NTSB investigations, 2001
497 cases where the phase of flight was Landing.
Cases per year
| 1962 | 22 |
|---|---|
| 1963 | 19 |
| 1964 | 2,152 |
| 1965 | 2,293 |
| 1966 | 2,496 |
| 1967 | 2,731 |
| 1968 | 1,964 |
| 1969 | 1,749 |
| 1970 | 1,680 |
| 1971 | 1,626 |
| 1972 | 1,480 |
| 1973 | 1,368 |
| 1974 | 1,387 |
| 1975 | 1,285 |
| 1976 | 1,307 |
| 1977 | 1,222 |
| 1978 | 1,325 |
| 1979 | 1,135 |
| 1980 | 1,123 |
| 1981 | 1,048 |
| 1982 | 939 |
| 1983 | 885 |
| 1984 | 853 |
| 1985 | 739 |
| 1986 | 661 |
| 1987 | 699 |
| 1988 | 605 |
| 1989 | 584 |
| 1990 | 556 |
| 1991 | 503 |
| 1992 | 534 |
| 1993 | 524 |
| 1994 | 516 |
| 1995 | 481 |
| 1996 | 529 |
| 1997 | 508 |
| 1998 | 545 |
| 1999 | 563 |
| 2000 | 517 |
| 2001 | 497 |
| 2002 | 516 |
| 2003 | 515 |
| 2004 | 522 |
| 2005 | 543 |
| 2006 | 470 |
| 2007 | 536 |
| 2008 | 538 |
| 2009 | 474 |
| 2010 | 512 |
| 2011 | 519 |
| 2012 | 500 |
| 2013 | 420 |
| 2014 | 412 |
| 2015 | 422 |
| 2016 | 527 |
| 2017 | 490 |
| 2018 | 518 |
| 2019 | 463 |
| 2020 | 420 |
| 2021 | 455 |
| 2022 | 494 |
| 2023 | 477 |
| 2024 | 477 |
| 2025 | 451 |
| 2026 | 371 |
Where
Latest cases
Query with SQL
duckdb -csv -c "WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e.\"tier1Number\" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e.\"isDefiningEvent\", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e.\"tier1Number\" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e.\"isDefiningEvent\" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT \"mKey\" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE \"isPre1982\"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o.\"phaseOfFlightCode\"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o.\"occurrenceNumber\" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c.\"eventDate\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c.\"mKey\" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c.\"eventDate\" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c.\"ntsbNumber\", c.\"eventDate\", c.\"eventType\", c.\"eventCity\", c.\"eventStateOrRegion\", a.n_number, a.\"aircraftMake\", a.\"aircraftModel\", c.\"highestInjuryLevel\", c.\"totalFatal\", c.\"completionStatus\", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c.\"mKey\" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c.\"eventDate\") = 2001
AND c.\"mKey\" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 550)
ORDER BY c.\"eventDate\" DESC, c.\"ntsbNumber\" DESC"Prints the whole list as CSV. It reads the release’s Parquet files over HTTPS, so there’s nothing to download first. Install DuckDB to run it.
WITH phase_names(main, name) AS (VALUES (100, 'Prior to flight'), (150, 'Standing'), (200, 'Pushback/towing'), (250, 'Taxi'), (300, 'Takeoff'), (350, 'Initial climb'), (400, 'Enroute'), (450, 'Maneuvering'), (500, 'Approach'), (550, 'Landing'), (600, 'Emergency descent'), (650, 'Uncontrolled descent'), (700, 'Post-impact'), (750, 'After landing'), (800, 'Other'), (990, 'Unknown')),
crosswalk(code, main, name) AS (VALUES (500, 150, 'Standing'), (501, 150, 'Standing - pre-flight'), (502, 150, 'Standing - starting engine(s)'), (503, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) operating'), (504, 150, 'Standing - engine(s) not operating'), (505, 150, 'Standing - idling rotors'), (510, 250, 'Taxi'), (511, 200, 'Taxi - pushback/tow'), (512, 250, 'Taxi - to takeoff'), (513, 250, 'Taxi - from landing'), (514, 250, 'Taxi - aerial'), (520, 300, 'Takeoff'), (521, 300, 'Takeoff - roll/run'), (522, 350, 'Takeoff - initial climb'), (523, 300, 