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NTSB investigations

20,992 cases where the phase of flight was Approach.

Cases, newest first

Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
    crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
    current_codes AS (
      SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
        row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
      FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
      WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
        AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
    ),
    phases AS (
      SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
      FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
      UNION ALL
      SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
      FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
      WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
    ),
    case_phases AS (
      SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
      FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
      LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
      WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
    )
  SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
  FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
  WHERE c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 500)
  ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"

Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.

NTSB LAX84LA262Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMolino PIK-20B · El Mirage, CAThe plt reported that when he was 1/2 mi from the rwy at 835 ft AGL, his airspeed was 70 KTS. While descending through 400 ft AGL, his airspeed flickered 3 times to zero. The 3rd time, it stayed at zero & the glider dropped to the ground. The reported wind 11…Apr 15, 1984 · N222PK · Substantial damageNTSB LAX84LA257Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRaven S-55A-707 · Glendale, AZDuring a sight-seeing flt, the winds, outside air temp & propane gas burner temp began increasing, so the plt elected to land. He notified the chase crew, started a descent & anticipated making a 'drop line' landing. As the balloon began crossing over a dry…Apr 15, 1984 · N5717H · No damageNTSB FTW84LA196Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech A23-19 · Guthrie, OKWhile on final approach the acft descended below the desired glidepath. When the plt added pwr, the engine did not respond. The acft touched down hard and short of the rwy after which the left wing contacted a tree. The plt stated he did not use carb heat…Apr 15, 1984 · N2385W · Substantial damageNTSB SEA84LA083Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportHughes 369D · Kent, WAThe plt requested clearance to transit the seattle tca for a landing at Boeing field. He was advised of a DC-10 departing the seattle-tacoma intl arpt & was cautioned about possible wake turbulence. The DC-10 passed the helicopter with about 1 1/2 mi lateral…Apr 14, 1984 · N1092L · Substantial damageNTSB SEA84LA082Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172N · Harrisburg, ORThe plt reported that after the sun had set, a haze formed near the ground. He used visual references to align the acft with the private rwy at dusk. As he approached, he saw what he thought was hedge on the edge of the arpt & then made a soft field landing.…Apr 14, 1984 · N734JW · Substantial damageNTSB NYC84FNC01Accident · No injuriesFinal reportEvans VP-2 · Mechanic Falls, MEAccording to the pilot the acft became airborne inadvertently while high speed taxi testing the engine. On final apch back to the arpt control was lost and the acft flew into trees parallel to the rwy. No mechanical malfunction was found by investigators.Apr 14, 1984 · N38217 · DestroyedNTSB DEN84FU003Accident · Serious injuriesFinal reportAmerican Falcon · Salt Lake City, UTReportedly, the plt made an apch to rwy 18, then initiated a go-around due to traffic on the rwy. He reported that traffic to the left necessitated a right pattern. There were power lines located aprx 500 ft west of the grass strip, about 40 to 50 ft AGL.…Apr 14, 1984 · UNREG · DestroyedNTSB ATL84LA144Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportBrown, R. M. JR. Monnett Moni · Kill Devil Hill, NCThe acft was the 4th acft to take off of 7 scheduled to make a formation fly-by of the wright brothers national memorial. As the acft took off to join up for the flt, a thick low fog bank rolled in. The other acft departed the area, but the plt attempted to…Apr 14, 1984 · N92RB · Substantial damageNTSB NYC84FGM03Accident · Minor injuriesFinal reportBliss Corbin Baby ACE CM-1 · Emporium, PAOn final approach the acft struck several trees, the pilot lost control of the acft. The acft then struck telephone wires & a pole and crashed.Apr 12, 1984 · N6392T · Substantial damageNTSB MIA84LA133Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · Tallahassee, FLThe acft experienced complete loss of eng power while making an ILS app to rwy 36. A forced land was made into the treesfive mi south of the airport. Post crash investigation