NTSB investigations, 1997
508 cases where the phase of flight was Landing.
Cases per year
| 1962 | 22 |
|---|---|
| 1963 | 19 |
| 1964 | 2,152 |
| 1965 | 2,293 |
| 1966 | 2,496 |
| 1967 | 2,731 |
| 1968 | 1,964 |
| 1969 | 1,749 |
| 1970 | 1,680 |
| 1971 | 1,626 |
| 1972 | 1,480 |
| 1973 | 1,368 |
| 1974 | 1,387 |
| 1975 | 1,285 |
| 1976 | 1,307 |
| 1977 | 1,222 |
| 1978 | 1,325 |
| 1979 | 1,135 |
| 1980 | 1,123 |
| 1981 | 1,048 |
| 1982 | 939 |
| 1983 | 885 |
| 1984 | 853 |
| 1985 | 739 |
| 1986 | 661 |
| 1987 | 699 |
| 1988 | 605 |
| 1989 | 584 |
| 1990 | 556 |
| 1991 | 503 |
| 1992 | 534 |
| 1993 | 524 |
| 1994 | 516 |
| 1995 | 481 |
| 1996 | 529 |
| 1997 | 508 |
| 1998 | 545 |
| 1999 | 563 |
| 2000 | 517 |
| 2001 | 497 |
| 2002 | 516 |
| 2003 | 515 |
| 2004 | 522 |
| 2005 | 543 |
| 2006 | 470 |
| 2007 | 536 |
| 2008 | 538 |
| 2009 | 474 |
| 2010 | 512 |
| 2011 | 519 |
| 2012 | 500 |
| 2013 | 420 |
| 2014 | 412 |
| 2015 | 422 |
| 2016 | 527 |
| 2017 | 490 |
| 2018 | 518 |
| 2019 | 463 |
| 2020 | 420 |
| 2021 | 455 |
| 2022 | 494 |
| 2023 | 477 |
| 2024 | 477 |
| 2025 | 451 |
| 2026 | 371 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c.\"eventDate\") = 1997
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 550)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c."eventDate") = 1997
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 550)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB LAX98LA065Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172RG · Van Nuys, CAThe student and flight instructor's failure to verify that the landing gear was in the down position, and the design of the electrical system in which a single-point aircraft system malfunction (one open circuit breaker) disabled both the landing gear warning…NTSB FTW98LA090Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-140 · Ruidoso, NMthe pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions and failure to maintain directional control of the airplane. Related factors were: the gusty crosswind condition, icy runway, and proximity of the snowbank.NTSB FTW98LA079Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech 35-B33 · Englewood, COThe pilot's improper decision to land in wind conditions that exceeded the airplane's crosswind component, and his failure to divert to an alternate airport with runways more nearly aligned with the wind. Factors were the icy runway and crosswind.NTSB NYC98LA054Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMayers SEA REY · Gloucester, VAThe pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control during landing, which resulted in a nose over.NTSB SEA98LA026Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172P · Kenmore, WAthe pilot's inadequately planned approach and failure to maintain directional control. The pilot's lack of total experience in kind of aircraft and haze were factors.NTSB NYC98LA052Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech BE-33A · Lancaster, PAPassenger control interference which resulted in pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane during landing.NTSB ATL98LA028Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAeronca 7AC · Eustis, FLfailure of the pilot to maintain directional control of the airplane during the landing roll, which resulted in a ground swerve and subsequent collision with a parked airplane. Related factors were: the pilot's lack of experience in tailwheel aircraft, the…NTSB SEA98LA025Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 177 · Thompson Falls, MTThe student pilot's improper remedial action when confronted with a porpoised landing. A factor was his failure to execute a go-around maneuver.NTSB FTW98LA070Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172F · Gonzales, LAThe inadvertent stall resulting from the flight instructor's failure to maintain airspeed during his delayed recovery from the bounced landing. Factors were the student's failure to maintain the proper airspeed and the instructor's inadequate supervision…NTSB IAD98LA016Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-181 · Bally, PAThe pilot's failure to attain the proper touchdown point. Related factors were tailwind, and lack of total experience.NTSB ANC98LA013Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 206 · Mnt. Village, AKThe pilot's improper flare and recovery from a bounced landing.NTSB ATL98IA024Incident · No injuriesIncident investigationFinal reportAirbus Industrie A-300-600 · Montego Bay, JamaicaThe pilot's improper recovery from a bounced landing, compounded by the automatic deployment of the ground spoilers on main wheel spin-up, resulting in a pitch angle beyond the tail strike pitch angle of the airplane, which led to the tail contacting the…NTSB CHI98LA069Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150L · Litchfield, MNthe pilot's improper flare and improper recovery from a bounced landing, and his failure to maintain proper runway alignment during the attempted go-around. Factors relating to the accident were: the crosswind condition, and the proximity of trees.NTSB CHI98LA060Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Waukegan, ILthe pilot's not identifying unsuitable terrain (snowbank) in the landing area, and his not selecting the proper touchdown point. A factor was the snowbank.NTSB LAX98LA060Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 180H · Santa Ynez, CAThe pilot's improper flare. Related factors were the crosswind conditions.NTSB NYC98LA040Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172P · Mitchellville, MDThe pilot's improper recovery from a bounced landing.NTSB ANC98TA011Accident · No injuriesFinal reportBell 206B · Anchorage, AKThe pilot's failure to maintain adequate rotor RPM during an autorotation landing.NTSB LAX98LA051Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportLuscombe 8 · Grass Valley, CAthe pilot's inadvertent activation of the aircraft brakes during the landing rollout.NTSB NYC98LA036Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 310R · Hartford, CTThe pilot's improper in-flight decision to land on the departure end of the runway and not perform a go-around.NTSB LAX98LA055Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172N · San Jose, CAthe student pilot's failure to maintain an appropriate airspeed and proper rate of descent, and his misjudged landing flare, which led to an uncontrolled porpoise and eventual collapse of the landing gear.NTSB IAD98LA013Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 150L · Center Village, OHThe student pilot's improper recovery from a bounced landing.NTSB CHI98LA049Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportKing Avid Flyer C · Minneapolis, MNThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control. A related factor was the crosswind.NTSB ATL98LA016Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMooney M20J · Summerland Key, FLthe pilot's inadequate compensation for the wind conditions and failure to flare the airplane for landing. The gusty crosswind was a related factor.NTSB