'Takeoff - aborted'), (530, 400, 'Climb'), (531, 400, 'Climb - to cruise'), (540, 400, 'Cruise'), (541, 400, 'Cruise - normal'), (542, 400, 'Maneuvering - holding (IFR)'), (550, 400, 'Descent'), (551, 400, 'Descent - normal'), (552, 600, 'Descent - emergency'), (553, 650, 'Descent - uncontrolled'), (560, 500, 'Approach'), (561, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - downwind'), (562, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base turn'), (563, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - base leg/base to final'), (564, 500, 'Approach - VFR pattern - final approach'), (565, 500, 'Go-around (VFR)'), (566, 500, 'Approach - IAF to FAF/outer marker (IFR)'), (567, 500, 'Approach - FAF/outer marker to threshold (IFR)'), (568, 500, 'Circling (IFR)'), (569, 500, 'Missed approach (IFR)'), (570, 550, 'Landing'), (571, 550, 'Landing - flare/touchdown'), (572, 550, 'Landing - roll'), (573, 550, 'Landing - aborted'), (574, 550, 'Emergency landing'), (575, 550, 'Emergency landing after takeoff'), (576, 600, 'Emergency descent/landing'), (580, 450, 'Maneuvering'), (581, 450, 'Maneuvering - aerial application'), (582, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to reverse direction'), (583, 450, 'Maneuvering - turn to landing area (emergency)'), (590, 450, 'Hover'), (591, 450, 'Hover - in ground effect'), (592, 450, 'Hover - out of ground effect'), (600, 800, 'Other'), (610, 990, 'Unknown')),
current_codes AS (
SELECT e.case_mkey, TRY_CAST(e."tier1Number" AS INTEGER) AS code,
row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY e.case_mkey ORDER BY coalesce(e."isDefiningEvent", false) DESC, e.position) AS n
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_events.parquet' e
WHERE e.aircrafts_position = 1 AND e."tier1Number" GLOB '[1-9][0-9]*'
AND (e."isDefiningEvent" OR e.case_mkey IN (SELECT "mKey" FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' WHERE "isPre1982"))
),
phases AS (
SELECT case_mkey, 'current' AS scheme, code, CASE WHEN code >= 990 THEN 990 ELSE code // 50 * 50 END AS main
FROM current_codes WHERE n = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT o.case_mkey, 'older', o."phaseOfFlightCode", w.main
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_occurrences.parquet' o JOIN crosswalk w ON w.code = o."phaseOfFlightCode"
WHERE o.aircrafts_position = 1 AND o."occurrenceNumber" = 1 AND o.case_mkey NOT IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM current_codes)
),
case_phases AS (
SELECT p.*, c."eventDate", c."highestInjuryLevel" = 'Fatal' AS fatal, a.aircraft_model_code
FROM phases p JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c ON c."mKey" = p.case_mkey
LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = p.case_mkey AND a.position = 1
WHERE c."eventDate" >= DATE '1962-01-01' AND p.main IN (SELECT main FROM phase_names)
)
SELECT c."ntsbNumber", c."eventDate", c."eventType", c."eventCity", c."eventStateOrRegion", a.n_number, a."aircraftMake", a."aircraftModel", c."highestInjuryLevel", c."totalFatal", c."completionStatus", c.report_url
FROM 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_case_detail.parquet' c LEFT JOIN 'https://openairdocs.org/data/latest/ntsb_aircrafts.parquet' a ON a.case_mkey = c."mKey" AND a.position = 1
WHERE year(c."eventDate") = 2001
AND c."mKey" IN (SELECT case_mkey FROM case_phases WHERE main = 550)
ORDER BY c."eventDate" DESC, c."ntsbNumber" DESCRun it at the DuckDB prompt, or in any tool that reads Parquet over HTTPS. More ways to query the release are on Use the data.
