors were the pilot's lack of total experience in the make and model of…NTSB CHI03LA042Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportChampion 7ECA · Faulkton, SDThe directional control not maintained during an after landing taxi on the runway by the student pilot. The student pilot's lack of experience and downhill terrain off the runway were contributing factors.NTSB ANC03LA012Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCurtiss-Wright CW-46 · Fairbanks, AKThe failure of the right main landing gear locking device to engage, which allowed the right main landing gear to collapse during taxi from landing.NTSB CHI03FA014Accident · Minor injuriesField investigationFinal reportBombardier CL-600-2B19 · Chicago, ILThe driver of the bus not maintaining clearance from the taxiing airplane.NTSB ANC03CA006Accident · No injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 180 · Anchorage, AKThe pilot's failure to maintain proper alignment on the taxiway and clearance from the taxiway edge lights while taxiing from landing. A factor contributing to the accident was sun glare.NTSB ANC03LA005Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-32 · Bethel, AKThe failure of both pilot's to maintain a visual outlook during taxi operations on the ramp.NTSB CHI03LA017Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172 · Neenah, WIThe pilot failed to maintain clearance from the post. Factors included the post and the sun glare.NTSB LAX03LA007Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-151 · San Luis Obispo, CAThe pilot's failure to maintain obstacle clearance due to her inadequate visual lookout.NTSB DEN03LA003Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172P · Broomfield, COthe pilot misjudging the clearance between the airplane and a fixed object during taxi. Contributing factors were the pilot's attention being diverted and sunglare.NTSB CHI02FA289Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportMcDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 · Minneapolis, MNThe fatigue failure of the main landing gear strut due to inclusions in the material, residual stresses, and dissolved hydrogen content.NTSB ATL02LA172Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172P · Lutz, FLThe pilot's failure to maintain visual lookout and clearance during taxi, which resulted in an on-ground collision with a building.NTSB IAD02LA092Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGoff Glassair · Stow, MAThe pilot's improper positioning of the throttle during engine start, which resulted in his inability to maintain control of the airplane.NTSB CHI02CA279Accident · Serious injuriesData collectionFinal reportCessna 120 · Brookfield, WIThe inadequate visual outlook by the pilot during taxi.NTSB ANC02LA116Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18 · Nikolai, AKThe pilot's selection of unsuitable terrain while taxiing for takeoff, which precipitated an on ground collision with a tree stump. Factors contributing to the accident were soft terrain and the presence of tree stumps.NTSB ANC02LA115Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportde Havilland DHC-3 · Tenakee Springs, AKThe pilot's misjudgment of the airplane's speed/distance from a dock resulting in the airplane drifting into a wooden piling during a taxi from landing. A factor in the accident was the presence of a tidal current.NTSB LAX02LA274Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172I · Tucson, AZthe certified flight instructor's failure to maintain an adequate distance from a jet during taxi. A factor was the local/ground controller's failure to issue a safety alert or cautionary advisory to the pilot with regards to the jet blast of the departing…NTSB CHI02LA264Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182S · Fishers, INThe pilot failed to maintain clearance with the light pole while taxiing. A factor was the light pole.NTSB ANC02LA103Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18 · Chickaloon, AKThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from ground obstructions while taxiing. A factor contributing to the accident was excessive taxi speed.NTSB IAD02LA085Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172N · Williamsport, PAThe student pilot's failure to maintain adequate clearance from a building while taxiing.NTSB ATL02LA152Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150 · Lakeland, FLThe pilot's failure to maintain a visual lookout while taxiing to parking resulting in an on-ground collision with a pole. A related factor was the diverted attention to the lineman.NTSB ANC02LA086Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-31-350 · Fairbanks, AKThe failure of both pilots to maintain adequate visual outlook while taxiing.NTSB LAX02LA241Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172P · Mesa, AZthe pilot of the other airplane'ss use of an excessive taxi speed and too close of a spacing interval to the Cessna 152, which resulted in an on-ground collision when the Cessna 152 abruptly stopped.NTSB CHI02LA210Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 402B · St. Louis, MOThe landing gear collapsed for undetermined reasons.NTSB IAD02LA073Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-11S · Palermo, MEpilot's failure to maintain directional control and his inadequate compensation for wind. A factor was the crosswind.NTSB DEN02FA070Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportBoone Rotorway 162-F · Englewood, COthe pilot encountering settling with power. A factor contributing to the accident was the tailwind.NTSB ANC02LA071Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18 · Dillingham, AKThe