NTSB investigations
35,885 cases where the phase of flight was Enroute.
Cases, newest first
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 400)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 400)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB FTW98LA176Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna P206B · Riverton, WYcontinued flight by the pilot into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), and his failure to maintain sufficient altitude from terrain, while manuevering to reverse direction. Related factors were: the adverse weather conditions, mountainous terrain, and…NTSB NYC98LA089Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18-150 · Berkley, MAloss of engine power for undetermined reason(s), which resulted in a forced landing and subsequent nose-over on uneven terrain. Uneven terrain (furrow) in the forced landing area was a related factor.NTSB NYC98FAMS1Accident · 1 fatalMissing aircraftFinal reportCessna 195 · Cape May, NJUndetermined.NTSB FTW98LA173Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna T210L · Santa Teresa, NMfailure of the number 1 piston, which resulted in loss of engine power and a subsequent forced landing. The lack of suitable terrain for a forced landing was a related factor.NTSB MIA98FA121Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportRockwell GA-112TC · Allendale, SCthe pilot inadvertently entered instrument meteorological conditions, failed to maintain control of the airplane, and the airplane subsequently impacted the ground. Factors in this accident were fog, low ceilings and a dark night. An additional factor was the…NTSB ATL98FA060Accident · 5 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 525 · Marietta, GAThe failure of both pilots to see and avoid conflicting traffic, and the failure of the 172 pilot to operate the transponder as required by current regulations. Factors were the controller's failure to observe the traffic conflict, the lack of radar conflict…NTSB MIA98LA117Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech F33A · Fort Pierce, FLa loss of engine power due to fuel leakage at the fuel control, resulting in a forced landing, and subsequent impact with trees.NTSB FTW98LA169Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAeronca 7DC · Wright, WYThe pilot's use of unsuitable terrain for takeoff. Factors were snow and rock covered terrain, inadequate aircraft preflight, improper aircraft servicing, and the fuel contaminated by water.NTSB ANC98LA033Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper J5-C · Valdez, AKThe owner/pilot mechanic's improper overhaul of the engine, and lack of proper lubricating cylinder grease. A factor in the accident was the lack of a suitable area for a forced landing.NTSB MIA98FA110Accident · Serious injuriesField investigationFinal reportCessna 150H · West Palm Beach, FLThe poor in-flight planning by the pilot-in-command for his failure to ask for assistance after becoming lost momentarily, and his failure to monitor the total time airborne after the fuel tanks were filled. Contributing to the accident was the binding of the…NTSB FTW98LA162Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCarter LONG-EZ · Lebanon, OKThe pilot's inadequate compensation for the tailwind and his ensuing failure to attain the proper touchdown point. Factors were the tailwind and the pilot's failure to adequately preflight the airplane which resulted in a partial loss of engine power due to…NTSB CHI98LA109Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 180 · Whitewood, SDfailure of the pilot to maintain clearance from obstructions (wires) during an approach for a precautionary landing. Factors associated with the accident were: the pilot's inadequate evaluation of the weather conditions, low ceilings, icing conditions, and…NTSB LAX98LA129Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAyres S2RT-34RE · Buckeye, AZThe incorrect turbine blades installed on the engine, the fractured compressor turbine blades and separation of the blade, and the improper maintenance installation of the incorrect CT blades by the repair station. A factor in the accident was the inadequate…NTSB FTW98FA156Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportBell 206-A · Rio Hondo, TXThe engine compartment fire due to undetermined reasons, which resulted in the in-flight separation of the tailboom.NTSB MIA98LA107Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Dauphin Island, ALFailure of the pilot-in-command (CFI) to maintain directional control of the airplane following an intentional low altitude maneuver by the student. Also, altitude inadequate for recovery from the in-flight loss of control.NTSB LAX98GA127Accident · 4 fatalFinal reportBell 205A-1 · Los Angeles, CAAn excessive bending load applied to the tail rotor blade assembly of an undetermined origin which produced a fatigue crack, the separation of the assembly, and a forced