NTSB NYC02LA045Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182 · Danbury, CTThe student pilot's improper flare and recovery from a bounced landing.NTSB SEA02LA029Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPilatus PC-12 · Sunriver, ORThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the landing roll. An icy runway and a snow bank were factors.NTSB SEA02LA021Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportKing Kitfox IV · Ashland, ORThe pilot's excessive use of brakes. A factor was the pilot's lack of recent experience in type of aircraft.NTSB LAX02LA060Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-161 · Long Beach, CAThe student pilot's inadequate compensation for wind, and his failure to maintain directional control of the aircraft during the landing roll.NTSB ATL02LA028Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPioneer 85 · Lajas, PRThe pilot's decision to attempt a go-around after a hard landing that resulted in the overload failure of the flight control brackets and the loss of flight control. The airplane collided with a building during the attempted go-around.NTSB CHI02LA056Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-32-300 · Olathe, KSThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control during landing resulting in the overload of the nose gear fork. The overload failure of the nose landing gear fork, the embankment, and the remedial action not possible were contributing factors.NTSB LAX02LA057Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-140 · Show Low, AZThe pilot's inadequate compensation for wind conditions and his failure to maintain directional control. Contributing factors were a crosswind and wind gusts.NTSB ATL02LA018Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPitts S-1S · Sanford, FLThe pilot's failure to maintain control of the airplane during landing roll in a tailwind, which resulted in a nose-over on the runway.NTSB LAX02LA052Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 185F · Reno, NVWear on the tail wheel thrust plate spacers resulted in the compression springs binding on the thrust plates and the tail wheel sticking, so that the pilot could not maintain directional control.NTSB FTW02LA059Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCameron Balloons Z-90 · Mcintosh, NMinadvertent flight into adverse (high wind) weather conditions, which resulted in a hard landing. A contributing factor was the high wind weather condition.NTSB DEN02LA015Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-235 · Crested Butte, COa wet brake that later froze resulting in a loss of directional control on landing. A contributing factor was the snow bank.NTSB CHI02LA054Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182K · Nashville, MIthe pilot exceeding the proper touchdown point on the runway during the landing and his improper in-flight planning and decision. Factors relating to the accident were the pilot misjudging his speed and distance during the landing and the ditch.NTSB NYC02LA039Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28 · Cross Keys, NJThe pilot's delayed decision to abort the landing.NTSB LAX02LA051Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportVernon Sonerai IIL · Camarillo, CAFailure of the pilot to maintain directional control on the landing rollout. Factors were the owner/pilot's inadequate remedial design changes and the freshly plowed field.NTSB FTW02LA058Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172 · New Braunfels, TXThe student pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane during the landing roll. A contributing factor was the soft terrain.NTSB NYC02LA041Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182Q · Norfolk, VAThe pilot's improper recover from a bounced landing which resulted in a propeller strike and hard landing. A factor in this accident were the gusty wind conditions.NTSB LAX02LA048Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-32R-301T · Groveland, CAThe pilot's collision with an unobserved animal that entered the active runway during the dark nighttime when the pilot's visibility was diminished.NTSB LAX02LA047Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech 95 · Kingman, AZthe pilot's failure to complete and verify the prelanding checklist and extend the landing gear, which resulted in the gear-up landing.NTSB DEN02LA014Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172N · Broomfield, COthe pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane while landing. A contributing factor was the crosswind.NTSB LAX02LA046Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-180 · La Verne, CAThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control following his misjudged landing flare and hard touchdown.NTSB SEA02LA020Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportMaule M-7-235 · Halfway, ORA loss of aircraft control for undetermined reasons. A factor was a snow-covered landing surface.NTSB NYC02LA036Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRockwell NA-265-80 · Boston, MAThe failure of the left thrust reverser assembly due to fatigue.NTSB FTW02LA050Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportHeard RV-6A · Comfort, TXthe pilot's inadequate recovery from a bounced landing, which resulted in a hard landing and collapse of the nose landing gear.NTSB CHI02LA047Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportDassault Falcon 100 · Lawrence, KSThe copilot's failure to maintain aircraft control during the landing. Factors relating to this accident were the copilot's improper in-flight decision not to execute a go-around, the copilot not performing a go-around, the inadequate crew coordination prior…NTSB FTW02LA056Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech BE-90-E90 · Santa Rosa, NMThe pilot's inadvertent retraction of the landing gear during the landing roll which resulting in the collapse of all 3 landing gears.NTSB MIA02LA042Accident · 1 fatalLimited investigationFinal reportFerguson A 26 Vulcan SS · Newnan, GAThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control during landing and go-around, resulting in a collision with a runway perimeter fence pole and trees.NTSB