revealed no fuel in either fuel tank or any of he fuel drains. A subsequent eng test…Apr 11, 1984 · N30217 · Substantial damageNTSB LAX84LA250Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-38-112 · Lake Mathews, CAThe acft was making a go-around from about 100 AGL and collided with rising terrain. According to the plt the engine failed to respond properly. According to the passenger the engine response was normal. The investigation revealed that the acft was overweight…Apr 10, 1984 · N2314P · Substantial damageNTSB NYC84LA136Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 180 · Leonardtown, MDThe acft made a forced landing about 1 mile sw of an added stopping point. The plt noted a lower than planned gs and thought he should add a stop for fuel. During the flt he had encountered icing and because of climbs and descents to avoid wx for about an…Apr 9, 1984 · N3859C · Substantial damageNTSB CHI84LA150Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28R-200 · Lafayette, INThe pilot was practicing accuracy landings when he noticed that the acft had blown away from the rwy. When he attempted to increase the throttle setting there was no response. In an attempt to land on a highway on-ramp the acft struck an electric wire, a…Apr 8, 1984 · N56738 · DestroyedNTSB NYC84LA133Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna T303 · Binghamton, NYPrior to the approach, the plt was advised of a thunderstorm sse of the arpt. The plt stated that the weather was deteriorating rapidly with turbulence, heavy rain, near-blinding lighting & windshear. During the approach, due to the adverse wx conditions &…Apr 6, 1984 · N511SC · Substantial damageNTSB LAX84LA241Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportde Havilland DH 114 · Scottsdale, AZFor undetermined reasons the plt experienced a power loss on both left engines while turning from left base to final for ldg. The plt was unable to maintain directional control and elected to reduce power on the right engines. During the forced ldg roll the…Apr 6, 1984 · N81962 · Substantial damageNTSB FTW84LA191Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech B35 · Nocona, TXThe plt was flying the acft after it had been parked for about 8 months. The eng had been cutting out due to water in the tanks, but he thought that problem had been corrected. While on final apch to land, the eng began missing & lost power. The plt turned on…Apr 5, 1984 · N8843A · Substantial damageNTSB MKC84FA116Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 310I · Fayetteville, ARWhen the plt received a wx briefing at 1012 CST, he was advised that the wx at his destination (Fayetteville, AR) was an estimated 600' overcast, vis 4 mi with light drizzle & fog, but the wx was forcast to begin to improve in about 1 hr. He took off & during…Apr 4, 1984 · N8156M · DestroyedNTSB CHI84FA148Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportPiper Aerostar 600 · Pontiac, MIDuring an ILS apch, the acft collided with treetops while it was slightly left of the apch course near the middle marker. The plt continued to fly the acft to the rwy & the plane touched down about 1000 ft beyond the threshold. At touchdown, the acft veered…Apr 4, 1984 · N3645T · Substantial damageNTSB ATL84LA140Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172N · Winnsboro, SCThe acft was making a precautionary landing because the fuel guages were indicating 'empty'. Following touchdown the pltsaw a barbed wire fence and attempted a go-around & struck the fence. After making ground contact a second time the acftcontinued through…Apr 4, 1984 · N733KM · Substantial damageNTSB NYC84LA130Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150K · Colts Neck, NJDuring an apch to the destination arpt, the eng lost power. The plt stated 'short base leg used at 800 ft, too close to airport, so I tried skids to slow down.' Witnesses reported seeing the acft in 's' turns along the rwy as the plt attempted to lose…Apr 3, 1984 · N5746G · Substantial damageNTSB NYC84LA126Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172H · Hagerstown, MDThe plt initiated a 5 mi straight-in approach. When the acft was within 2 mi of the arpt, the plt reduced power, appliedcarb heat & slowed the acft. When it appeared he was going to land short, he added power, but the eng would not respond. The acft was…Apr 1, 1984 · N2477L · Substantial damageNTSB CHI84LA146Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBellanca 17-30 · Delavan, WIThe plt reported that when he was descending from 3500 ft MSL to traffic pattern alt (2000 ft MSL), he switched the fuel selector from the left fuel tank to the right tank. Upon entering the traffic pattern, he made his prelanding checks. When he advanced the…Apr 1, 1984 · N7389V · Substantial damageNTSB DEN84FA121Accident · Serious injuriesField investigationFinal reportAero Commander 500-B · Miles City, MTThe plt said that when he called on the radio prior to the approach for an altimeter setting the reply was '30.11 or 30.12, something like that.' The acft altimeter was found after the accident set at 30.22 inches of mercury. The visibility was described as 1…Mar 31, 1984 · N743W · DestroyedNTSB FTW84LA184Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 402B · El Paso, TXDuring gear extension in preparation for landing the nose gear failed to extend fully even though emergency gear extension proceedures were performed. The plt steered the acft off to the right of the rwy shortly after touchdown. Acftinspection revealed a…Mar 30, 1984 · N5039Q · Substantial damageNTSB NYC84LA115Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28R-200 · Mount Holly, NJAccording to the plt, a windshear was encountered during the final approach at approximately 100 ft AGL. The acft descended rapidly and bounced at the approach end of the rwy, ascended approximately 30 ft into the air, landed again striking the left wing on…Mar 23, 1984 · N41724 · Substantial damageNTSB CHI84IA141Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportShort Brothers SD3-30 · Moline, ILDuring an apch, the right eng lost power, but an uneventful landing was made. An exam revealed the aft fuel tank, consisting of the #3 & #4 fuel cells, were empty, although the fuel quantity gage indicated 500 lbs of fuel remaining. The erroneous reading was…Mar 21, 1984 · N333MV · No damageNTSB LAX84LA225Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-24-180 · Tucson, AZShortly after passing watson intersection inbound to tuscon, AZ the outboard tip of one propeller blade separated. The plt turned the magneto switch off and slowed the acft until the propeller stopped rotating. He then executed an emergency landing short of…Mar 20, 1984 · N65DB · Substantial damageNTSB MIA84LA117Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna C-177B · Pahokee, FLAt 0052, shortly after departing big cypress, FL, the plt called west palm beach tower & requested advisories to Pahokee arpt. The controller requested the flt's position, but the plt was not sure of his location. The tower controller contacted miami artc for…Mar 19, 1984 · N20433 · Substantial damageNTSB DEN84LA111Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-12-115 · Riverton, WYThe plt stated that a convair 580 had landed before him. The plt flew a normal glide slope & planned to land on the approach end of the rwy. On short final at 50 ft AGL, the acft suddenly banked 'over 90 degrees' to the left out of control. The acft then hit…Mar 19, 1984 · N4378M · Substantial damageNTSB ATL84LA123Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech BE-23 · Rome, GAThe acft lost power in the traffic pattern and forced landed off the arpt. The weather was conducive to carburetor icing. The plt said he applied carburetor heat after reducing power.Mar 18, 1984 · N2387L · Substantial damageNTSB NYC84LA111Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 340 · Norwood, MAThe plt reported that during an instrument apch, he descended to the mda with the radar altimeter set to 415 ft. the passenger in the right front seat, who was a plt, advised that he saw the apch lights & 1 or 2 seconds later, the radar altimeter sounded. The…Mar 17, 1984 · N8482N · Substantial damageNTSB NYC84FA110Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportLockheed 18-56 · Oneonta, NYAt aprx 2330 EST, witnesses near the crash site heard an acft, & shortly thereafter, they saw a flash. One of them, who was driving a car, went back to the area the next day & found the acft wreckage. The acft had crashed & burned about 1 mi from the apch end…Mar 17, 1984 · N77777 · DestroyedNTSB FTW84FA170Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-180 · Bristow, OKJust prior to the accident, the acft was observed to make a low pass down rwy 35 in slow flt. The acft then entered a steep climb at the end of the rwy to an alt of 200 to 300 ft AGL. It then turned left onto a crosswind leg of the pattern, the left wing…Mar 17, 1984 · N7386W · DestroyedNTSB DEN84LA109Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMooney M20E · Las Vegas, NMWhile enroute, the plt elected to land at Las Vegas, NM & check on his destination wx. He called the fss when the acft was about 30 mi south of Las Vegas & was advised that the wind at Las Vegas was from 230 deg at 20 KTS. He said he experienced severe…Mar 16, 1984 · N7134U · Substantial damageNTSB NYC84LA147Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Fitchburg, MAThe plt of N45945 stated that upon entering downwind for rwy 32 she reported her position on UNICOM, but did not receivea reply. She continued her approach failing to report base and final positions. At aprx 500 ft on final apch she felt the acft buffet and…Mar 15, 1984 · N45945 · 2 aircraft · No damageNTSB NYC84FA108Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28R-200 · Groton, CTThe plt received 2 wx briefings prior to departing & both called for low ceilings. During arrival at the destination, the plt requested & was cleared for an ILS apch to rwy 5. While on the apch, the acft collided with a small tree & crashed. The wreckage came…Mar 14, 1984 · N5022S · DestroyedNTSB MIA84LA109Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-23-150 · Kissimmee, FLEarlier in the day, the plt had flown from orlando to lakeland, FL. Before that flt, he had not visually checked