landing. Factors were the lack of suitable terrain to perform a forced landing, the…NTSB MIA98LA104Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172I · Kinston, NCthe pilot's inadequate preflight and improper fuel management, which resulted in fuel exhaustion, loss of engine power, and a forced landing. Soft terrain in the emergency landing area was a related factor.NTSB LAX98LA126Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportVictor Marsh Marsh 1 · Lone Pine, CAThe pilot's improper in-flight planning, misjudged terrain clearance, and failure to attain adequate altitude before attempting to traverse the mountain pass. Contributing factors were the high density altitude and the rising, mountainous terrain.NTSB CHI98FA107Accident · 4 fatalField investigationFinal reportBeech A-36 · New Lebanon, INThe pilot's flight into known icing conditions. Contributing factors were the degraded aircraft performance, the pilot's inability to maintain the proper descent rate, trees, and the dark night condition.NTSB CHI98FA106Accident · 6 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna U206G · Grain Valley, MOPilot's inadequate preflight, the partial loss of oil and the resulting rod failure. A factor was the pilot's failure to maintain flying speed.NTSB LAX98FA118Accident · 3 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 310H · Corona, CAThe failure of both pilots to maintain an adequate visual lookout and to see and avoid the other airplane.NTSB LAX98LA131Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCallair A-9 · Thermal, CAThe failure of the oil pump drive shaft due to the installation of an incorrect oil pump crankshaft gear by maintenance personnel at the last overhaul.NTSB IAD98FA037Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · West Mifflin, PAThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed, which resulted in an inadvertent stall/spin. A related factor was the pilot's impairment due to the use of drugs.NTSB FTW98LA146Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182A · Jacksonville, TXThe partial loss of engine power for undetermined reasons. Factors were the poor braking conditions due to the grassy wet runway.NTSB ATL98FA056Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportJohn S. Hickey Swearingen SX 300 · Thomson, GAThe pilot's inadequate preflight planning of the fuel supply required for the flight that resulted in fuel exhaustion and the loss of engine power.NTSB FTW98LA148Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech 58 · Taos, NMThe total failure of the landing gear retraction/extension assembly for reasons undetermined.NTSB SEA98IA044Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportMooney M20K · Klamath Falls, ORThe pilot's inadequate preflight which failed to detect water contaminated fuel that subsequently led to fuel icing at altitude, blockage of fuel lines which resulted in fuel starvation. A related factor was the dark night conditions.NTSB MIA98IA100Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportAerospatiale ATR-42-300 · Fort Myers, FLThe failure of the No. 1 generator field excitation return wire terminal lug due to improper installation of the field excitation return wire by maintenance personnel; the subsequent failure of the No. 2 generator due to overvoltage, caused by the momentary…NTSB LAX98LA111Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAeronca 7AC · Lone Pine, CAThe failure of maintenance personnel to properly tighten the magneto clamps during installation of the engine on the aircraft following engine overhaul.NTSB CHI98LA104Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMooney M20C · White River, SDthe pilot's delay in applying carburetor heat. A factor associated with the accident was the low altitude at which the pilot was flying which limited his landing site selections when the loss of power occurred.NTSB LAX98LA107Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182 · Pioche, NVThe total loss of engine power due to carburetor icing. An additional factor in this accident was the pilot's decision to make the flight under known icing conditions.NTSB LAX98FA106Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-31-350 · Novato, CAthe pilot's failure to maintain adequate terrain clearance after initiating a descent over mountainous terrain at night and under marginal VFR conditions. The pilot's self-induced pressure to arrive at class with enough time remaining to take the final…NTSB MIA98FA091Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportCessna 208B · Clarksville, TNthe pilot did not maintain control of the airplane due to undetected airframe ice, resulting in an inadvertent stall, and subsequent impact with the ground. Factors in this accident were; flight into clouds, below freezing temperatures, and the inability of…NTSB NYC98FA073Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportPiper PA-23-160 · Somerville, NJin-flight