SEA98LA016Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportShort Brothers SD3-60 · Billings, MTThe co-pilot's failure to maintain the proper descent rate on final approach, the pilot-in-command's delayed remedial action, and overload of the left main landing gear assembly. Factors contributing were snow, crosswind conditions and deteriorating…NTSB CHI98LA051Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech E55 · Gardner, KSthe inadvertant landing gear retraction, which occurred due to undetermined reason(s).NTSB ATL98LA015Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-161 · Lawrenceville, GAfailure of the student pilot to maintain directional control of the airplane, during the landing roll.NTSB FTW98LA057Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · Mesquite, TXthe pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions and failure to maintain directional control of the airplane, while landing. The gusty crosswind was a related factor.NTSB ATL98LA022Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportChristen Industries S-2B · Fort Lauderdale, FLThe undetermined malfunction of the right brake and the pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the landing rollout. A factor was the quartering tailwind.NTSB LAX98LA042Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRobinson R22 Beta · Long Beach, CAthe flight instructor's failure to thoroughly brief his student on the performance standards of the proposed autorotation and the method to be used for a positive transfer of controls. The student's failure to verify the performance standards of the…NTSB CHI98LA056Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAmerican AA-1 · Nevada, MOa deer that ran onto the runway as the airplane was landing. The reduced light condition at dusk was a related factor.NTSB CHI98LA043Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28RT-201T · Janesville, WIthe dual student's failure to obtain the proper touchdown point, and the instructor's failure to provide adequate supervision of the flight. Factors associated with the accident were: inadequate altitude, the student's diverted attention, the snowbank, and…NTSB CHI98LA042Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMooney M20K · Eden Prairie, MNthe pilot's improper decision to continue the approach beyond decision height, when he could not see the runway; and his attempt to land without being properly aligned on the runway. Factors relating to this accident were: darkness, fog and and runway lights.NTSB ATL98LA011Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech 60 · Athens, GAthe pilot's improper in-flight planning/decision by attempting to land in weather that was below minimums, and his failure to attain a suitable touchdown point on the runway. Weather below landing minimums was a related factor.NTSB NYC98LA030Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-160 · Mount Holly, NJThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the landing roll.NTSB NYC98LA029Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech E33A · Westminster, MDthe pilot's improper in-flight planning/decision, his misjudgment of speed and distance while on final approach to land, and his delay in aborting the landing after failing to attain a proper touchdown point for landing.NTSB MIA98LA027Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportNaval Aircraft Factory N3N-3 · Spruce Pine, NCThe unintentional locking-up of the left brake for undetermined reasons resulting in the on ground loss of control. Contributing to the accident was the inability of the pilot to maintain directional control.NTSB NYC98LA028Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech 65-A90 · Wheeling, WVthe failure of the pilot to maintain the minimum required airspeed while operating in icing conditions which resulted in ice accumulations and an inadvertent stall while on approach. Factors were the icing conditions and the pilot's lack of experience in the…NTSB CHI98LA039Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech C23 · Cameron, MOthe pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane in the landing flare. A factor relating to this accident was the crosswind.NTSB NYC98LA027Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-161 · Pittstown, NJthe pilot's misjudgment of distance and speed during the approach, and her failure to perform a go-around.NTSB LAX98LA036Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172RG · San Diego, CAOverload of the main gear actuator piston and the subsequent collapse of the landing gear.NTSB MIA98LA026Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172I · Cummings, GAthe pilot landed the airplane with a tailwind condition, too long and too fast for the runway conditions.NTSB LAX98LA034Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportGlobe GC-1B · Los Angeles, CAThe pilot's loss of directional control due to an inadvertent ground loop resulting from a deflated tire.NTSB MIA98FA025Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportFokker F100 · Charlotte, NCImproper written instructions (job/task card) by company maintenance personnel. The procedures did not reflect the correct manufactures maintenance manual servicing procedure, and did not ensure that the proper tool (replenishing gun) was available for the…NTSB IAD98LA010Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-140 · Farmingdale, NYThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control and his inadequate compensation for the wind condition. A factor was the cross wind condition.NTSB MIA98LA032Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-151 · Clarksville, FLthe pilot's improper flare and touchdown.NTSB MIA98LA022Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172 · Crystal River, FLThe certified flight instructors improper supervision of the rated pilot during a crosswind landing resulting in an in-flight collision with the left wing of the airplane and the runway, subsequent loss of directional control on landing rollout, and collision…NTSB LAX98LA028Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172N · Payson, AZThe pilot's selection of a downwind direction to land and his failure to compensate for the quartering tailwind condition.NTSB FTW98LA041Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172P · Tooele, UTfailure of the pilot to maintain directional control of the airplane, while landing. Factors related to the accident were: the pilot's improper flare for landing, his delay in attempting to go around (abort the landing), and the encounter with a runway marker…NTSB NYC98LA026Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · Salisbury, MDThe student pilot's improper flare which resulted in a hard landing.NTSB FTW98LA036Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172F · Hurley, NMthe student pilot's failure to adequately compensate for the wind conditions. Factors included the gusty crosswind conditions and inadequate supervision of the student pilot's solo flight by his flight instructor.