IAD02LA019Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper J3 · Livermore Falls, METhe pilot's failure to maintain proper altitude clearance while landing, which resulted in a collision with trees. A factor was the crosswind.NTSB LAX02FA040Accident · No injuriesField investigationFinal reportCessna 172C · Corona, CAa loss of engine power due to the pilot's improper use of the carburetor heat controls while in weather conditions conducive to serious carburetor icing.NTSB FTW02LA044Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBell 47G · Ardmore, OKthe flight instructor's selection of an unsuitable area for practicing a full touchdown autorotation, which resulted in a nose over. A contributing factor was the soft ground.NTSB LAX02LA034Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAir Tractor AT-401B · Las Vegas, NVthe failure of the AT-401 pilot to maintain clearance with the AT-402 airplane during landing. Contributing factors were the unreliable communication radio in the AT-401, the AT-401 pilot's continued flight with known communication radio problems, and the…NTSB SEA02LA018Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportLuscombe 8C · Olympia, WADirectional control not maintained during the landing roll. Factors include main gear overload and standing water on the runway.NTSB MIA02LA029Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportHughes OH-6A · Hernando, MSThe flight instructor's improper supervision of the dual student during a practice autorotation landing by allowing an excessive aft pitch attitude and low main rotor rpm conditions to develop during the landing/flare touchdown, which resulted in the…NTSB CHI02LA039Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportLuscombe 8A · Harrisonville, MOdirectional control not maintained be the pilot during landing rollout. The ditch was a contributing factor.NTSB IAD02LA017Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · West Chester, PAThe pilot's failure to maintain directional control of the airplane during landing. A factor was the crosswind.NTSB MIA02LA035Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 175A · Fairhope, ALThe pilot's failure to check wind conditions prior to landing resulting in a landing with a tailwind, on a wet runway, and damage to the airplane during a ground loop in an attempt to stop the airplane before over running the runway.NTSB CHI02LA040Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportLyon Horizon 1 · Richland, MOThe pilot not attaining altitude/clearance from the tree line during the aborted landing. Factors to the accident were the pilot selecting to operate the airplane on the rough/uneven runway, the pilot's lack of total experience in the airplane, and the tree…NTSB FTW02LA038Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportHughes 269C · Richmond, TXthe pilot's failure to maintain clearance from the power line while landing.NTSB CHI02LA036Accident · Minor injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · Vandalia, MOThe student pilot's inadequate directional control on the previous landing resulting in the overload failure of the nose landing gear fork. Factors were the overload of the nose landing gear fork, and the student pilot's lack of total experience.NTSB CHI02LA035Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech 76 · Greenwood, INthe directional control not maintained by the pilot. A contributing factor was the stuck open intake valve on the left engine.NTSB FTW02LA049Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportBeech BE-50 · Altus, OKThe pilot's improper flare and his failure to maintain directional control. A contributing factor was the ditch.NTSB SEA02LA015Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 402B · Pasco, WAthe pilot's failure to keep the aircraft from touching down short of the displaced threshold, and his failure to maintain directional control after the aircraft's left main gear tire deflated as a result of impacting the lip at the beginning of the subject…NTSB MIA02LA016Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna T310R · Madison, MSThe pilot's failure to verify that the landing gear was down and locked prior to landing resulting in the airplane being landed with the landing gear retracted.NTSB LAX02LA029Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportAviat S-2C · Chandler, AZFailure of the flight instructor to maintain directional control resulted in a departure from the runway surface and collision with a runway sign.NTSB LAX02LA026Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 172M · Chandler, AZFailure of the student pilot to maintain directional control during landing.NTSB CHI02LA029Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSchenfield Acro Sport II · Keosauqua, IAAircraft control not maintained by pilot during landing.NTSB IAD02LA012Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 152 · Corning, NYThe CFI's delayed remedial action, which resulted in a loss of control during landing rollout and impact with a parked airplane.NTSB CHI02LA022Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportSmith Aerostar 601 · Danville, ILThe separation of the main landing gear scissor assembly during landing for undetermined reasons, resulting in the directional control of the airplane not being possible.NTSB FTW02LA031Accident · Serious injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportRaytheon A36 · Crownpoint, NMThe safety pilot's failure to maintain directional control during the landing. Contributing factors were the safety pilot's lack of experience flying from the right seat and the improper retraction of the flaps during the attempted go-around.NTSB LAX02LA021Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportCessna 182S · Palm Springs, CAThe failure of the pilot-in-command to maintain directional control of the airplane after encountering a dust devil during landing roll.NTSB CHI02LA031Accident · No injuriesLimited investigationFinal reportPiper PA-28-161 · New Ulm, MNThe student and flight instructor not using all of the available runway, the inadequate supervision by the flight instructor and the unsuccessful remedial action by the flight instructor. The student not attaining the proper touchdown point and the plowed…