separation of the empennage for undetermined reasons. "This case was modified August 2, 2006."NTSB LAX98LA104Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBoeing 737-242C · Reno, NVUnforecasted and sudden encounter with clear air turbulence when passengers and flight attendants were not secured in their seats.NTSB IAD98LA034Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150M · Haverhill, MAA loss of engine power due to a fractured number two cylinder exhaust valve and cracked cylinder. Contributing factors were the operator's allowance of the time between engine overhaul to be exceeded and the trees.NTSB NYC98LA069Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA28R-180 · Walbridge, OHthe pilot's failure to refuel the aircraft resulting in fuel exhaustion, and his unsuccessful attempt to clear the wires. Contributing factors were the pilot's inadequate preflight, dark night conditions, and the wires.NTSB FTW98LA138Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-180 · Monroe, LAThe pilot's improper decision to continue the flight after noting the low fuel quantity indication, which resulted in the loss of engine power due to fuel exhaustion. A factor was the lack of suitable terrain for the forced landing.NTSB MIA98FA089Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportFokker F28 MK 0100 · Birmingham, ALWere the 1) the inoperative alternate anti-skid control valve due to the disconnected electrical connector on the parking brake shut-off valve, the area was inspected 2 days earlier 2) the total loss of the hydraulic system resulting in the inability of the…NTSB LAX98FA098Accident · 1 fatalField investigationFinal reportRobinson R22 · Littlerock, CAThe pilot's improper use of the rotorcraft cyclic control in response to encountering terrain induced turbulence. A factor in the accident was the pilot's failure to obtain a preflight weather briefing which contained precautionary notices for turbulence.NTSB IAD98LA030Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172 · Rutland, VTthe pilot's improper in-flight planning/decision, which resulted in fuel exhaustion, loss of engine power, and a forced landing. Related factors were: unfavorable (headwind) conditions, and brush/small trees in the forced landing area.NTSB MIA98LA084Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportWalter J Collie Cumulus · Hillsboro, TNDebonding of the leading edge to spar cap joint, which resulted in inflight separation.NTSB LAX98IA097Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBeech BE99 · Oakland, CAWater accumulation in the tail section of the aircraft that froze around the elevator control cables which restricted the movement of the elevator. Contributing factors were the accumulation of debris in the limbers and drain hole for the affected area. A…NTSB LAX98IA096Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportBeech 100 · Reno, NVIce formation around the elevator control cables due to plugged limbers and a water drain hole.NTSB LAX98FA095Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportBeech A36 · San Gorgonio Mo, CAThe pilot's inability to maintain altitude due to an encounter with adverse winds and downdrafts on the lee side of a mountain. Also causal was the pilot's inadequate weather evaluation, which precipitated his intentional flight into an area of known adverse…NTSB FTW98LA131Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 210M · Lafayette, LAThe unsecured squat switch wires located in the nose gear that were crimped (damaged) when the landing gear was retracted and shorted, resulting in an in-flight fire. A factor was the failure of the landing gear to extend during the emergency descent/landing.NTSB CHI98LA097Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-23-250 · Peoria, ILan improper preflight inspection of the airplane by the pilot and the inadvertant stall/mush which was encountered. A factor associated with this accident was the pilot's decision to continue to use the emergency hydraulic hand pump rather than the CO2 bottle…NTSB ANC98LA022Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-18 · Tyonek, AKThe pilot's continued VFR over-the-top operation, becoming lost/disoriented, his inadequate in-flight planning/decision making, and subsequent fuel exhaustion. Factors in the accident were the presence of a cloud layer below the pilot's selected altitude, the…NTSB MIA98LA081Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150A · Gulf Of Mexicoa loss of engine power due to undermined reason resulting in a forced landing, and an in- flight collision with water.NTSB LAX98FA091Accident · 2 fatalField investigationFinal reportBeech 95-B55 · Sutter, CAThe pilot's in-flight decision(s) to attempt VFR flight in instrument meteorological conditions at an altitude which did not provide for adequate terrain clearance requirements. A factor that contributed to the accident was the pilot's decision to disregard…