the fuel, but had relied on estimates & his fuel gages. On the return flt, he again took off without visually checking the fuel. While en route,…Mar 14, 1984 · N2070P · Substantial damageNTSB DEN84FA107Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportMooney M20K · Craig, COWitnesses observed & heard the plt making an apch & subsequent go-around or pass over the ground at the arpt. Heavy fog conditions existed which were below IFR minimums. The plt failed to realize higher terrain exsisted north of the arpt. The acft collided…Mar 10, 1984 · N231F · DestroyedNTSB LAX84LA209Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna TU-206G · Auburn, CAThe plt came in for her 3rd landing and after flaring high'cut'the throttle and said she hoped for a'soft'landing with trim back and 40 degrees of flaps. A plt on the ground near the rwy said his attention was drawn to the acft because of a large increase in…Mar 8, 1984 · N206GA · Substantial damageNTSB LAX84LA210Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMaule M6235 · Mesa, AZThe acft dragged a wing and nosed down into the ground collapsing the landing gear and sliding to a stop on a taxi-way during an attempted go-around after an alignment with rwy problem. The CFI said that the student plt used excessive rudder and 'froze' on…Mar 7, 1984 · N56463 · Substantial damageNTSB LAX84LA208Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAir Tractor AT-300 · Delano, CAThe plt was making a tight, 180 degree, right turn from downwind to final when he felt a buffet. He then applied power and lowered the nose. He stated he remained in the turn to avoid power lines. The power lines were located along the left side of the rwy.…Mar 7, 1984 · N4336S · Substantial damageNTSB ATL84MA114Accident · 6 fatalMajor investigationFinal reportCessna 421B · Cullman, ALPlt cleared for night NDB rwy 19 apch to folwom field. Erratic radar track drg procedure turn and inbd intercept. Witnesses described 200 ft ceiling and reduced vis in fog at airport. Other witnesses observed acft on northbound course,followed by turn to west…Mar 6, 1984 · N3291Q · DestroyedNTSB ATL84FA116Accident · 3 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-24-260 · Manassas, VAThe accident occurred on missed approach at night in weather conditions below the destination minimums after aprx 5 hours and 25 minutes of flight. Performance computations indicated the accident occurred at or near the time of projected fuel exhaustion.…Mar 6, 1984 · N9011P · DestroyedNTSB NYC84MA102Accident · 3 fatalMajor investigationFinal reportPiper PA-31 · Cumberland, MDApprox 16 min prior to the accident the plt was cleared for the localizer DME approach. The acft collided with the mountainous terrain on a hdg of about 220 degrees at approx 8.5 DME on a bearing of 051 degrees from the arpt. As indicated on the loc/dme rwy…Mar 5, 1984 · N6629L · DestroyedNTSB LAX84LA207Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · San Luis Obispo, CAThe acft spiraled down and collided with the ground while turning from base leg to final in the traffic pattern. The pltsaid he tried to correct the situation but the sprial continued. No evidence was found to support the plts claim that the acft crashed…Mar 5, 1984 · N1485V · DestroyedNTSB LAX84LA205Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech BE-24 · La Verne, CAThe acft collided with the ground short of the rwy during an ILS approach. The plt said he took his eyes off the panel to look outside and got off the glide slope. The plt also said the weather was below approach minimums. The ILS was checked by FAA after the…Mar 4, 1984 · N60031 · Substantial damageNTSB DEN84FU002Accident · 1 fatalFinal reportEipper Quicksilver MX · Libby, MTAccording to witnesses, the ultralight vehicle was on an apch to the arpt when it entered a left descending turn & continued the turn until impacting a tree. One witness said the plt was bent over forward. Reportedly, the plt made no movements with his hands…Mar 4, 1984 · UNREG · Substantial damageNTSB NYC84LA099Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 402B · Penn Yan, NYThe acft entered a high sink rate during the final approach and collided with the ground. The plt managed to get the acft onto the rwy but the right main landing gear collapsed during the landing roll. A culvert is located near the approach end of rwy 28.Mar 3, 1984 · N3374Q · Substantial damageNTSB LAX84IA204Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportCessna 402C · Kalaupapa, HIWhile on final to rwy 23, a 20 ft wave ricocheted off the rwy embankment, striking the acft's rt flap. The plt executed a go-around & landed on rwy 05 without incident. Investigation revealed that the rt flap cable had broken.Feb 28, 1984 · N206RH · Minor damageNTSB ANC84FA038Accident · Minor injuriesField investigationFinal reportCessna 150L · Talkeetna, AKOn downwind for a touch and go, the student pilot noticed a strange engine noise. She elected to do another touch & go, & during a turn from crosswind to downwind, a total loss of power occurred. A forced landing was attempted onto a road. Children were…Feb 28, 1984 · N10719 · Substantial damage