pilot's selection of an unsuitable area for taxiing, which resulted in running the airplane's float aground. Factors contributing to the accident were the hidden obstructions underwater, and the excessive taxi speed.NTSB FTW02LA199Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMcDonnell Douglas MD-88 · Houston, TXThe pilot's failure to maintain clearance with the parked vehicles. Factors contributing to the accident were the airport's failure to properly identify the construction area, their failure to publish a notice to airmen.NTSB CHI02LA175Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172N · Minneapolis, MNThe pilot did not maintain clearance from the vehicle while taxiing. A factor was the fuel truck.NTSB ANC02LA053Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportde Havilland DHC-6-300 · Ketchikan, AKThe failure of a ground handler to follow company proceedure/directives, and his premature release of a mooring line. Factors associated with the accident were the congested operations area, and the operator's failure to provide adequate safe zones for the…NTSB NYC02LA115Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Pittsburgh, PAThe student pilot's failure to maintain adequate clearance while maneuvering to avoid obstructions.NTSB ANC02LA054Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMeeuwsen Gordon Wagabond traveler · Talkeetna, AKThe pilots excessive taxi speed. Factors associated with the accident are the rough and uneven terrain of the sandbar, and gusting winds.NTSB SEA02LA099Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172K · Clarkston, WAThe pilot's failure to maintain control of the aircraft during taxi along the gravel landing site after having landed off the designated runway. A contributing factor was the embankment which the aircraft's left wing impacted during taxi.NTSB ANC02LA051Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportde Havilland DHC-2 · Talkeetna, AKThe pilot's selection of an unsuitable taxi area, which resulted in substantial damage to the left elevator when the tailwheel encountered a hole. A factor associated with the accident was rough/uneven terrain.NTSB ANC02LA044Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportde Havilland DHC-2 · King Salmon, AKThe pilot's failure to compensate for a crosswind while taxiing, resulting in the right wing striking the water. A contributing factor in the accident was the presence of a crosswind.NTSB CHI02LA152Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGrumman G-164A · Langdon, NDThe pilot did not maintain directional control while taxiing. A contributing factor was the wind gust condition present at the time of the accident.NTSB CHI02LA142Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell 47G-4 · Muncie, INThe pilot did not maintain directional control during hover taxi. Inadequate compensation for the crosswind conditions, the light rain, and the light pole were factors in the accident.NTSB SEA02LA084Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPaxhia Murphy SR3500 · Seattle, WAThe failure of the left main gear leg AN-5 attach fitting bolt.NTSB MIA02LA097Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 206H · Sarasota, FLThe pilot's failure to maintain compensation for surface wind conditions resulting in excessive taxi speed, a loss of control while taxiing, an excursion off the taxiway, collision with a concrete pad, and a nose over.NTSB LAX02LA154Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Sacramento, CAFailure of the pilot to ensure the seat was set properly prior to engine start, and not using the parking brake when adjustment of seat was necessary, which resulted in the inadvertent deactivation of the brakes and subsequent collision with the fuel trucks.NTSB CHI02LA125Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172 · Redfield, SDthe failure of the pilot to maintain directional control while taxing to takeoff in high and gusty wind conditions.NTSB NYC02LA091Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182A · Moneta, VAA slow leak of brake fluid from the right brake cylinder, which eventually resulted in a loss of right brake effectiveness.NTSB CHI02LA124Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 185F · Cumberland, WIthe failure of the pilot to maintain directional control after encountering high winds and gusty winds during taxi from landing.NTSB ATL02LA082Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18 · Conway, SCThe failure of the pilot to use proper wind correction technique, resulting in a loss of directional control of the aircraft.NTSB FTW02LA122Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172R · McKinney, TXthe pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane while taxiing from landing.NTSB FTW02LA114Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMcClung Starduster SA-1 · Sherman, TXthe pilot's inadvertent use of unsuitable taxi terrain, which resulted in an encounter with a ditch while taxing from landing.NTSB LAX02LA126Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-181 · Goodyear, AZThe student pilot's misjudgment of clearance and his failure to adhere to the flight school's policy/procedures for taxiing around obstructions.NTSB DEN02TA037Accident · No injuriesFinal reportDouglas/Basler DC-3C · Casper, WYThe copilot's inadvertent retraction of the landing gear. A contributing factor was the use of inappropriate medication by the copilot.NTSB CHI02LA098Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-22-150 · Russell, KSThe pilot failed to maintain control of the airplane during the back-taxi. Additional factors were the tailwind and the wind gust.